Predictors of no-reflow phenomenon following percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction

ObjectivesNo reflow during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is a complex issue with serious outcomes. Multiple studies have studied predictors of no-reflow during primary PCI, but data on patients with the late presentation is sparse, which constitutes the majority of patients in peripheral centers. This study aimed to determine predictors of no-reflow during PCI in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) in 7 days.MethodsIt was a single-center prospective case-control study performed at a tertiary care center and included 958 patients with STEMI who underwent PCI within 7 days of symptom onset. Baseline and angiographic data of patients undergoing PCI were recorded and patients divided into reflow and no-reflow group.ResultsOf 958 who underwent PCI, 182 (18.9%) showed no-reflow by myocardial blush grade (MBG) < 2. No-reflow group had a higher mean age (66.46 ± 10.71 vs. 61.36 ± 9.94 years), lower systolic blood pressure (SBP) on admission (100.61 ± 26.66 vs. 112.23 ± 24.35, P < 0.0001), a higher level of peak Troponin I level (9.37 ± 2.81 vs. 7.66 ± 3.11 ng/dL, P < 0.0001), low left ventricular ejection fraction (36.71 ± 3.89 vs. 39.58 ± 4.28% respectively P < 0.0001). Among angiographic data and procedural features, multivariable logistic regression analysis identified that advanced age, reperfusion time > 6 hours, SBP < 100 mmHg on admission, functional status of Killip class for heart failure ≥ 3, lower EF (≤ 35%), low initial myocardial blush grade (≤ 1) before PCI, long target lesion length, larger reference diameter of vessel (> 3.5 mm) and high thrombus burden on angiography were found to be independent predictors of no-reflow (P < 0.05).ConclusionNo-reflow phenomenon after PCI for STEMI is complex and multifactorial and can be identified by simple clinical, angiographic, and procedural features. Preprocedural characters of the lesion and early perfusion decides the fate of the outcome.     

冠状动脉介入术后无再流现象的防治进展

急性心肌梗死患者行经皮冠状动脉介入术(PCI)时,无再流现象的发生严重影响了再通治疗的成功率。因此,改善心肌再灌注,减少无再流现象的发生率成为当今PCI治疗的新热点。本文主要对PCI后无再流现象的预防和治疗进展及存在问题进行综述。     

经皮冠状动脉介入治疗时无再流现象的处理

目的初步探讨冠状动脉(冠脉)内注射尿激酶及地尔硫对经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)中“靶血管”病变无再流现象的临床疗效。方法86例急性冠脉综合征患者实施介入治疗出现靶血管的无再流,首先给予冠脉内硝酸甘油,其78例血流无改善,并将其分为3组:A组26例,交替给予尿激酶及地尔硫冠脉内注射,尿激酶最大量20×104U,地尔硫最大量2mg;B组24例,给予地尔硫冠脉内注射,每次500μg,最大量2mg;C组28例,给予尿激酶冠脉内注射,最大量20×104U。结果A组26例TIMI血流明显改善,P<0.01。B组18例TIMI血流改善,P<0.05;6例无改善者继续予尿激酶1×105～2×105U推注后TIMI血流3级者4例,TIMI血流2级者2例。C组20例TIMI血流改善,P<0.05;8例无改善者继续予地尔硫500μg～2mg推注后TIMI血流3级者6例,TIMI血流1级者2例,其中术后24小时死亡1例。3组相比,术后A组TIMI血流改善更为显著,P<0.05。结论无再流现象与靶血管远端的冠脉微血栓形成及痉挛均有关,PCI中给予冠脉内小剂量尿激酶及地尔硫安全有效,应在今后处理中推广应用。     

Left circumflex coronary artery is protected against no-reflow phenomenon following percutaneous coronary intervention for coronary artery disease

Despite the positive impact of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) on reducing mortality, a small percentage of patients experience poor myocardial reperfusion following PCI. However, factors associated with no-reflow remain unclear. We investigated clinical factors associated with no-reflow following PCI for coronary artery disease (CAD). We retrospectively analyzed 1622 consecutive CAD patients who underwent PCI over a 5-year period at our institution. Patients were divided into two groups according to the presence (n = 31) or absence (n = 1591) of no-reflow, defined as Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction flow grade <3 after PCI. No significant differences in patient characteristics or PCI strategy were seen between the no-reflow and normal flow groups. The incidence of no-reflow was significantly lower in the left circumflex artery (LCx) than in the left anterior descending artery (LAD) (P = 0.0015), with no differences in characteristics or PCI strategy between these two target vessels. Multivariate analysis revealed that involvement of the LCx was an independent protective factor against no-reflow (odds ratio 0.14, 95 % confidence interval 0.02–0.98, P = 0.044). In conclusion, LCx as the target vessel was protective against no-reflow compared with LAD following PCI for CAD. Our results suggest that embolic protection devices may be unnecessary in CAD patients with involvement of LCx.     

