应用磁共振弥散张量成像评价急性前循环脑梗死锥体束损伤

目的：通过分析急性前循环脑梗死患者起病后MRI、弥散张量成像技术（DTI）图像,探讨DTI在急性前循环脑梗死的应用价值。方法选自急性期3 d前循环脑梗死、符合WHO制定的缺血性脑卒中诊断标准的患者为研究组,测量患者梗死灶和健侧相应部位的分数各向异性（fractional anisotropy ,FA）值,观察患者皮质脊髓束（CST ）的损伤程度并分级。同时选择10名年龄性别与研究组匹配的正常健康人为对照组,对照组在相应位置选择与研究组梗死部位同样大小的感应区进行测量FA值。应用日常生活活动能力量表（ADL量表）对研究组患者入院时和治疗后3个月进行评分。结果急性期前循环脑梗死患者病灶的FA值低于健侧,差别有统计学意义。梗死灶FA值降低百分比和皮质脊髓束的损伤程度、ADL相关,有统计学意义。DTI所示皮质脊髓束的损伤程度与ADL评分相关。结论梗死病灶区FA值下降越明显,皮质脊髓束损伤程度越重,临床症状越重,它可以作为判断预后的客观指标之一。通过DT T 分级评价脑梗死患者的预后和神经功能康复有重要的临床价值。     

磁共振DTI及DTT技术在高血压脑出血术后预后评估中的应用价值

目的：探讨磁共振在高血压脑出血术后预后评估中的应用价值。方法：行CT立体定向血肿穿刺引流术86例高血压脑出血患者,于发病24 h内和治疗4周后进行磁共振弥散张量成像（DTI）和弥散张量纤维束示踪成像（DTT）检查,同时评估患者的神经功能及瘫痪情况,根据入院时DTT图像评估皮质脊髓束（CST）损伤级别,分析CST损伤级别与术后神经功能和瘫痪情况的相关性。结果：86例高血压脑出血患者中CST损伤分级Ⅰ级13例,Ⅱ级38例,Ⅲ级35例。CST损伤级别越高,患者FA值越低,NIHSS评分和PG分数越高,不同CST损伤级别间比较差异均具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。治疗4周后患者各项指标均较入院时有所改善,但不同CST损伤级别间FA值、NIHSS评分及PG分数的差异仍具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。CST损伤级别与FA值呈负相关,与NIHSS分数、PG分数呈正相关（P<0.05）。结论：HICH患者发病后24 h内行磁共振检查获取的DTI、DTT,对预测术后神经功能及肢体运动功能有一定价值,CST损伤程度越高,患者术后恢复越差。     

急性脑梗死患者应用磁共振弥散张量白质纤维束示踪成像评估预后的临床研究

目的:探讨分析磁共振弥散张量白质纤维束示踪成像对急性脑梗死患者康复的评估价值。方法:回顾性分析2010年10月-2012年12月郑州市第二人民医院神经内科明确诊断为脑梗死的75例患者的临床资料,利用磁共振扫描仪,对脑梗死患者进行常规磁共振(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI),依照皮质脊髓束受累情况将患者分成三组,在患者起病后的不同时期,发病后3 d内(急性期)、发病后8~14 d(慢性早期)、发病后30~60 d(慢性期)依照美国国立卫生院卒中量表(Nation Institutes of Health Stroke Scale,NIHSS)对患者进行神经功能评分,利用统计学方法对不同级别皮质脊髓束损伤组患者不同时期的神经功能评分分别进行比较,评价该神经束的受累情况与脑梗死患者预后变化的关系。结果:随着发病时间的不断延长,三组患者的NIHSS评分均呈现明显降低的趋势,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。组间比较发现,在不同时期,B、C组患者的NIHSS评分均显著高于A组,组间比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);C患者的NIHSS评分均显著高于B组,两组比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:磁共振弥散张量白质纤维束示踪成像可准确定位梗死灶,有助于预测急性脑梗死患者运动功能的恢复,值得在临床上推广应用。     

