外周静脉穿刺置入中心静脉导管的护理

2000～2002年，我们对16例患者实施外周静脉穿刺中心静脉导管置入术(PICC)，取得了良好效果。现将护理体会报告如下。     

外周中心静脉导管穿刺置管的临床教学

外周中心静脉导管，简称PICC，以其独特的优势在临床广泛应用，因PICC穿刺比一般外周静脉穿刺有较大的难度，而穿刺准确、熟练与否直接关系护理质量的好坏。为此护士长对其做好临床教学至关重要，以便使护士较快地掌握此项穿刺技术并提高一次穿刺成功率。现将我病房在此临床教学中总结的经验介绍如下。     

外周静脉穿刺中心静脉置管的临床应用

2003年5月～2005年5月，我们成功对38例患者进行了外周静脉穿刺中心静脉置管（PICC）。现报告如下。     

经外周静脉置入中心静脉导管临床应用新进展

经外周静脉置入中心静脉导管（PICC）是由外周静脉（贵要静脉、肘正中静脉、头静脉）穿刺插管,其尖端定位于上腔静脉的导管,临床上广泛用于需长期静脉输液、化疗、胃肠外营养（PN）、使用刺激外周静脉的药物、缺乏外周静脉通路、家庭病床、早产儿、中心静脉压测量等患者。     

锁骨下静脉穿刺置入中心静脉导管临床观察

目的探讨锁骨下静脉穿刺置入中心静脉导管的临床应用前景。方法病人取去枕平卧位，穿刺点为锁骨中点下缘下方1cm处，方向指向胸锁乳突头肌与锁骨形成的夹角平分线上，穿刺针刺入约3～4cm后回抽见血，导入导丝、最后导入导管。结果共行60例次，57例次成功，3例次失败，所有病例无严重并发症。结论锁骨下静脉穿刺置入中心静脉导管，具有穿刺成功率高、并发症少、安全有效易于掌握推广等优点。     

中心静脉导管股静脉穿刺置管术在肿瘤病人化疗中的应用

恶性肿瘤病人由于反复化疗，长期输液，且化疗药物对外周血管刺激较大，易发生静脉炎，血管阻塞；加之部分病人有四肢水肿，导致外周静脉血管不易穿刺，我们采用了深静脉穿刺置管术化疗，保证完成了病人的化疗。但对上腔静脉压迫综合征上肢不宜穿刺输液患者、胸部上段、颈部放疗后或正在放疗过程中、呼吸困难不能平卧的患者、锁骨下静脉和（或）颈内静脉穿刺困难患者、少部分不愿承担锁骨下静脉穿刺置管风险的病人，为了让肿瘤病人能按时完成化疗，我科自2003年3月至2007年6月开展了151例股静脉穿刺置管化疗，现将应用及护理要点汇报如下。     

心理疏导在经外周静脉穿刺中心静脉置管肺癌患者中的临床应用

<正>经外周静脉穿刺中心静脉置管(peripherally inserted central catheter,PICC)是从外周静脉进行穿刺,导入导管,将导管末端留置于上腔静脉或锁骨下静脉处,主要用于输入营养液,化疗药物等,为患者提供一条无痛性输液通道~([1])。在癌症治疗过程中,特别是在放化疗治疗过程中,患者常伴随产生焦虑、抑郁、敏感、丧失信心等负性情绪~([2])。加之PICC导管的长期留置可能引起并发症,如导管阻塞、静脉炎、感     

耐高压注射型经外周静脉置入中心静脉导管与中心静脉导管在肝细胞癌肝切除术患者中的应用

目的 比较耐高压注射型经外周静脉置入中心静脉导管(peripherally inserted central catheter,PICC)与中心静脉导管(central venous catheters,CVC)在肝细胞癌患者行肝切除术后的应用效果。方法 回顾性分析2019年1月至2020年10月在首都医科大学附属北京地坛医院行肝切除术的70例肝细胞癌患者的临床资料。根据放置静脉导管的方式将其分为耐高压注射型PICC组(36例)和CVC组(34例)。分析两组患者静脉穿刺次数、插管成功率、导管留置时间以及导管相关并发症发生情况。采用Logistic回归分析耐高压注射型PICC相关性感染的危险因素。结果 耐高压注射型PICC组导管留置时间显著长于CVC组(中位数：14 d vs 7 d;z=-4.983,P <0.001),两组导管相关并发症发生率无显著差异[31%(11/36) vs 41%(14/34);χ²=0.859,P=0.354]。耐高压注射型PICC组最常见的并发症为静脉炎(5例),而在B组中未观察到静脉炎的发生(χ²=3.2...     

