鼻咽癌咽后淋巴结转移与 EBV-DNA 血清学标记物关系探讨

目的:探讨鼻咽癌患者咽后淋巴结转移与EB病毒血清学标志物的关系.方法:收集首诊鼻咽癌患者721例,按“中国鼻咽癌2008 TNM分期”标准对咽后淋巴结进行判断并分为咽后淋巴结转移阳性组与阴性组,分别记录每个病例EB病毒血清学标记物:EB-DNA拷贝数、EB-VCA抗体滴度、EA-IgA抗体滴度,统计咽后淋巴结有转移组与无转移组与EB病毒血清学标记物:EB-DNA拷贝数、VCA-IgA抗体滴度、EA-IgA抗体滴度的关系.结果:鼻咽癌患者咽后淋巴结阳性者较阴性组有较高的EB-DNA拷贝数,差异有显著统计学意义(P＜0.01);不同VCA-IgA抗体滴度下咽后淋巴结的阳性率不同,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),VCA-IgA抗体滴度越高咽后淋巴结阳性率越高;不同EA-IgA抗体滴度下咽后淋巴结的转移率不同,差异有显著统计学意义(P＜0.05),EA-IgA抗体滴度越高咽后淋巴结阳性率越高.结论:鼻咽癌患者咽后淋巴结转移与EB病毒血清学标记物:EB-DNA拷贝数、VCA-IgA抗体滴度、EA-IgA滴度呈正相关.     

咽后淋巴结对鼻咽癌预后影响的研究

[目的]分析咽后淋巴结转移对鼻咽癌预后的影响.[方法]收集1999年1月至1999年12月间中山大学肿瘤防治中心放疗科收治、经病理证实的初诊鼻咽癌749例并进行分析.[结果]咽后淋巴结的发生率51.5%.单因素分析显示咽后淋巴结对鼻咽癌总生存率及无远处转移生存率的影响有统计学意义(P＜0.001).多因素分析显示咽后淋巴结转移并不是影响鼻咽癌生存率的独立预后因素,但对无远处转移生存率的影响接近有统计学意义(P=0.053).对于N0患者,咽后淋巴结转移对鼻咽癌总生存率、无远处转移生存率及无局部区域复发生存率的影响均有统计学意义(P值分别为0.007、0.023和0.008).[结论]基于鼻咽癌增强CT资料,咽后淋巴结转移对鼻咽癌无远处转移生存率可能有影响,是影响无颈部淋巴结转移的鼻咽癌患者的独立预后因素.     

应用磁共振成像技术探讨鼻咽癌咽后淋巴结转移的规律

目的采用磁共振成像(MRI)技术,探讨鼻咽癌咽后淋巴结转移的发生率、分布和转移规律。方法回顾性分析294例经病理证实的初治鼻咽癌患者的磁共振(MR)资料,分析咽后淋巴结转移与鼻咽癌原发灶侵犯部位、颈部淋巴结转移和鼻咽癌分期的关系。结果有165例(56.1%)患者发现有咽后淋巴结转移。从C1到C3水平,外侧组咽后淋巴结转移率呈递减趋势。口咽、鼻腔、茎突前后间隙侵犯和颈部淋巴结转移患者的咽后淋巴结转移率较高。294例患者中,有219例(74.5%)出现咽后淋巴结和颈部淋巴结转移,其中31例(10.5%)仅出现咽后淋巴结转移,54例(18.4%)仅出现颈部淋巴结转移,134例(45.6%)同时出现咽后和颈部淋巴结转移。T1、N0及Ⅰ期的患者咽后淋巴结转移率较低。结论咽后淋巴结转移与鼻咽癌早期局部侵犯及上颈链、颈后三角的淋巴结转移密切相关。咽后淋巴结和Ⅱ区颈部淋巴结均为是鼻咽癌淋巴结转移的首站。     

