妊高征脐动脉内皮细胞损伤与内皮素和NO合酶的变化及意义

目的 :探讨妊高征脐血管内皮细胞损伤与内皮素 (ET)、一氧化氮 (NO)释放和一氧化氮合酶 (NOS)活性的关系。方法 :用内皮细胞铺片法结合免疫组化技术观察内皮细胞损伤程度和内皮细胞中ET阳性率 ;用Criess法检测血浆中NO代谢产物亚硝酸基和硝酸基 (NO-2 /NO-3 )浓度 ,同时测定脐血管组织NOS活性。结果 :妊高征组脐血管内皮细胞损伤程度、ET阳性率明显高于对照组 (P <0 .0 1) ;血浆NO/NO浓度和脐血管NOS活性显著低于正常对照组 (P <0 .0 1)。结论 :妊高征患者脐血管内皮细胞损伤加重 ,ET、NO和NOS代谢异常 ,导致血管舒缩功能障碍 ,可能是妊高征重要的发病机理。     

妊高征胎盘血管铸形特点和改善灌注功能的研究

目的　探讨胎盘血管的结构和临床价值 ;检测不同程度妊高征患者外周血红细胞内Ca2 + 含量 (IECa2 + ) ,联合应用小剂量肠溶阿司匹林、硝苯地平和硫酸舒喘灵三种药物 ,对降低妊高征患者IECa2 + 、改善胎盘灌注功能和提高新生儿质量的作用。方法　采用改良的血管铸形技术 ,对其中 87例胎盘血管铸形 ;应用流式细胞术 ,对 86例正常足月妊娠及 15 8例不同程度妊高症IECa2 + 测定 ;并对 5 6例妊高征患者采用三联药物治疗。结果　①展现了人胎盘血管三维结构和双胎胎盘血管系统之间的“血脉相连现象” ;计算了正常妊娠和妊高征胎盘血管系统容积 ,重度妊高征显著性小于正常组 (P <0 .0 1)。②正常孕妇产前及产时IECa2 + 分别是 110 1 7± 89 2和 1173 5± 86 2 ,重度妊高征较正常妊娠和轻度者IECa2 + 显著性增加 (P <0 .0 1)。③本资料 χ2 检验显示三联用药组重度妊高征包括先兆子痫中新生儿重度窒息、IUGR和死胎发生率均显著低于自然组和单用硝苯地平组 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　胎盘血管三维铸形 ,对研究胎盘功能有重要价值 ,也为临床教学提供了直观模型 ;联合应用硝苯地平、小剂量肠溶阿司匹林和硫酸舒喘灵 ,具有协同降低妊高征患者IECa2 + 、改善妊高征胎盘灌注功能的作用。     

L-精氨酸对妊高征的治疗作用及其机制的探讨

目的 :探讨硫酸镁和L 精氨酸联合治疗妊高症的有效性。方法 :设立对照组和妊高征组并利用硫酸镁、L 精氨酸及联合用药 (硫酸镁 +L 精氨酸 )治疗 ,观察其动态血压和 2 4h尿蛋白定量及一氧化氮 (NO)、一氧化氮合酶 (NOS)、内皮素 (ET)、血管紧张素Ⅱ (ANGⅡ )、血栓烷 (TXA2 )、前列环素 (PGI2 )等指标的变化。结果 :与对照组比较 ,妊高征组NO、PGI2 含量及NOS活性明显降低 (P <0 .0 1) ,ET、ANGⅡ及TXA2 明显升高 (P <0 .0 1)。中度与重度妊高征组治疗前后NO、NOS、TXB2 、AngⅡ水平比较 ,有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,而ET水平在中度与重度妊高征组相比较P <0 .0 1。联合用药组临床疗效明显优于硫酸镁组和L 精氨酸组 (P <0 .0 1)。结论 :NO水平、NOS活性降低及血管调节因子失衡 ,可能为妊高征的发病因素 ;L 精氨酸联合硫酸镁对妊高征有明显的治疗作用 ,为妊高征的治疗提供了新的方法     