健康教育在神经内科经外周静脉置入的中心静脉导管术置管患者中的应用

目的探讨对60例神经内科经外周静脉置入的中心静脉导管术（PICC）置管患者实施全程分期式健康教育方法。方法在患者入院时、置管前、中、后,出院前5个阶段对患者实施有针对性、连续、系统的健康教育。结果 60例置管患者对PICC概念的了解由入院时的5%上升至置管后的100%,置管成功率100%,最长置管时间286d,并发症发生率13.3%。结论对神经内科PICC置管患者实施全程分期式健康教育可以提高患者置管依从性、提高患者满意度、提高置管成功率、减少并发症、延长导管安全留置时间。     

经外周置入中心静脉导管在急诊重症监护室中的应用

目的 探讨经外周置入中心静脉导管（PICC）在急诊重症监护室的应用及护理体会.方法 使用改良贝朗方法对87例急诊重症监护室患者进行PICC留置术,置管前、置管中、置管后进行观察,总结护理注意事项及并发症.结果 置管成功率为 90.80%（79/87）,并发症较少.结论 PICC在危重病人中的应用已基本取代了传统的静脉切开,成为危重病人抢救治疗的重要措施之一,为抢救危重病人开辟了一条绿色通道,为快速诊断和治疗疾病提供了可靠的手段.在医生进行其他抢救措施时,由护士单独执行操作,为病情重笃的急诊重症监护室（EICU）病人抢救赢得了时间.对常见并发症及其护理的掌握和及时处理,能最大限度减少并发症给患者带来的不良后果.     

PICC导管在长期留置深静脉导管高龄老年患者中的应用效果

目的观察peripherallyinsertedcentralcatheter（PICC）导管在长期留置深静脉导管高龄老年患者中的应用效果及并发症。方法收集80岁及以上需要长期留置深静脉导管的高龄患者132例。按穿刺途径不同分为两组：PICC导管组（n=72）和颈内静脉组（n=60）。结果PICC导管留置时间较颈内静脉组显著延长,分别为（146．84±100．46）d和（36．60±35．61）d,两组相比差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。PICC导管组导管相关性感染和滑脱分别为2例和1例,均较颈内静脉组（10例和9例）显著减少（均P〈0．05）。结论高龄老人可应用PICC导管,留置时间长,安全性好,并发症少,值得临床上推广应用。     

The efficacy and safety of bevacizumab combined with FOLFOX regimen in the treatment of advanced colorectal cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background:It is necessary to systematically evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of bevacizumab (BEV) combined with 5-fluorouracil + leucovorin + oxaliplatin (FOLFOX) regimen in the treatment of advanced colorectal cancer.Methods:We searched the PubMed et al databases for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the BEV combined with the FOLFOX regimen in the treatment of advanced colorectal cancer up to January 20, 2021. The Cochrane Collaborations’ risk of bias tool was used for the quality assessment of included RCTs. Revman5.3 software was used for meta-analysis.Results:Eleven RCTs with a total of 3178 patients with advanced colorectal cancer were included, meta-analysis results showed that the objective response rate (odds ratio [OR] = 3.15, 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 2.25–4.40, P < .001) and cancer control rate (OR = 2.73, 95% CI: 1.91–3.90, P < .001) of BEV + FOLFOX were higher than that of FOLFOX group. And the incidence of gastrointestinal adverse reactions (OR = 1.29, 95% CI: 1.07–1.55, P = .008) in the BEV + FOLFOX group was higher than that of the FOLFOX group, there were no significant differences in the incidence of leukopenia (OR = 1.04, 95% CI: 0.72–1.50, P = .83), hypertension (OR = 3.92, 95% CI: 0.81–18.88, P = .09) and neurotoxicity (OR = 1.00, 95% CI: 0.8–1.27, P = .98) between the 2 groups.Conclusion:BEV combined with the FOLFOX regimen is more effective than the FOLFOX regimen alone in the treatment of advanced colorectal cancer, but it may also increase the risk of gastrointestinal adverse reactions.     