鼻咽癌咽后淋巴结转移对患者预后生存影响分析

目的:探讨鼻咽癌（NPC）咽后淋巴结（RLN）转移对患者预后生存的影响。方法:搜集行鼻咽及颈部MRI检查的未经治疗并具有完整复查资料的新发NPC患者151例,总结NPC颈部淋巴结转移特点;将病例分为咽后淋巴结转移组（100例）与无咽后淋巴结转移组（51例）、单侧咽后淋巴结转移组（46例）与双侧咽后淋巴结转移组（54例）,采用Kaplan-Meier计算两组病例1年、3年、5年的无局部复发生存率（LRFS）、无远处转移生存率（DMFS）及总生存率（OS）并行Log-rank检验。结果:NPC颈部淋巴结转移以Ⅱ区（96.69%）最常见,其后依次为Ⅲ区（75.50%）、咽后组（66.23%）、Ⅰ区（54.30%）、Ⅳ区（41.60%）、Ⅴ区（8.61%）、Ⅵ区（1.99%）。NPC咽后淋巴结转移组与无咽后淋巴结转移组的LRFS、DMFS及OS生存曲线相似,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。NPC单侧与双侧咽后淋巴结转移的DMFS（P=0.039）及OS（P=0.044）生存曲线明显分开,差异有统计学意义,而两组数据的LRFS生存曲线相似,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论:鼻咽癌单侧与双侧咽后淋巴结转移DMFS及OS生存曲线明显分开,双侧咽后淋巴结转移预后明显较单侧转移差,鼻咽癌单侧与双侧咽后淋巴结转移应该归为不同分期较为合理。     

333例鼻咽癌咽后淋巴结转移特点的MRI分析

目的了解鼻咽癌咽后淋巴结的发生率及特征,探讨其与受累部位、颈部淋巴结转移的关系。方法回顾性分析333例经病理证实、无远处转移的初诊鼻咽癌患者MRI资料。根据2008临床分期标准进行分期。采用率的比较分析咽后淋巴结转移与临床分期、肿瘤侵犯部位及颈部淋巴结转移的关系。结果（1）咽后淋巴结阳性率为66.3%,其中单侧41.4%,双侧24.9%;不同T、N分期（T1、T2、T3、T4;N1b、N2、N3）的咽后淋巴结转移率均不同,其中T1期均低于T2、T3以及T4期（P＜0.05）,N1b期均较N2、N3期低（P＜0.05）;（2）茎突前间隙、颈动脉鞘区、口咽、椎前肌、翼内肌等结构侵犯者的咽后淋巴结转移发生率均明显高于其未侵犯者（P＜0.05）;（3）全组病例颈淋巴结转移率为82.0%,其中咽后淋巴结阳性者高于阴性者（87.8% vs.70.5%,P＜0.05）;双侧咽后淋巴结转移者高于单侧转移者（94.0% vs. 84.1%,P＜0.05）;（4）咽后淋巴结最大直径≤20 mm与最大直径＞20 mm患者的颈淋巴结各区转移率差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论（1）鼻咽癌咽后淋巴结转移率高与茎突前间隙、颈动脉鞘区、椎前肌、翼内肌及口咽侵犯相关;（2）鼻咽癌咽后淋巴结转移影响颈淋巴结的转移;（3）咽后淋巴结的直径大小与颈淋巴结各区转移无相关性。     

鼻咽癌淋巴结转移规律的MRI分析

目的:探讨鼻咽癌淋巴结转移的规律。方法:收集2005年10月至2006年8月经病理证实初诊的鼻咽癌204例,全部经鼻咽部和颈部MRI扫描,采用2003年RTOG推荐的颈部淋巴结的分区标准,分析鼻咽癌淋巴结的转移规律。结果:204例中185例(90.7%)伴淋巴结转移,其中4例(2.2%)仅有咽后淋巴结转移,48例(25.9%)仅有颈部淋巴结转移,133例(71.9%)为咽后及颈部淋巴结均有转移。在各区的分布是Ⅰa区0例,Ⅰb区12例(6.5%),Ⅱa区77例(41.6%),Ⅱb区179例(96.8%),Ⅲ区67例(36.2%),Ⅳ区21例(11.4%),Ⅴ区59例(31.9%),Ⅵ区0例,咽后区137例(74.1%),耳前区2例(1.1%)。1例(0.5%)发生跳跃性转移。不同T分期淋巴结转移率差异无统计学意义,局部早期(T1～T2)和局部晚期(T3～T4)病变淋巴结转移分布之间差别无统计学意义。咽后淋巴结转移与T、N分期之间差别无统计学意义。结论:鼻咽癌淋巴结转移率高,以咽后淋巴结、颈上深组淋巴结最多见,跳跃性转移低。不同T分期淋巴结转移率无明显差别,淋巴结转移的分布与T分期无关。咽后淋巴结转移与T、N分期无关。     