母血浆及脐血内皮素-1与妊高征合并羊水过少、胎儿宫内发育迟缓的关系

目的　探讨内皮素 - 1(ET - 1)在妊高征合并羊水过少、胎儿宫内发育迟缓发病中的作用。方法　采用放射免疫法检测 30例妊高征患者 (妊高征组 )　 18例妊高征合并羊水过少组 (羊水过少组 )　 12例妊高征合并IUGR患者 (IUGR组 )及 30例正常妊娠妇女 (正常组 )的血浆ET - 1及新生儿脐静脉血ET - 1水平。结果　 (1)妊高征组、羊水过少组、IUGR组孕妇血液中ET - 1含量显著的高于正常组 ;妊高征组、羊水过少组、IUGR组婴儿脐静脉血ET - 1含量显著的高于正常组 ;妊高征组、羊水过少组、IUGR组间孕妇血液中ET - 1含量及婴儿脐静脉血间ET - 1含量无显著差异。 (2 )正常组婴儿脐静脉血ET - 1含量不随母血ET - 1值升高而显著升高 ,两者不存在显著相关 (r=0 .0 8) ;妊高征组 (r =0 .91)、羊水过少组 (r =0 .95 )、IUGR(r =0 .98)组婴儿脐静脉血ET - 1含量均随母血ET - 1值升高而极显著升高 (P <0 .0 1)。结论　ET - 1增高可能是妊高征患者易并发羊水过少、IUGR的原因之一。     

妊高征患者血清瘦素水平的初步研究

目的　探讨妊娠高血压综合征 (妊高征 )血清瘦素水平及其与血压间的关系。方法　采用放射免疫法 ,测定 32例妊高征患者 (妊高征组 )及 30例正常妊娠妇女 (对照组 )血清瘦素水平 ,分析瘦素与收缩压 (SBP)、舒张压 (DBP)的相关性。结果　⑴妊高征组血清瘦素水平为 (16 .5 1± 4 .4 7)ng/mL ,高于正常妊娠组的 (14 .14± 3.79)ng/mL ,差异具有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;(2 )产后妊高征组瘦素水平为 (8.6 2± 2 .2 3)ng/mL ,较产前明显降低 (P <0 .0 1) ,与对照组产后瘦素水平 (7.97± 2 .2 2 )ng/mL相比 ,差异无显著 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;(3)正常妊娠组与妊高征组产前血清瘦素水平与SBP、DBP的相关系数分别为 (0 .2 5 8,0 .0 74 )及 (0 .0 91,0 .0 6 5 ) ,均无显著相关 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论　妊高征患者血清瘦素水平升高 ,它与血压不相关 ,妊高征血压升高与血清瘦素水平间无明确的因果关系。     

妊高征患者血浆一氧化氮水平的变化及意义

目的 :讨论一氧化氮 (NO)在妊高征发病中的作用。方法 :用化学比色法对妊高征孕妇 2 8例 (妊高征组 )、正常妊娠孕妇 32例 (正常妊娠组 )和 2 5例正常未孕妇女 (对照组 )血浆中NO水平进行检测比较。结果 :妊高征患者、正常非孕妇女与正常孕晚期妇女相比 ,血中NO水平显著降低 (P <0 .0 1) ,重度妊高征患者产前外周血中NO水平显著低于产后 ,亦显著低于轻度妊高征患者。结论 :NO合成的减少 ,可能是妊高征发病过程中的一个重要因素。     

妊高征妇女血浆内源性类洋地黄物质／内皮素比值的变化及意义

内皮索(Endothelin,ET)和内源性类洋地黄物质(Endogenous digitaliS-1ike substances,EDLS)是近年发现的两种重要的收缩血管物质,ET抑制肾脏钠水排泄,EDLS具有利钠利尿作用。研究表明,ET、EDLS在妊娠高血压综合征(简称妊高征)发病中起重要作用)。Yamada等报道EDLS可以刺激培养的内皮细胞分泌ET,但妊高征时血浆ET-1与EDLS的关系罕有报道。本文重点对妊高征时血浆ET-1与EDLS的关系进行了讨论,并对血浆EDLS/ET-1比值测定在妊高征早期诊断中的意义进行了探讨。 对象和方法 一、对象:妊高征患者30例均为产前检查确诊为妊高征的门诊或住院患者,平均年龄26.2±3.9岁,平均孕周36.5±2.4周。正常早孕妇女20例,平均孕周8.7±1.6周,平均年龄26.3±4.5岁。正常中孕妇女20例,平均孕周20.8±2.2周,平均年龄24.5±2.1岁。正常晚孕妇女30例,平均孕周35.8±3.1周,平均年龄25.8±3.4岁。正常阴道分娩后24～48小时15例,平均孕周39.4±1.2周,平均年龄26.4±     

