乙型肝炎患者血清白细胞介素和肿瘤坏死因子α含量分析

目的检测白细胞介素15、18（IL-15、IL-18）和肿瘤坏死因子（TNF—α）在乙型肝炎患者血清中的表达,探讨其临床意义。方法选取140例乙型肝炎患者作为观察组,30例健康成人作为对照组,检测血清中IL-15、IL-18和TNF—α的含量。结果观察组IL-15、IL-18和TNF—α含量显著高于对照组（P〈0．01）,慢性乙型肝炎、乙型肝炎肝硬化、重型肝炎患者血清中IL-15、IL-18和TNF—α的表达依次增高（P〈0．01）。观察组患者血清中IL—15和IL-18的表达呈正相关（P〈0．05）。结论IL-15、IL-18和TNF—α在乙型肝炎患者中高表达,三者可能在乙型肝炎发生发展中起重要作用;联合检测IL-15、IL-18和TNF-α有助于病变程度的判断。     

血清肿瘤坏死因子和白细胞介素-6与早产的关系研究

目的探讨肿瘤坏死因子（TNF—α）、白细胞介素-6（IL-6）与早产发病的关系。方法采用酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）检测58例早产患者（根据胎盘病检有无绒毛膜羊膜炎分为早产感染组32例和早产非感染组26例）及同期足月正常产28例母血清TNF-α、IL-6的水平。结果早产感染组孕妇血清中TNF-α、IL-6水平明显高于早产非感染组和正常足月产组,差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。结论TNF-α和IL-6水平与感染性早产密切相关;TNF—α和IL-6含量的联合检测为感染性早产因素提供了客观、可靠的依据,有助于提高早产的预测价值。     

乙型肝炎患者血清TNFα、IL-6和IL-8检测及临床意义

目的：研究血清肿瘤坏死因子α（TNFα）白细胞介素-6（IL-6）和白细胞介素-8（IL-8）水平与慢性乙型肝炎（CHB）关系。方法：采用放射免疫分析法（RIA）检测了65例CHB患者及30例健康人血清IL-1β、IL-6及IL-8的浓度。结果：CHB患者血清TNFα、IL-6和IL-8水平均显著高于正常对照组（P〈0．01），CHB患者TNFα、IL-6和IL-8水平增高与病情严重程度呈正相关（P〈0．01）。结论：TNFα、IL-6和IL-8参与CHB免疫病理损伤过程，检测血清TNFα、IL-6和IL-8在判断CHB患者肝损伤程度及预后有临床实用价值。     

IL-10及TNF—α在慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期患者血清及痰液中升高的意义

目的观察白介素-10（IL-10）及肿瘤坏死因了-α（TNF—α）在慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期（AECOPD）患者血清及痰液的表达,从而探讨AECOPD与免疫机制中细胞因子的关系。方法收集26名AECOPD患者作为观察组,22名健康体检者作为对照,用ELISA法分别检测其血清及痰液IL-10及TNF—α的含量。结果观察组患者血清及痰液的IL-10含量均较对照组升高,但两组患者的血清IL-10含量差异无统计学意义（P=0．071）,而观察组的痰液IL-10显著高于对照组（P=0．034）;观察组的TNF-α含量均比对照组升高,两组患者血清和痰液TNF—α水平差异具有统计学意义（P=0．023,P=0．008）。结论IL-10与TNF—α升高可能与AECOPD的免疫机制有关。     

慢性乙肝患者SIL-2R、TNF-α检测的临床意义

目的 探讨慢性乙型肝炎患者血清可溶性白细胞介素－2受体（SIL－2R）、肿瘤坏死因子（TNF－α）水平的临床意义。方法 以81例慢性乙型肝炎患者为对象与20名健康人为对照，采用双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）测定SIL－2R和TNF－α。结果 慢性乙型肝炎患者SIL－2R及TNF－α水平增高，其异常按慢性乙肝轻度、中度、重度，慢型重症肝炎顺序递增。结论 SIL－2R、TNF－α可间接反映慢性乙肝病情的轻重。     