E-钙黏蛋白在鼻咽癌组织中的表达水平及其与颈部淋巴结转移的关系

目的 探讨E-钙黏蛋白(E-cadherin)在鼻咽癌组织中的表达水平以及与鼻咽癌颈部淋巴结转移的关系.方法 应用免疫组织化学SP法,检测80例鼻咽癌组织中E-cadherin的表达水平.结果 80例鼻咽癌组织中,E-cadherin低表达48例,高表达32例.随着N分期的进展,E-eadherin的表达水平越低(P=0.018).鼻咽癌颈部转移淋巴结的大小与E-cadherin的表达水平无关(χ2=1.666,P=0.435).颈部转移淋巴结局限于单个区域者的E-cadherin高表达率(69.2%)明显高于分散于多个区域者(25.9%,P=0.000),且在单个区域内单枚淋巴结转移者的E-cadherin高表达率(48.1%)明显高于多枚转移者(25.0%,P=0.044).Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Va区转移者的E-cadherin的高表达率(48.0%)虽高于Ⅰ、Ⅳ、Vb、Ⅵ区转移者(26.7%),但差异并无统计学意义(P=0.059).颈部转移淋巴结与鼻咽癌位于同侧者的E-cadherin高表达率(56.5%)和双侧转移者(32.6%)差异无统计学意义(P=0.059).结论 E-cadherin的表达水平影响鼻咽癌颈部淋巴结转移的区域;E-cadherin的表达水平越低,颈淋巴结转移数目越多,转移距离越远,N分期越晚.E-cadherin的表达水平对鼻咽癌颈部淋巴结自上而下转移的影响较其向对侧淋巴结转移的影响更为显著.     

鼻咽癌淋巴结转移规律的MRI分析

目的：探讨鼻咽癌淋巴结转移的规律。方法：收集2005年10月至2006年8月经病理证实初诊的鼻咽癌204例,全部经鼻咽部和颈部MRI扫描,采用2003年RTOG推荐的颈部淋巴结的分区标准,分析鼻咽癌淋巴结的转移规律。结果：204例中185例（90.7%）伴淋巴结转移,其中4例（2.2%）仅有咽后淋巴结转移,48例（25.9%）仅有颈部淋巴结转移,133例（71.9%）为咽后及颈部淋巴结均有转移。在各区的分布是Ⅰa区0例,Ⅰb区12例（6.5%）,Ⅱa区77例（41.6%）,Ⅱb区179例（96.8%）,Ⅲ区67例（36.2%）,Ⅳ区21例（11.4%）,Ⅴ区59例（31.9%）,Ⅵ区0例,咽后区137例（74.1%）,耳前区2例（1.1%）。1例（0.5%）发生跳跃性转移。不同T分期淋巴结转移率差异无统计学意义,局部早期（T1～T2）和局部晚期（T3～T4）病变淋巴结转移分布之间差别无统计学意义。咽后淋巴结转移与T、N分期之间差别无统计学意义。结论：鼻咽癌淋巴结转移率高,以咽后淋巴结、颈上深组淋巴结最多见,跳跃性转移低。不同T分期淋巴结转移率无明显差别,淋巴结转移的分布与T分期无关。咽后淋巴结转移与T、N分期无关。     