急性ST段抬高心肌梗死患者急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗无复流现象相关因素分析

目的探讨急性ST段抬高心肌梗死（STEMI）患者急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）中出现无复流的相关危险因素。方法选取发病在12h内的1059例STEMI患者给予急诊PCI,收集患者的临床、造影和介入治疗资料。PCI术后,根据心肌梗死溶栓（TIMI）分级和校正TIMI帧数将患者分为正常血流组和无复流组。比较两组患者的基本临床资料、造影结果和手术相关资料的差异,分析STEMI患者急诊PCI术中出现无复流的原因。结果急诊PCI术中无复流组患者118例。正常血流组941例,无复流发生率为11．14％。研究共纳入63个指标,通过单变量分析发现,年龄、症状至PCI时间、谷草转氨酶、氯吡格雷使用情况、干预病变数、狭窄程度及血栓负荷与急诊PCI术中发生无复流具有相关性（P〈0．05）。多变量Logistic回归模型认为,年龄（OR=1．04,95％CI：1．02—1．06）与血栓负荷（OR=1．72,95％CI：1．07～2．76）可作为预测急诊PCI术中无复流发生的独立危险因素。结论年龄与血栓负荷可作为预测急性STEMI患者急诊PCI术中发生无复流的独立危险因素,而糖尿病、高血压、高血脂、吸烟等冠心病的传统危险因素与无复流未见相关性。     

急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗冠状动脉造影无复流的相关因素

目的　探讨急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗 (percutaneouscoronaryinterventions,PCI)冠状动脉(冠脉 )造影无复流现象的相关因素。方法　自 1999年 1月至 2 0 0 2年 10月 ,回顾性分析 4 97例急诊PCI病人的临床和冠脉造影资料 ,冠脉造影无复流病人 5 8例 ,由其余的 4 39例急诊PCI冠脉前向血流TIMI 3级的病人中随机抽取 6 0例 ,为正常血流组。运用Logistic回归分析无复流的相关因素。结果　无复流的发生率为 12 6 %。单因素分析表明 :糖尿病、症状开始到再灌注的时间、梗死前心绞痛、Kil lip心功能分级、Q波计数、室壁运动积分差异有显著性。而多因素Logistic回归分析表明 :症状开始到再灌注的时间、梗死前心绞痛、Killip心功能分级、Q波计数是无复流的相关因素。结论　大面积心肌坏死、严重的心肌损害、心功能不全和症状开始到再灌注的时间长 ,可能会促使无复流的形成 ;梗死前心绞痛可能减少无复流的发生。而冠心病的危险因素与无复流没有相关性。     

Prediction of no-reflow phenomenon after successful percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with acute myocardial infarction: intravascular ultrasound findings.

Plaque characterization by intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) before percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) was evaluated in 81 consecutive patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) to establish if IVUS can predict the occurrence of the 'no-reflow' phenomenon. Angiographic no-reflow was defined as TIMI flow grade 1 or 2 without any mechanical obstruction in the epicardial artery. Patients were divided into 2 groups according to the post-PCI angiograms: normal flow (group R, n=60) and no-reflow (group NR, n=21). Although the incidence of either soft or noncalcified plaque was not statistically different between the groups, positive vessel remodeling was more frequent in group NR than in group R (57.1% vs 31.6%, p<0.05). Lipid core was also more frequently found in group NR than in group R (61.9% vs 25.0%, p<0.01). Positively remodeled vessels with lipid-rich plaques as characterized by IVUS before PCI predicted the occurrence of angiographic no reflow with a sensitivity of 43% and a specificity of 60%.     

冠状动脉介入治疗术中无复流的处理对策

经皮冠状动脉(冠脉)介入治疗(PCI)合并无复流现象(no-reflow phenome non),即在冠脉病变处理后虽无明显夹层、血栓形成、痉挛或者严重残余狭窄的存在,但冠脉血流严重减少,血流无灌注或仅有微量灌注。     