肝硬化患者血清内毒素、TNF-α、IL-6检测的临床意义

目的 :探讨肝硬化患者血清内毒素、TNF -α、IL -6水平与肝硬化、肝功能分级及肝硬化并发症的关系。方法 :对60例肝硬化患者及20例正常人应用鲎试验动态比浊法检测血清内毒素 ,采用双抗体夹心ELISA法检测TNF -α、IL -6。结果 :肝硬化患者血清内毒素、TNF -α、IL -6水平均高于对照组(P<0.01) ,而且随肝功能Child -Pugh分级的增加而升高 ,有并发症者较无并发症者升高明显。这些患者应用乳果糖或大黄蔗虫丸后血清内毒素、TNF -α、IL -6水平均显著下降(P<0.01)。结论 :检测肝硬化患者血清内毒素、TNF -α、IL -6有助于评价肝硬化患者的病情及预后 ,为针对内毒素及细胞因子治疗提供参考。     

肝硬化患者血清SICAM-1、IL-6和TNF水平检测的临床意义

目的　探讨肝硬化患者 SICAM- 1、IL- 6和 TNF含量的变化。方法　用酶联免疫吸附法检测了 4 9例肝硬化患者血清中 SICAM- 1、IL - 6和 TNF含量 ,并以 35名正常人作对照。结果　肝硬化患者血清 SICAM- 1、IL- 6和 TNF含量均明显地高于正常人组 (P<0 .0 1) ,且与 AL T、TBil呈明显正相关。结论　检测肝硬化患者血清中 SICAM- 1、IL- 6和 TNF水平在一定程度上反映了机体的免疫功能状态、肝损害程度     

高血压患者血清TNF-α、IL-6水平的研究

目的探讨高血压患者血清TNF—α及IL-6水平的变化与高血压的关系。方法采用放射酶联免疫法检测在本院就诊的163例不同程度的高血压患者治疗前后血清TNF-α及IL-6水平的变化,同期选择50例健康志愿者检测其TNF-α及IL-6水平。结果高血压患者血清TNF—α、IL-6水平均高于健康对照组,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,随着血压升高,血清TNF—α及IL-6水平均明显升高（P〈0．05）,治疗后高血压患者血清TNF-α、IL-6水平均有不同程度降低（P〈0．05）。结论高血压患者TNF—α、IL-6水平升高,与血压水平呈相关,对评估高血压病严重程度和其治疗效果具有重要的临床意义。     

IL-1及其联合指标在慢性肾小球肾炎诊治中的应用

目的探讨IL-1、TNF-α等指标在不同类型慢性肾小球肾炎发病过程中的作用。方法采用双抗体夹心ELISA法检测44例4N不同病理类型慢性肾小球肾炎（非IgA系膜增生性肾炎、IgA肾痛、膜性肾痛、局灶节段硬化性肾炎）、14例肾功能衰竭患者、20例正常人血清IL-1、TNF—α的含量,并检测血清肌酐浓度、尿蛋白定量,进行统计分析。结果慢性肾小球肾炎患者血清中IL—1、TNF-α水平显著高于正常对照组（P〈0．05）,随患者病情加重,血清IL-1、TNF—α水平不断升高。直线相关分析显示,non—IgAMsPGN组血清TNF-α水平与24h尿蛋白定量存在正相关;IgA肾病组、FSGS组、MN组血清TNF—α水平与24h尿蛋白定量无明显相关性（P〉0．0514种病理类型组血清IL-1水平与24h尿蛋白定量之间无明显相关性（P〉0．05）。结论TNF—α具有促进系膜增生性肾炎免疫损伤的作用并与蛋白尿的生成有关,IL—1的增加与肾小球肾炎的发展、肾功能损害的进展密切相关,血清中这两种细胞因子平衡改变与临床指标之间存在一定的相关性。     

急性冠状动脉综合征患者血清可溶性细胞间黏附分子-1和肿瘤坏死因子-α水平及阿托伐他汀对其影响

目的：探讨急性冠脉综合征（ACS）患者可溶性细胞间粘附分子-1（sICAM-1）和肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF—α）的变化及阿托伐他汀对sICAM-1和TNF—α的作用。方法：测定60例ACS患者、40例稳定型心绞痛（SA）患者和30例正常对照者的血清sICAM-1和TNF—α浓度。并将60例ACS患者随机分为两组：他汀组和常规组,两组均予常规治疗,他汀组加服阿托伐他汀钙片。干预4周后对他汀组及常规组再次采血测定上述指标．比较两组药物干预后血清sICAM-1、TNF—α的变化及相关性。结果：ACS组sICAM—1和TNF—α水平均明显高于SA组及对照组．差异有统计学意义。他汀组和常规组比较sICAM-1和TNF—α治疗后明显下降,差异有统计学意义。结论：阿托伐他汀具有降低ACS患者血清sICAM-1和TNF-的作用。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.