恩度联合FOLFOX4方案对中晚期胃癌的临床疗效及血清肿瘤抗原变化水平分析

目的探讨重组人血管内皮抑制素注射液恩度联合FOLFOX4方案对中晚期胃癌的临床疗效及安全性。方法将湖北医药学院附属十堰市太和医院收治的74例中晚期胃癌患者随机分为观察组和对照组,对照组采用FOLFOX4方案,观察组采用FOLFOX4联合恩度方案;对比两组患者临床疗效、血清肿瘤标志物变化水平及不良反应发生情况。结果观察组有效率显著高于对照组(59.46%vs 32.43%),两组相比差异具有统计学意义(χ2=13.913,P0.05);与对照组相比,观察组血清CEA、CA50、CA125、CA153、CA199水平显著降低(P0.05);两组相比,各不良反应发生率差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论恩度联合FOLFOX4方案对中晚期胃癌的临床有效,不良反应均可耐受,是一种安全有效的治疗方案,值得临床推广。     

Intravenous electrocardiographic guidance for placement of peripherally inserted central catheters

Background

Correct positioning of peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) is essential to avoid complications. We evaluated intravenous electrocardiogram (ECG) recordings during PICC placement to assess the effectiveness of this guidance technique to reduce complications resulting from incorrect catheter placement.

Methods

Six patients undergoing PowerPICC catheter insertion were included in this pilot study. Venography through the PICC was performed to identify the superior vena cava-right atrial (SVC-RA) junction. Unipolar ECG recordings from the catheter stylet measured P-wave changes during PICC insertion.

Results

The peak P-wave amplitude was highest at the SVC-RA junction. With catheter insertion into the RA, P-wave amplitude decreased and eventually became negative. With catheter withdrawal into the SVC, P-wave amplitude decreased.

Conclusions

P-wave amplitude was highest when the PICC catheter was in the optimal location at the SVC-RA junction. Intravenous ECG monitoring during PICC insertion seems to be a promising technique to guide catheter positioning.     

Efficacy and safety of traditional Chinese medicine injections combined with FOLFOX4 regimen for gastric cancer: A protocol for systematic review and network meta-analysis

Background:Traditional Chinese medicine injections (TCMJs) combined with FOLFOX4 regimen could achieve favorable effects in the treatment of gastric cancer. However, the efficacy and safety of different TCMJs combined with FOLFOX4 in the treatment of gastric cancer have not been fully clarified. Due to the fact that there are as many as 10 kinds of TCMJs, how to choose an appropriate TCMJ has become an urgent clinical problem. The objective of this network meta-analysis is to explore the optimal options among different TCMJs for gastric cancer.Methods:PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Embase, China Scientific Journal Database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, and Wanfang Data were searched to identify randomized controlled trials which focused on TCMJs combined with FOLFOX4 against gastric cancer from its inception to September 2021. Subsequently, 2 researchers will be independently responsible for literature screening, data extraction, and assessment of their quality. Standard pair-wise and Bayesian network meta-analysis will be performed to compare the efficacy and safety of different TCMJs combined with FOLFOX4 regimen via Stata 14.0 and WinBUGS1.4 software.Results:The results of this meta-analysis will be submitted to a peer-reviewed journal for publication.Conclusions:The conclusion of this systematic review will provide evidence for selecting an optimal TCMJ combined with FOLFOX4 for patients with gastric cancer.     

进展期胃癌应用FOLFOX4治疗方案的临床研究

目的观察FOLFOX4方案治疗进展期胃癌的临床疗效和毒性。方法采用FOLFOX4方案治疗我科2003年6月-2008年7月确诊的221例老年晚期胃癌患者,4个周期后评定疗效。结果总有效率（CR＋PR）为40.27%（89/221）,完全缓解（CR）24例,部分缓解（PR）65例,最常见的毒性反应为骨髓抑制、神经毒性及胃肠道反应。结论FOLFOX4方案治疗进展期胃癌疗效可靠,毒性反应可以耐受。     