替罗非班对急性冠脉综合征经皮冠状动脉介入术后无复流现象的影响

目的观察盐酸替罗非班对急性冠脉综合征（ACS）患者经皮冠状动脉介入术（PCI）后无复流现象的影响。方法纳入ACS患者行PCI治疗术后无复流患者72例,随机分为替罗非班组36例和对照组36例。对照组经冠状动脉给予硝普钠0.9μg/kg,替罗非班组经冠状动脉给予盐酸替罗非班负荷剂量10μg/kg,3min内注完,随后以0.15μg/（kg·min）微量泵持续静脉泵入24h。观察两组患者冠脉给药前、给药后20min靶血管前向血流的TIMI血流分级、心电图改变及术后2周内主要不良心脏事件及药物的不良反应。结果冠状动脉内给药20min后造影显示,两组患者梗死相关动脉TIMI血流分级均较给药前有改善,替罗非班组IRA的TIMI血流0级、1级发生率显著低于对照组,TIMI血流3级发生率显著高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.01）;冠状动脉给药2h后与给药前比较,对照组心电图改善不明显,而替罗非班组患者心电图获得显著改善,两组冠脉给药2h后ST抬高及压低程度、缺血损伤导联数差异均有显著统计学意义（P〈0.01）;术后2周内替罗非班组主要不良心脏事件显著低于对照组（P〈0.01）;术后2周内两组不良反应的发生率差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论经冠状动脉给予盐酸替罗非班治疗可有效地改善ACS患者术后无复流现象,并减少术后2周内主要不良心脏事件。     

冠脉无再灌流的新认识

冠脉无再灌流(no-reflow)是指冠脉造影无血管机械性阻塞的证据,而冠脉循环所支配的节段心肌灌注不足的现象[1]。冠脉无再灌流的概念首先于1966年在实验的基础上提出来的,1985年临床上也观察到心肌梗死再灌注时发生     

Prediction of the no-reflow phenomenon during percutaneous coronary intervention using coronary computed tomography angiography

Coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA) can assess plaque characteristics and plaque size noninvasively. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether coronary CTA before percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) can predict the no-reflow phenomenon during PCI. Seventy-eight patients [acute coronary syndrome (ACS) = 43, stable angina pectoris (SAP) = 35, male/female = 72/6, age: 65 ± 10 years] who underwent 16- or 64-slice CTA in the 4 weeks before PCI were enrolled. The low attenuation plaque size on CTA was compared between patients with (NR+) and without the no-reflow phenomenon (NR−). No-reflow phenomenon was observed in 11 patients, including 10 patients with ACS and 1 patient with SAP. Low attenuation plaque was detected in 9 (82%) NR(+) lesions and 35 (52%) NR(−) lesions. The length of low attenuation plaque was significantly longer in NR(+) than in NR(−) patients (9.0 ± 6.5 vs. 1.6 ± 2.7 mm, p < 0.0001). On step-wise regression analysis, ACS (p = 0.036, 95% CI = 0.009–0.258) and the presence of low attenuation plaque with a length >4.7 mm (p < 0.001, 95% CI = 0.447–0.778) were significant independent predictors of NR(−) no-reflow phenomenon. Low attenuation plaque with lesion length of >4.7 mm on coronary CTA and ACS were the significant predictors for the no-reflow phenomenon during PCI. Coronary CTA assessment before PCI would be useful to predict coronary events during PCI in advance.     

老年急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后无复流的危险因素分析

【】目的：探讨老年急性心肌梗死患者急诊经皮冠状动脉介入(PCI)术后出现无复流的相关危险因素。方法：302例行急诊PCI术的老年急性心肌梗死患者根据PCI术后TIMI血流分级分为无复流组和正常血流组,比较两组患者临床基线资料,造影结果及手术相关资料的差异,应用logistic逐步回归分析老年急诊PCI术后出现无复流的影响因素。结果：老年急诊PCI术后无复流发生率为24.8%(75/302),两组患者间的症状至PCI时间,既往糖尿病人数,术前心功能Killip分级,术前收缩压,术前TIMI血流≤1级人数,病变长度,球囊扩张次数,高血栓负荷人数比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。logistic多元逐步回归分析显示：症状至PCI时间>6h(OR=2.119,P=0.018),高血栓负荷(OR=1.941,P=0.022),术前TIMI血流≤1级(OR=1.718,P=0.009),球囊扩张次数(OR=1.071,P=0.015)是老年急诊PCI术后发生无复流的独立危险因素。结论：可根据老年急性心肌梗死患者临床、造影及手术时的情况来预测急诊PCI术后是否发生无复流现象。     