磁共振DTT成像对急性腔隙性脑梗死患者运动功能预后评估的价值

目的:通过对人体内重要的大脑运动神经纤维"皮质脊髓束"(corticospinal tract,CST)进行扩散张量白质纤维束示踪成像(diffusion tensor tractography,DTT),显示CST和梗死灶之间的空间关系,用于病灶的准确定位和评估急性腔隙性脑梗死患者的运动功能预后状况.方法:研究对象是病灶位于基底节豆纹动脉区或侧脑室旁辐射冠区,并且伴有中～重度肢体运动功能障碍的急性腔隙性脑梗死患者28例,采集急性期MR数据并合成皮质脊髓束的三维DTT图,根据CST与腔隙性脑梗死灶的空间关系将患者分成3组:第1组梗死灶与CST相邻,第2组部分CST穿过梗死灶,第3组整个CST穿过梗死灶(病灶将神经束包绕).再分别于急性期(发病3d内)、慢性早期(8～14d)及慢性期(30～60d)前瞻性追访这些患者的神经运动功能变化情况,评价该神经束的受累情况与患者预后变化的关系.结果:在急性期,对第1组患者(12/28)与第2组(11/28)采用美国国立卫生研究所的中风评分量表(National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale,NIHSS),运动功能评分没有显著性差异(U=-1.430,P＞0.05),而第2组患者NIHSS运动功能评分低于第3组患者(5/28),且差异有显著性(U＝-2.676,P＜0.01).而在慢性期,这3组患者NIHSS评分分别经两两比较,显示第1组患者NIHSS评分低于第2组,并且差异有显著性(U＝-2.501,P＜0.05),第2组低于第3组,差异也有显著性(U＝-2.948,P＜0.01).从这3组患者急性期到慢性期的NIHSS运动功能评分值变化来看,第1组患者运动功能恢复最好;第2组患者预后比第1组稍差,患者通常残留轻度的运动功能障碍;第3组患者运动功能预后最差,患者普遍残留明显残疾.病灶内相对ADC值为0.714(患侧相对于正常侧下降约28.6%),相对FA值为0.725(即患侧较正常对侧下降27.5%).结论:磁共振扩散张量成像(DTI)的纤维束成像可对梗死灶准确定位,并有助于更好地预测腔隙性脑梗死患者运动功能的恢复前景.     

DTI在脑梗死患者住院治疗前后的应用研究

目的分析磁共振弥散张量成像(DTI)与脑梗死患者住院前后临床评分的关系,评价DTI在判断脑梗死患者预后中的价值。方法对23例脑梗死患者(发病时间为2-7天)在住院治疗前后进行两次DTI扫描,经后处理获得各向异性分数(Farctional anisotropy,FA值)并计算出相对FA值(rFA值),rFA值为病灶侧FA值与对侧正常区FA值的比值;通过弥散张量纤维束成像(DTT)重建双侧皮质脊髓束。根据病灶与皮质脊髓束的关系,将23例患者分为A、B两组,并在两次行DTI检查前施用美国国立卫生院神经功能缺损(NIHSS)评分和简化Fugl-Meyer运动功能评定量表(Fugl-Meyermotor assessment,FMA)。然后将治疗前后rFA值的变化与NIHSS评分及FM评分的变化进行相关性研究。结果 23例患者治疗前梗死灶FA值均低于对侧镜像区FA值,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。治疗后rFA值均低于治疗前rFA值,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),且住院治疗前后患者rFA值下降的差值与NIHSS评分减少的差值及FM评分增加的差值之间均呈负相关(r=-0.685,P<0.01)、(r=-0.50,P=0.015)。根据病变与皮质脊髓束的关系,将患者分为两组,A组:皮质脊髓束分级为2级,12例;B组:皮质脊髓束分级为3级,11例。对本研究住院期间A组和B组患者运动功能评分增加的差值进行相关性分析,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论通过对病灶侧与对侧正常侧rFA值的测量及相关研究,可以判断脊髓纤维束的变性程度,并可判断疗效及评估患者的临床预后。     

DTI及DTT在评价急性大脑中动脉供血区脑梗死患者预后中的应用

目的：利用核磁共振弥散张量成像（DTI）及白质纤维束成像（DTT）技术评价急性大脑中动脉供血区脑梗死患者皮质脊髓束（CST）损伤程度与预后的关系。方法对20例急性大脑中动脉供血区脑梗死的患者行常规1.5T DTI和DTT检查,此检查均在发病72 h内进行。测量梗死灶区与对侧镜像区、梗死灶边缘区、双侧大脑脚的FA值及ADC值。据CST受损程度分为3级。对20例患者分别行美国国立卫生研究院卒中评分（NIHSS）及简式Fug-Meye运动功能评分（FMS）。将CST分级与发病3个月时NIHSS及FMS评分进行相关性分析,评价CST损伤程度与患者临床预后的相关性。结果梗死灶FA值及ADC值较健侧均有不同程度下降,差异均具有统计学意义（P<0.001）,表明急性期缺血缺氧已造成病灶组织不同程度的损伤。CST受损程度与运动功能障碍分级成高度负相关性（r=-0.843,P<0.001）,即CST受损越严重,运动功能分级越低,运动功能障碍程度越重,预后越差。CST受损程度与神经功能恢复情况成高度正相关性（r=0.819,P<0.001）,即CST受损越严重,神经功能评分越低,神经功能预后越差。结论 DTI及DTT为定量分析急性大脑中动脉供血区病灶组织及CST损伤程度提供了途径,为早期准确判断临床预后及指导临床治疗提供了可靠依据。     

