Reconstruction of the wide palate defects with temporal osteocutaneous island flaps

Summary The temporal osteocutaneous island (TOCI) flap was first performed in reconstruction of palatal defects by Furnas [8]. It consists of temporoparietal fascia, galea, pericranium and the cortical layer of parietal bone covered with pericranium. In this study, we present five patients with wide palatal defects treated by TOCI flaps. The causation of the wide palatal defects were gun-shot wounds in two patients and unsuccessful reconstruction of congenital cleft palate during early childhood in three patients. All patients were adult. TOCI flaps were performed in two stages. At first, the TOCI flap was elevated and covered with a split thickness skin graft. In the second stage (approximately 1.5 months later), the flap was elevated based on the superficial temporal artery as an island flap. It was then transferred to the palatal defect via a cheek tunnel and sutured to the edges of the defect. There was no need for bone fixation. The length of the pedicle of the flap was sufficient in size to easily reach the anterior part of the palate. No serious complications were seen. One minor oronasal fistula occurred; this was repaired by local flaps. The TOCI flaps improved speech only partially. In conclusion, we believe this procedure is a good method for reconstruction in wide palatal defects which need three layer closure. This procedure is not a satisfactory solution for complete correction of speech defects.     

Reconstruction of through-and-through gunshot wounds to the feet with free gracilis muscle flaps

Reconstruction of a through-and-through gunshot wound (GSW) to the foot remains a challenging problem for plastic and orthopedic surgeons, because it is difficult to achieve reliable soft tissue coverage of the foot while at the same time optimizing foot contour and weightbearing. In the past year, four patients with such an injury were treated with initial wound debridement and stabilization of the metatarsals, followed by a free gracilis muscle transfer with a split-thickness skin graft. One patient also had a secondary iliac bone graft to the first metatarsal. All patients have completely healed wounds, are free of osteomyelitis, and have achieved an excellent contour and good ambulation of the foot without donor site problems. Thus, a free gracilis muscle transfer should be considered first for reconstruction of a through-and-through GSW to the foot, because it can provide reliable soft tissue coverage with excellent contour and minimal donor site morbidity.     

Treatment of complex metacarpal defects with free chimeric iliac osteocutaneous flaps

Objective: The aim of this report is to present the clinical results of using free chimeric iliac osteocutaneous flaps based on the periosteal branch of the superficial circumflex iliac artery (SCIA) in complex metacarpal reconstructions.

Methods: Reconstruction using free chimeric iliac osteocutaneous flaps was performed in a series of seven patients who underwent metacarpal reconstruction for complex metacarpal defects between March 2009 and March 2012. The procedure was performed for bone and soft tissue losses associated with posttraumatic infections (four patients) and posttraumatic bone and soft tissue defects (three patients).

Results: The skin paddles of the chimeric flaps had a median size of 3?×?7?cm, and the iliac segments had a mean size of 1?×?1?×?3?cm. The median follow-up time was 18 months. All the flaps survived completely with no signs of infection. Osseous union occurred within a mean period of 3 months, and the range of motion achieved for the metacarpal phalangeal joints was 0–80°. The patients were satisfied with the aesthetic outcome.

Conclusions: Chimeric iliac osteocutaneous flaps may be a useful alternative for treating complex metacarpal defects because they yield a thinner skin paddle and less bulky bone segment than traditional flaps.     

以肩胛下血管为蒂的侧胸皮瓣修复上肢组织缺损

目的 探讨以肩胛下血管为蒂的侧胸皮瓣带蒂转移修复上肢较大面积组织缺损的可行性及临床效果. 方法 2003年6月至2009年9月,我们对5例上肢较大面积组织缺损的患者,应用以肩胛下血管为蒂的侧胸皮瓣带蒂转移修复,皮瓣切取面积为23 cm×8 cm～40 cm ×20 cm.术中将肩胛下血管、胸背血管和胸背血管外侧支及其皮穿支等营养血管均包含于皮瓣内.为了减少肌皮穿支的损伤,应在其周围携带2～3 cm宽的背阔肌袖.供瓣区创面直接缝合或移植皮片修复. 结果 单纯侧胸皮瓣带蒂转移4例、侧胸-脐旁联合皮瓣带蒂转移1例.转移的皮瓣除1例远端小部分坏死外,其余全部成活.4例患者获得2～14个月的随访,皮瓣色泽、质地及厚薄较满意,供、受区外形与功能恢复也较满意. 结论 带蒂转移的以肩胛下血管为蒂的侧胸皮瓣血供可靠,转移方便,供瓣区损伤小,是修复上肢较大面积组织缺损的理想方法.     