妊高征患者胎盘组织中瘦素mRNA表达与NO含量的测定及临床研究

目的检测正常妊娠、妊高征妇女胎盘组织中瘦素mRNA的表达及与一氧化氮含量的关系,探讨瘦素在妊高征发病中的作用.方法用逆转录-聚合酶链技术(RT-PCR)测定38例正常妊娠妇女、62例妊高征妇女分娩时胎盘组织中瘦素mRNA表达水平;用硝酸还原酶法测定胎盘组织NO的含量.结果(1)正常晚孕及妊高征妇女胎盘瘦素mRNA表达水平分别为:0.139±0.12、0.603±0.287(其中轻、中、重度妊高征胎盘瘦素水平分别为:0.145±0.056、0.38±0.122、0.75±0.199).(2)妊高征组胎盘瘦素水平明显高于正常晚孕组,差异有显著性(P＜0.01),妊高征患者胎盘瘦素水平随病情加重而升高;重、中、轻度之间差异均有显著性(P＜0.01、P＜0.05).(3)妊高征胎盘组织中NO含量低于正常晚孕妇女,差异有显著性(P＜0.05);重度妊高征患者胎盘NO含量明显低于中度、中度低于轻度,差异有显著性(P＜0.01、P＜0.05),(4)妊高征胎盘瘦素mR-NA表达与NO含量呈负相关(r=-0.6294,P＜0.01),与收缩压、舒张压、平均动脉压、尿蛋白呈正相关(r=0.547,0.377,0.45,0.517;P=0.015,0.015,0.020,0.040),重度妊高征组与新生儿体重呈负相关(r=-0.447,P=0.018).结论胎盘瘦素mRNA表达水平在妊高征组中明显升高,随着妊高征病情加重,胎盘瘦素mRNA表达逐渐增加;同时,胎盘组织中NO含量在妊高征妇女中明显降低,胎盘瘦素mRNA表达与胎盘组织中NO含量呈负相关.因此,瘦素可能与妊高征发病有关,可望成为妊高征病情发展的检测指标之一.     

TGF-β1与妊娠高血压母亲胎儿宫内生长发育迟缓的相关性研究

目的测定妊娠高血压综合征(PIH)母亲外周血、胎盘和脐血中转化生长因子β1(TGF-β1)表达情况,探讨它在PIH母亲发生胎儿宫内生长发育迟缓(IUGR)中的作用。方法选取无其他妊娠并发症的PIH母亲作为观察对象,分娩时取其外周血、胎盘母面和子面的胎盘组织及脐静脉血标本,用ELISA法测定其中TGF-β1的含量。结果 TGF-β1的表达如下:胎盘母面:妊高征、正常妊娠分别为(5.563±1.4223ng/ml),(6.427±1.7525ng/ml);胎盘子面:妊高征、正常妊娠分别为(5.189±1.5776ng/ml),(5.992±1.6026ng/ml);脐静脉血妊高征、正常妊娠分别为(6.183±1.5567ng/ml),(6.901±1.8512ng/ml);产妇外周静脉血:妊高征、正常妊娠分别为(6.047±1.7627ng/ml),(6.803±1.9533ng/ml),两两比较差别均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论妊高征母亲外周血、胎盘及脐静脉血中TGF-β1表达降低是引起IUGR的重要原因之一。     

内皮素和一氧化氮/一氧化氮酶检测对老年糖尿病与血管病变患者临床价值的研究

探讨内皮素(ET)、一氧化氮/一氧化氮酶( NO/NOS)在糖尿病与血管病变患者中的变化。ET采用放射免疫分析法,NO/NOS采用酶法。结果是:(1)糖尿病组ET水平(68.80±37.35)pg/mL)较对照组(41.70±21.50pg/mL)显著升高(P<0.001);NOS水平(2.75±1.49U/mL)明显高于对照组(1.12±0.56U/mL),P<0.01;NO水平(49.32± 16.32μmol/L)明显低于对照组(54.60 ±15.60μmol/L),P<0.05。(2)糖尿病合并血管病变组ET水(80.1140.25pg/mL)显著高于无并发症组(62.73±24.29pg/mL),P<0.001;NOS水平(4.02 ± 0.59U/mL)明显高于无并发症组(2.51±1.19U/mL),P<0.001;NO水平(42.25 ± 10.10/μmol/L)明显低于无并发症组(52.16±14.59mol/L,P<0.05;NO/NOS(11.99±7.05)明显低于无并发症组(26.9±13.15),P<0.001提示 ET、NO/NOS与糖尿病的发生和发展有关,联合检测不仅可作为糖尿病及其血管并发症的重要依据,还将有助于糖尿病合并血管病变的预防和治疗。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.