磁共振弥散张量成像（DTI）在脑梗死皮质脊髓束损伤与运动功能转归相关性中的应用研究

目的利用磁共振弥散张量成像（DTI）研究脑梗死各向异性特征,结合扩散张量纤维束重建（DTT）评价脑梗死后皮质脊髓束损伤与运动功能转归的相关性。方法对10名正常成人志愿者及57名脑梗死患者进行常规磁共振成像及磁共振弥散张量成像,测量双侧大脑脚、内囊后肢、梗死灶及其对侧对称区域的部分各向异性系数（FA值）,并进行比较分析;对双侧皮质脊髓束进行扩散张量纤维束重建（DTT）,并分级;在DTI检查前及治疗后,对患者进行美国国立卫生研究院卒中评分（NIHSS）及简式Fugl-Meye运动功能评分（FMS）,将脑梗死病灶区域FA值降低率与NIHSS及CST的DTT分级与治疗后运动功能评分（FMS）进行Pearson相关性分析。结果志愿者双侧大脑脚、内囊后肢及半卵圆中心平均FA值双侧对比均无统计学差异（P〉0.05）;脑梗死病例病灶区域平均FA值与对侧比较,无论急性期、亚急性期和慢性期病例均具有明显统计学意义（P〈0.05）,FA值降低率与NIHSS评分呈正相关（Pearson相关系数为0.500,p=0.001）;脑梗死病例大脑脚及内囊后肢FA值与对侧比较,急性期病例无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,而亚急性期及慢性期病例均具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;DTT显示CST纤维束分级与康复治疗后运动功能评分（FMS）呈负相关（Pearson相关系数为-0.899,p=0.000）。结论 DTI能较好的评价脑梗死后白质纤维束的损伤程度;皮质脊髓束的损害程度与患者的运动功能恢复具有明显相关性。     

磁共振扩散张量成像在急性脑梗死的诊断及运动功能评估中的应用价值

目的探讨磁共振扩散张量成像(DTI)在急性脑梗死患者的诊断及运动功能评估的价值。方法分析49例不同时间窗的急性脑梗塞病人的MRI影像资料,所有病人均行常规MRI、DWI及DTT扫描,测量FA值、ADC值,DTT评估梗死灶与皮质脊髓束的关系。结果梗死不同时期,随着时间的推移FA值呈降低趋势,ADC值呈逐渐升高趋势。超急性期、急性期病灶中心区与边缘带的FA值及ADC值差异有统计学意义。根据弥散张量纤维束(DTT)成像梗死灶与皮质脊髓束关系分为不累及、受压无中断、破坏中断减少,破坏组及受压组的FA值、ADC及NIHSS评分差异具有统计学意义。结论磁共振扩散张量成像在急性脑梗死中FA及ADC值具有特征性演变规律,可评估急性脑梗死缺血半暗带情况,DTT可以显示梗死灶对皮质脊髓束的影响,有利于评估预后。     

扩散张量成像技术在脑梗死患者肌力恢复情况预后判断中的价值初探

目的应用MR扩散张量成像（DTI）及扩散张量纤维束成像（DTT）技术对脑梗死患者进行检查,研究患者临床肌力表现及预后与皮质脊髓束的关系。方法对33例脑梗死患者行常规MRI检查及DTI检查,并进行皮质脊髓束三维DTT成像,与患者临床肌力表现及治疗结果相比较。结果患者临床肌力表现分为：肌力无减退13例,治疗后肌力恢复9例（急性期6例,亚急性期2例,慢性期1例）,无恢复11例（急性期5例,亚急性期3例,慢性期3例）,DTT图显示皮质脊髓束分别为无受压,受压无中断及中断、破坏。有肢体症状的20例患者,病变部位均位于皮质脊髓束走行区,病变范围均大于1.5cm。13例无肢体症状的患者,病变部位远离皮质脊髓束走行区或与之相邻,但病变范围较小,小于1.5cm。结论DTI及DTT技术,对脑梗死患者肌力恢复情况预后判断有重要价值。     

脑缺血性卒中MR扩散张量成像的初步研究

目的利用磁共振扩散张量成像（DTI）及扩散张量纤维束成像（DTT）评价缺血性脑卒中所致皮质脊髓束（CST）损伤程度与运动功能的关系。方法对9例急性期大脑中动脉供血区缺血性脑卒中病人进行常规MR、DTI和DTT检查，对数据进行离线后处理，采用dTV．II软件处理。获得FA图及方向编码彩色图，并重建双侧皮质脊髓束3D纤维束图。对梗死区及健侧相应区域白质进行FA测量。采用Brunnstorm标准判断脑卒中患者患手肌力。结果在脑卒中病人梗死区FA值显著低于健侧，两侧相比差异有显著统计学意义（t=4．570，P〈0．001）。病变侧皮质脊髓束表现为受压、变形、移位和中断，皮质脊髓束受累情况与肌力和运动功能的恢复有良好的相关性（rs=0．888，P〈0．05）。结论CST损伤严重程度与运动功能的恢复相关，DTI和DTT对观察CST的损害程度、预测恢复程度、指导临床康复治疗具有重要的价值。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.