麻醉鼠心动周期信号功率谱与体温关系的研究

目的:研究体温变化对麻醉大鼠自主神经系统的影响.方法:健康成年的Wistar大鼠18只,体重250 g～300 g,20%乌拉坦腹腔麻醉,气管插管.用温度计监测肛温.记录类似Ⅱ导联心电,分析心动周期信号功率谱特征.结果:在34℃～39℃体温范围内,心动周期功率谱随体温的升高而降低,心动周期信号(heart period signal,HPS)的超低频带功率谱(APU)随温度升高呈M型走势,高频带(APH)呈W型变化,不同体温下各参数几乎都有显著性变化.结论:大鼠HPS功率谱各项谱参数与体温变化相关,这些谱参数可以反映自主神经系统的调节功能.     

正常儿童心动周期混沌特征变化的研究

本文应用计算机化自主神经系统功能测试系统对１０５例正常健康儿童（０～１１岁）进行了心动周期信号混沌特征分析。结果：除ＨＣＣ外，学龄儿童组的四个混沌特征参数均高于学龄前儿童组，新生儿则低于学龄组和学龄前组；功率谱参数学龄儿童组也高于学龄前儿童组。上述结果表明：儿童自主神经系统的发育，是随着年龄的增加而不断成熟的，其调控功能随年龄的不断增长而日趋完善     

孕大鼠和胎鼠心脏系统混沌特征分析

应用计算机化大鼠心电信号采集和处理系统,引导妊娠第21dSD大鼠和胚胎宫内心电,记录母胎鼠心动周期信号混沌图形参数和数值参数,探讨正常妊娠大鼠母胎心脏系统混沌特征,分析母胎鼠自主神经系统发育的差异性。结果显示,(1)正常胎鼠与孕鼠比较,频率和电压较低,差异均有显著性(P<0.01);(2)正常胎鼠和孕鼠心动周期信号功率谱具有类似于人的心动周期信号功率谱三峰特征;正常胎鼠和孕鼠比较,第二峰、第三峰明显较低;(3)正常胎鼠与孕鼠比较,相对分散度、李雅普诺夫指数和分维数均显著较低,差异均有显著性(P<0.01)。本研究表明,正常胎鼠心动周期信号变化的复杂性低于孕鼠,胎鼠心脏混沌程度低于孕鼠,胎鼠自主神经系统发育尚不成熟。     

正常人心动周期信号（HPS）的混沌特征随年龄变化──HPS的功率谱分析

心动周期信号（ＨＰＳ）具有混沌特征，携带有自主神经功能信息。ＨＰＳ的功率谱分析可以定量地评价交感、副交感神经活动的强弱及其相互作用。这种方法是测试自主神经系统功能的现代方法。我们利用自行研制的计算机化心动周期信号混沌分析系统，对２１７例正常人的心动周期信号进行了功率谱分析。本文介绍了研究中采用的功率谱指标（Ｐｖｖ、Ｐｌｖ、Ｐｈｖ、Ｐｖｒ、ＰｌｒＰｈｒ、Ｒｖｈ、Ｒｌｈ、Ｔｆｐ），频率指标（Ｖｆｍ、Ｌｆｍ、Ｈｆｍ、ｆｍ、ｆｏ）和混沌度Ｌｏｃ的意义以及它们与年龄的关系。研究表明，随着年龄的增加，交感活动加强，副交感的活动减弱，心脏的混沌程度逐步降低。５０岁左右，有些指标的变化趋势与其它年龄段明显不同。     

正常人心动周期信号的混沌特征随年龄的变化

心动周期信号（ＨＰＳ）具有混沌特征，含有重要的生理、病理信息。我们利用自行研制的计算机化心动周期信号混沌分析系统，研究了２７１例正常人心动周期信号的混沌特征参数如相对分散度（ＨＲＤ）、李雅普诺夫数（ＨＬＥ）和分维数（ＨＦＤ），发现随着年龄的增加，ＨＲＤ、ＨＬＥ、ＨＦＤ逐步降低，即心血管动力学的复杂性逐步降低     

新生儿心动周期信号（HPS）的混沌特征,功率谱分析

研究正常新生儿（０～３天）心动周期信号的混沌特征和谱特征，探讨分娩方式对其混沌特征检测值的影响，分析出生体重与各参数的相互关系，新生儿自主神经系统功能发育尚不如儿童期成熟，其交感成分居优势，内外因素对其协调平衡性的影响较小，其原因是否与新生儿对外界刺激反应迟钝有关还值得进一步研究。     

基于谱分析的阻塞型睡眠呼吸暂停研究

目的本文研究发生阻塞型睡眠呼吸暂停时患者的心率功率谱及血压功率谱结构与正常睡眠的差异.方法采用AR模型估计心率及血压的功率谱,并提取低频分量与高频分量的比值(LF/HF)作为特征参数,考察发生阻塞型睡眠呼吸暂停时功率谱结构的变化.结果发生阻塞型睡眠呼吸暂停时LF/HF是正常睡眠时的2～5倍,表明患者在此时的交感神经活动增强,迷走神经活动减弱.     

混沌的数值分析方法及其在生物医学工程中的应用

本文对混沌的数值分析方法中的定量测量参数（功率谱、Ｌｙａｐｕｎｏｖ指数、分维数和测度熵等）的物理意义、定义及目前的研究状况进行了比较详细的介绍，并简介了Ｌｙａｐｕｎｏｖ指数、分维数和测度熵三者的关系。最后介绍了混沌的数值分析方法在生物医学工程中的应用。     

基于独立分量分析算法研究儿童癫痫脑电的混沌动力学特征

首先采用独立分量分析(Independent component analysis,ICA)算法,将儿童癫痫信号从复杂的背景脑电(Electroencephalogram,EEG)中分离出来;然后采用了一维时间序列相空间重构技术和混沌的定量判据,对分离出来的独立分量信号进行了分析与计算.通过对生理和癫痫状态下独立分量信号的相图、功率谱、关联维数和Lyapunov指数的对比研究,得出如下结论:(1)EEG独立分量的相图、功率谱、关联维数和Lyapunov指数反映了大脑的总体动态特征,它们可作为一种定量指标衡量大脑的健康状态;(2)在正常的生理状态下EEG是混沌的,而在癫痫状态下则趋于有序。     

脊柱侧弯手术中正常体感诱发电位时频特征分析

目的提取脊柱术中体感诱发电位(SEP)的时频特征参数,确定时频域特征参数的正常值范围。方法选取1998年9月至2006年1月脊柱侧弯手术病人183例,其中皮层诱发电位168例有效(92%),女性129例,男性39例,年龄7～40岁(平均年龄16.8岁);下皮层诱发电位183例有效(100%),女性144例,男性39例,年龄7～40岁(平均年龄16.69岁)。运用短时傅立叶变换对手术中采集的体感诱发电位进行分析处理,提取信号在时频域的三个特征参数,并与时域分析方法进行比较。结果谱峰功率比波幅的变异系数更小,SEP(Cz′)的谱峰时间以(41.2±4.1)ms为中心,范围是29～55ms,谱峰频率以(53.6±6.2)Hz为中心,范围是37～79Hz;SEP(Cv)的谱峰时间以(30.1±2.9)ms为中心,范围是21～39ms,谱峰频率以(81.8±4.9)Hz为中心,范围是67～111Hz。结论运用短时傅立叶变换获得的脊柱手术时频谱具有稳定的时频特征参数分布,为建立自动判别标准及临床应用打下了基础。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.