CD44表达与鼻咽癌淋巴结转移及放疗敏感性关系研究

[目的]研究CD44表达与鼻咽癌淋巴结转移及放疗敏感性的关系,探索预测鼻咽癌淋巴结转移潜能和放疗敏感性的有效生物学指标,以指导鼻咽癌的治疗。[方法]免疫组化和RT-PCR方法分别检测50例鼻咽癌患者CD44蛋白和mRNA的表达水平。[结果]CD44蛋白在鼻咽癌细胞膜及胞浆均有表达。N(+)组蛋白表达阳性率为72.0%,N(-)组为36.0%,两组差异有统计学意义(P=0.027),放疗后3个月转移淋巴结消退组(61.1%)和未完全消退组(100.0%)阳性表达率差异显著(P<0.05)。RT-PCR结果显示,N(+)组CD44 mRNA表达高于N(-)组,相对含量分别为1.0584±0.3958和0.4738±0.3462,有统计学差异(P=0.000);N(+)组中放疗未完全消退组和完全消退组相对含量分别为1.4282±0.3116和0.9146±0.3298,有统计学差异(P=0.002);角化组与非角化组相对含量分别为0.8365±0.4706和0.5118±0.3627,亦有统计学差异(P=0.048)。[结论]鼻咽癌组织中有淋巴结转移组的CD44蛋白、CD44mRNA表达水平均显著高于无淋巴结转移组,CD44有可能成为预测鼻咽癌淋巴结转移的指标。     

鼻咽癌淋巴结转移的磁共振成像研究

目的探讨鼻咽癌淋巴结转移的影像学规律。方法搜集初治鼻咽鳞癌315例，全部行常规鼻咽部MRI平扫及增强检查，采用2003年RTOG推荐的头颈部肿瘤淋巴结转移的分区标准。结果315例中254例淋巴结转移，跳跃性淋巴结转移4例。254例转移淋巴结中，81例仅左侧转移，72例仅右侧转移，101例为双侧转移；73例仅咽后淋巴结转移，21例仅有颈淋巴结转移，160例为咽后及颈淋巴结均有转移。原发肿瘤单纯累及顶后壁的89例中，78％累及咽后淋巴结；单纯累及侧壁的43例中，49％累及咽后淋巴结（x^2=11．00，P〈0．01）。原发肿瘤T1、T2、T3、T4期的淋巴结转移率分别为73．5％、91．2％、71．9％、73．5％（x^2=1．81，P〉0．05）。局部早期（T1～T2期）和局部晚期（T3～T4期）病变淋巴结转移分布间差异无统计学意义。结论鼻咽癌淋巴结转移率高，以咽后淋巴结最多见，跳跃性转移率低。不同T分期淋巴结转移率无差别，鼻咽癌淋巴结转移的分布与T分期无关。     

Sentinel Node Biopsy in Early Breast Cancer Patients with Palpable Axillary Node

Background: Sentinel lymph node biopsy is a reliable method for evaluation of the axillary lymph node status in early stage breast cancer patients with non-palpable lymph nodes. The present study evaluated the status of sentinel and non-sentinel lymph nodes in T1T2 patients with palpable axillary lymph nodes. Materials and Methods: One hundred and two women with early breast cancer were investigated in this study. Patients were selected for axillary sentinel lymph node biopsy and then surgery .Then the rates of false negative and true positive, and diagnostic accuracy of sentinel lymph nodes biopsy were evaluated. In addition, the hormone receptors status of the tumor was determined through IHC and data was analyzed in SPSS21. Results: In this study, the mean age of the patients was 49 years, 85% had invasive ductal carcinoma  in their pathology reports, 77% were ER/PR positive, 30% HER2 positive and 9.8% triple negative and 69% had KI67<14%. In frozen pathology, 15.7 and 84.3% were sentinel positive and negative, respectively, and in the final pathology, 41 and 58.8% were sentinel positive and negative, respectively. This difference arises from the false negative rate of the frozen pathology, which was about 31.3%. The sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy of the frozen section were 24, 90 and 43%, respectively. Lymphovascular invasion is an important effective factor in the involvement of sentinel and non-sentinel lymph nodes. Statistical analysis showed that the probability of sentinel and non-sentinel lymph nodes involvement was higher in receptor positive patients and those with KI67>14% (p<0.002) whereas the rate of involvement was lower in triple negative patients. Conclusion: Sentinel node biopsy can be used in a significant percentage of breast cancer patients with palpable and reactive axillary lymph nodes.     