肿瘤患者PICC与CVC效果及安全性的系统评价

目的通过对国内已发表的有关肿瘤患者经外周中心静脉置管(PICC)与中心静脉置管(CVC)临床应用随机对照实验文献进行系统评价,进一步分析比较这两种置管方法在肿瘤患者临床应用中的效果及安全性。 方法计算机检索中国知网(CNKI)、万方和维普等数据库关于肿瘤患者PICC及CVC两种置管临床应用随机对照研究的文献,检索时间均从建库到2018年8月。由两位研究者根据纳入与排除标准独立筛选文献、提取数据资料和评价纳入研究的方法学质量后,采用MATLAB-R2016软件进行Meta分析。 结果共检索436篇文献,最终纳入文献19篇,共纳入2 242例肿瘤患者。Meta分析结果显示,PICC组一次置管成功率显著高于CVC组[RR＝1.16,95% CI(1.03～1.31),P＝0.018];PICC组置管留置时间显著大于CVC组[MD＝87.98,95% CI(54.64～121.33),P<0.01];PICC组导管脱落率显著低于CVC组[RR＝0.21,95% CI(0.12～0.37),P<0.01];PICC组导管感染率显著低于CVC组[RR＝0.23,95% CI(0.15～0.37),P<0.01];PICC组气胸发生率显著低于CVC组[RR＝0.16,95% CI(0.06～0.46),P<0.01];PICC组误入动脉的发生率显著低于CVC组[RR＝0.17,95% CI(0.08～0.36),P＝0.001];而PICC组静脉炎发生率显著高于CVC组[RR＝3.53,95% CI(2.15～5.81),P<0.01];此外两组导管阻塞发生率无统计学意义(P>0.05)。 结论PICC在肿瘤患者临床应用中具有一次置管成功率高、置管留置时间长、并发症少等特点,可更好、广泛地应用于临床肿瘤患者中。     

Risk of Venous Thromboembolism Following Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter Exchange: An Analysis of 23,000 Hospitalized Patients

Background

Catheter exchange over a guidewire is frequently performed for malfunctioning peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs). Whether such exchanges are associated with venous thromboembolism is not known.

以多西他赛为主二联与三联疗法对老年低分化胃癌的疗效对比分析

目的对比以多西他赛为主二联和三联疗法对老年低分化胃癌的临床效果。方法将60例老年低分化胃癌患者随机分成三联化疗组和二联化疗组,每组30例。二联化疗组给予多西他赛联合奥沙利铂方案化疗,三联化疗组给予多西他赛联合奥沙利铂、替吉奥方案化疗。对两组近期疗效、KPS评分、肿瘤进展时间(TTP)、生存时间(OS)及不良反应进行比较。结果二联化疗组客观缓解率、临床获益率为36.7%、63.3%,三联化疗组客观缓解率、临床获益率为33.3%、70.0%,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);治疗后,二联化疗组KPS评分为(71.5±6.6)分,显著性低于三联化疗组的(79.5±7.9)分,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);二联化疗组TTP为8.5个月,三联化疗组TTP为8.7个月,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);二联化疗组OS为13.4个月,三联化疗组OS为15.1个月,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);二联化疗组不良反应(白细胞降低、贫血、乏力)率显著低于三联化疗组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论相比于多西他赛为主三联疗法,多西他赛为主二联疗法对对老年低分化胃癌效果同样显著,且不良反应较少,适合老年人使用。     

胃肠道肿瘤患者术前肠内免疫营养支持

目的　探讨胃肠道肿瘤术前应用免疫肠内营养对提高患者术后营养状况和免疫状态的作用,评价其对术后并发症和感染的影响,以及是否可减少术后平均住院天数。方法　选取 60例行胃肠道肿瘤手术的患者,随机分为 2组,实验组 (EN组 )术前 7天予含精氨酸、RNA和ω 3多不饱和脂肪酸的肠内免疫营养支持,对照组(CONT组)术前常规饮食准备。观察术前和术后营养和免疫指标,以及术后并发症、感染的发生人次和术后平均住院天数。结果　EN组术前营养状况和免疫指标与对照组相比差异无统计学意义。CONT组术后第 3天血清前白蛋白(PALB)和转铁蛋白(TRF)水平明显低于术前(P<0. 01),术后第 7天TRF水平仍明显低于术前。而EN组仅术后第 3天PALB明显低于术前,其余与术前比较差异无统计学意义,且术后第 7天PALB水平明显高于CONT组 (P<0. 05)。CONT组术后补体水平明显低于术前。EN组术后补体水平与术前比较差异无统计学意义,明显高于CONT组 (P<0. 05);术后IgG水平明显高于CONT组 [ ( 13. 35±2. 06 )g/L比 ( 9. 59±2. 23 )g/L,P<0. 05 ],术后CD4 /CD8比值明显高于CONT组(2. 10±0. 51比 1. 62±0. 52)。EN组术后并发症和感染的发生率明显低于CONT组,平均术后住院天数明显下降。结论　胃肠道肿瘤患者术前使用肠内免疫营养可明显提高