急性冠状动脉综合征患者经皮冠状动脉介入术后无复流现象的危险因素及预后

目的分析经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)后冠状动脉无复流现象发生的危险因素和预后。方法回顾性分析因急性冠状动脉综合征入我院行PCI治疗的患者524例中有较完整随访资料的427例,PCI支架置入即刻在无影响血流的血栓、栓塞、夹层、痉挛情况下,冠状动脉造影前向血流TIMI≤2级为无复流,TIMI 3级为正常血流。利用Excel随机函数表,从393例急诊PCI冠状动脉前向血流恢复正常的患者中随机抽取70例,为对照组。结果冠状动脉无复流患者34例,无复流组心肌梗死和糖尿病比例明显高于对照组,且胰岛素水平、白细胞总数和中性粒细胞总数也明显高于对照组。院内和院外不良事件发生率无复流组明显高于对照组,左心室射血分数较前明显减低,而左心室舒张末内径较前明显增大。结论无复流受既往糖尿病、胰岛素及白细胞水平的影响,可使住院期间和院外不良事件明显增加,是心肌继续缺血、心室重构和心功能恢复障碍的预测因子,也是心肌和微血管损伤的标志。     

Clinical significance of intra-aortic balloon pumping on no-reflow phenomenon of primary percutaneous coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarction

Background Percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI) is used as a treatment for acute myocardial infarction(AMI),and one of its major complications is the angiographic no-reflow phenomenon(NR).Although intra-aortic balloon pumping(IABP) is sometimes used in such patients to increase the diastolic coronary blood flow,there is little available information regarding the effects of IABP on the angiographic no-reflow phenomenon.Method Twenty-two AMI patient with NR were performed primary PCI between January 2006 a...     

冠状动脉无复流现象的研究进展

再灌注治疗是急性心肌梗死（AMI）最重要的治疗方法之一,然而有部分患者在心外膜梗阻解除的情况下,心肌组织仍然呈低灌注状态,这一现象被称为“无复流”。无复流的确切机制至今尚不清楚,大量研究表明有多种可能的机制导致无复流的发生,主要机制有内皮细胞损伤、中性粒细胞聚集及氧自由基释放。发生无复流的患者预后常常较差,目前尚无治疗无复流的标准方法,主要治疗方法有药物治疗、血栓抽吸、远端保护装置及缺血预处理。本文将对介绍无复流的研究进展进行综述。     

替罗非班对急性心肌梗死经皮冠状动脉介入治疗中无复流现象的影响

目的观察血小板糖蛋白GPⅡb/Ⅲa受体拮抗剂盐酸替罗非班对ST段抬高型急性心肌梗死(STEAMI)患者经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)中无复流现象的影响.方法选择2006年1月至2006年12月哈尔滨医科大学第一附属医院心内科急诊入院的STEAMI患者104例,急诊冠状动脉造影结束后,按就诊顺序随机分为盐酸替罗非班组和对照组,观察两组PCI术后TIMI血流情况,24 h和1周心电图ST段回落情况2、4 h及30 d复合心血管终点事件发生率及出血情况.结果替罗非班组PCI术后TIMI 3级血流发生率92.3%,TIMI 0~2级血流发生率7.7%;对照组TIMI 3级血流发生率80.7%,TIMI 0~2级血流发生率19.3%,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).替罗非班组24 h和1周心电图ST段完全回落率较对照组大(P<0.05).两组住院期间主要复合终点心血管事件发生率无显著差异(P>0.05),但替罗非班组有下降趋势.两组均无严重出血事件发生.结论急性心肌梗死直接PCI中应用盐酸替罗非班,可以改善术后梗死相关动脉无复流现象.     

Treatment of slow/no-reflow phenomenon with intracoronary nitroprusside injection in primary coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarction.

Slow/no-reflow phenomenon is a serious problem complicating primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and is associated with a poor prognosis. From January 2002 to November 2002, 11 of the 70 consecutive patients with ST elevation AMI who were subjected to primary PCI using balloon angioplasty and/or stenting developed slow/no-reflow phenomenon (TIMI 1 flow in 2, TIMI 2 in 8, and TIMI 2.5 in 1). They were 10 men and 1 woman, aged 64 +/- 11 years (range, 46-81). The culprit vessels were six in the left anterior descending coronary artery, three in the right coronary artery, one in the left circumflex coronary artery, and one in saphenous vein graft. Multiple bolus doses (100 microg) of nitroprusside were injected into the index artery through the guiding catheter using a 3 ml syringe until the TIMI flow grade improved by at least one grade or the systolic pressure decline below 80 mm Hg (one patient). The total drug dose varied from 100 to 700 microg. Following the drug treatment, angiographic TIMI flow grade improved by at least one grade in 9 (82%) of the 11 patients (P = 0.007). The TIMI frame counts significantly decreased from 36 +/- 17 frame counts to 16 +/- 11 frame counts (P = 0.012). All patients were discharged without major adverse cardiovascular events. Intracoronary bolus injection of nitroprusside using a 3 ml syringe appears to be a feasible, safe, and effective technique for the management of slow/no-reflow phenomenon complicating primary PCI.