Accuracy of Sentinel Node in Detecting Lymph Node Metastasis in Primary Endometrial Carcinoma

Background: Endometrial carcinoma is the most common gynecological cancer and its treatment is stillcontroversial, especially in its early stages. There are conflicting data about the efficacy of retroperitoneallymphadenectomy during abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingoophrectomy treatment.Lymphadenectomy carries a risk of severe complications, especially in women with co-morbidities. Selectivelymphadenectomy has been widely employed for staging evaluation of endometrial carcinoma because it is simpleand seems to provide reliable data regarding nodal metastasis. This study was designed to evaluate accuracy ofsentinel node sampling in detecting lymph node metastasis in primary endometrial carcinoma during staginglaparotomy. Materials and Methods: Ninety-three women with endometrial carcinoma at high-risk for nodalmetastasis were studied. During laparotomy, methylene blue dye was injected into sub-serosal myometrium, thenretroperitoneal spaces were opened and blue lymph nodes within pelvic and para-aortic regions were removed asseparate specimens for histopathological examination (sentinel lymph nodes = SLNs). Hysterectomy and selectivelymphadenectomy then performed for all women included in this study. Results: Deposition of methylene dyeinto at least one lymph node was observed in 73.1% (68/93) of studied cases. 18.3% (17/93) of studied womenhad positive lymph node metastasis and 94.1% (16/17) of them had positive metastasis in SLNs. In this study,SNLs had 94.4% sensitivity and 100% specificity in prediction of lymph node metastasis. Mean number of lymphnodes removed from each case decreased when SLNs biopsy were taken. Conclusions: SLNs are the key lymphnodes in endometrial tumor metastasis and their involvement could be an indicator for whether or not completesystematic lymphadenectomy is needed during staging laparotomy.     

Reoperative Sentinel Lymph Node Surgery

The role of sentinel lymph node biopsy for staging of primary breast cancer is well established. However, in cases of previous surgery to the breast or axilla, the reliability of sentinel lymph node biopsy has not been well established. Reoperative sentinel lymph node biopsy potentially has the same benefits as sentinel lymph node biopsy done at the time of the primary diagnosis, including staging, identifying at-risk lymph nodes, and providing critical information for use in treatment decision making. This article reviews the literature regarding reoperative sentinel lymph node biopsy and makes recommendations for implementation of the technology in this setting.     

Tumor Characteristics Influencing Non-Sentinel Lymph Node Involvement in Clinically Node Negative Patients with Breast Cancer

Purpose

The negative sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy avoids conventional axillary dissection in patients with breast cancer with clinically negative axilla. Despite negative SLN, there is a risk of leaving involved non-SLN behind in the axilla. We investigated the predictive power of tumor characteristics for non-SLN metastasis.

Methods

Lymphatic mapping with blue dye method for SLN biopsy and level 1-2 axillary dissections were performed to establish axillary status in 59 patients with T1 and T2 breast cancer and clinically negative axilla. Tumor''s characteristics were histopathologically established to assess their association with non-SLN metastasis.

Results

The axilla was malignant in 23 (39%) patients. The SLN alone was metastatic in 10, both SLN and non-SLN in 9, and non-SLN alone in 4 (7%) patients. The false negative rate for SLN biopsy was 10% in our series. The rate of positive non-SLN was found as 0% in T1a-b, 19% in T1c, and 40% in T2 tumors (p=0.035). Lymphovascular invasion was positive in 14 (61%) patients with axillary metastasis (p<0.001), and in 10 (77%) patients with non-SLN involvement (p<0.001).

Conclusion

We concluded that there was a small risk of involved non-SLN despite negative SLN. Tumor size (near or greater than 2 cm) was significantly associated with non-SLN metastasis. Peritumoral lymphovascular invasion was a positive predictor of the metastatic involvement in non-SLNs.     

治疗前哨淋巴结阳性乳腺癌非前哨淋巴结状态的多因素分析

目的探讨影响前哨淋巴结阳性乳腺癌非前哨淋巴结状态的因素,建立判断有否转移的预测模型。方法回顾性分析我院自2003年-2010年共285例前哨淋巴结阳性乳腺癌患者临床病理资料。采用Logistic回归方法分析13种影响前哨淋巴结阳性乳腺癌非前哨淋巴结状态的因素,建立判断有否转移的预测模型,并验证模型的准确度、敏感度、特异性。结果单因素Logistic回归分析结果提示,有6个因素与NSLN转移具有密切相关性,分别为肿瘤大小（OR=1.45,P<0.01）、阳性SLN大小（OR=2 078.49,P<0.01）、阳性SLN数量(OR=2.44,P<0.01)、阴性SLN数量(OR=0.19,P<0.01)、脉管侵犯(OR=11.45,P<0.01)、阳性SLN包膜外扩散(OR=74.34,P<0.01)。Logistic多因素回归分析表明：肿瘤大小、脉管侵犯、阴性SLN数量、阳性SLN大小及阳性SLN包膜外扩散与NSLN转移密切相关(P<0.05)。Logistic回归模型预测前哨淋巴结阳性乳腺癌非前哨淋巴结状态的敏感度为 92.62%（138/149）,特异性为 89.15%（115/129）,总符合率91.01% (253/278)。结论Logistic回归预测模型能较好的判断前哨淋巴结阳性乳腺癌非前哨淋巴结的状态,[JP2]有助于乳腺肿瘤外科医师选择最佳治疗方案。     

Prognostic Value of Lymph Node Ratios in Node Positive Rectal Cancer Treated with Preoperative Chemoradiation

Background: To investigate the impact of the lymph node ratio (LNR) on the prognosis of patients with locallyadvanced rectal cancer undergoing pre-operative chemoradiation. Methods: Clinicopathologic and follow up dataof 128 patients with stage III rectal cancer who underwent curative resection from 1996 to 2007 were reviewed.The patients were divided into two groups according to the lymph node ratio: LNR ≤0.2 (n=28), and >0.2 (n=100).Kaplan-Meier and the Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to evaluate the prognostic effectsaccording to LNR. Results: Median numbers of lymph nodes examined and lymph nodes involved by tumourwere 10.3 (range 2-28) and 5.8 (range 1-25), respectively, and the median LNR was 0.5 (range, 0-1.6). The 5-yearsurvival rate significantly differed by LNR (≤0.2, 69%; >0.2, 19%; Log-rank p value < 0.001). LNR was alsoa significant prognostic factor of survival adjusted for age, sex, post-operative chemotherapy, total number ofexamined lymph nodes, metastasis and local recurrence (≤0.2, HR=1; >0.2, HR=4.8, 95%CI=2.1-11.1) and asignificant predictor of local recurrence and distant metastasis during follow-up independently of total number ofexamined lymph node. Conclusions: Total number of examined lymph nodes and LNR were significant prognosticfactors for survival in patients with stage III rectal cancer undergoing pre-operative chemoradiotherapy.     

染料法前哨淋巴结活检对腋窝淋巴结转移的预测价值

[目的]评价染料法前哨淋巴结活检（SLNB）对乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结转移状态的预测价值。[方法]2ml1%亚甲蓝作为示踪剂,注射后局部按摩5min,经根治术切口分离上皮瓣,寻找并追踪蓝染淋巴管,沿蓝染淋巴管追踪检出蓝染淋巴结,全组患者均行乳腺癌改良根治术。[结果]本组前哨淋巴结检出成功率为93.3%;SLNB预测腋窝淋巴结转移的准确性为96.4%,灵敏度为91.7%,假阴性率8.3%。[结论]染料法前哨淋巴结活检对乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结转移状态的预测效果良好。