应用前臂游离皮瓣折叠法修复大型腭部洞穿性缺损

目的 探讨大型腭部洞穿性缺损修复的方法.方法 2003年至2006年,我们应用前臂游离皮瓣折叠法为7例患者进行了腭部洞穿性缺损修复,共使用皮瓣8块,其中前臂游离皮瓣7块,胸大肌岛状瓣1块.结果 除1例前臂游离皮瓣因动脉栓塞失败外,其余组织瓣完全成活,再造腭部形态良好.患者可经口腔正常进食,并进行基本正常的语言交流.结论 利用前臂游离皮瓣折叠法进行大型腭部洞穿性缺损的修复,是一种有效可行的方法.     

Reconstruction of complex defects with composite calvarial flaps

Over the past four years, composite calvarial flaps have been used to reconstruct complex defects in 14 patients. In three of the patients they were free flaps for hand reconstruction. Clinical application (technical details) and complications are also discussed.     

Temporal osteocutaneous island flaps for complete reconstruction of cleft palate defects

In each of four patients, closure of a wide cleft palate was performed with a temporal osteocutaneous island flap (TOCI flap) based on the superficial temporal artery. These were fabricated island fasciocutaneous flaps composed of temporoparietalis fascia and galea with pericranium, surfaced with split skin grafts. Two flaps carried with them a segment of vascularized parietal bone (TOCI-I). In the other two flaps, the osseus component was supplied by placing an osteogenic powder in a pericranial pocket: a temporal artery "osteogenic" cutaneous flap (TOCI-II). In each case the flap closed the defect and lengthened the palate without the need for elevation of palatal mucoperiosteum. Growth of the parietal bone segment has been observed in the first patient (the only one to have a follow-up CT scan). This patient, the eldest, is developing normal speech so far. The others are still too young for evaluation.     

舌侧缘瓣修复红唇部缺损

目的采用舌侧缘瓣移植,修复红唇部缺损畸形。方法对11例红唇部完全或部分缺损患者,根据缺损范围大小制备取蒂在舌尖部的双侧或单侧舌侧缘瓣,转移至红唇部缺损区,2周后断蒂,恢复红唇外形,其中有4例为唇部复合缺损患者,先行红唇部以外复合组织的修复,再行红唇部的修复。有4例红唇缺损范围均超过唇全长1／2,采用了双侧舌瓣修复法,其余7例,红唇缺损范围均小于1／2,则采用单侧舌瓣修复法。结果所有病例,舌瓣全部成活;红唇部外形、色泽及功能恢复较好,无舌运动受限,无感觉及味觉减退等症状。结论采用舌侧缘瓣修复法,尤其是双侧舌瓣修复法,能即时修复红唇部大范围缺损,无需分两次转瓣修复。舌瓣能提供较好颜色和丰满度,在最大程度上保留了舌黏膜乳头,无损于术后舌部的味觉功能;舌部供区隐蔽,术后不留明显畸形,对舌功能影响不大。     

Reconstruction of defects involving the mandible and floor of mouth by free osteo-cutaneous flaps derived from the foot

Microsurgical transfer of a compound osteo-cutaneous free flap derived from the dorsal foot skin and second ray can provide a satisfactory reconstruction for defects of the mandible and floor of the mouth. The procedure is particularly recommended for anterior segment losses where a thin flap and a curved skeleton is required. The flap can be prepared at the time of tumour resection without inconvenience to either surgical team and the surgery does not significantly affect either the operative or post-operative condition of the patient. No external bony fixation is required and no case of non-union has been encountered.     

眉间皮瓣联合眼睑"风筝"皮瓣修复内眦缺损

目的 探索应用眉间皮瓣联合眼睑"风筝"皮瓣修复内眦缺损的方法及效果.方法 根据内眦缺损的形状和大小设计眉间皮瓣,将眉间皮瓣修薄后转移覆盖创面.因较大的内眦缺损常累及上睑或下睑,眉间皮瓣未能覆盖的残余创面以眼睑"风筝"皮瓣修复.结果 本组16例患者的联合皮瓣均完全成活.术后随访3个月至3年,其外观形态良好,效果满意.结论 眉间皮瓣联合眼睑"风筝"皮瓣是修复较大内眦部缺损的一种可靠易行的方法.     

扩张后皮瓣修复额面部皮肤缺损

目的：利用埋置扩张器扩张局部皮瓣修复面部手术后的缺损。方法：Ⅰ期手术根据12例额面部修复需要的不同特点设计并制作扩张皮瓣，U期手术切除病损区域并利用扩张皮瓣修复缺损区。结果：全组患者修复后皮损区愈合良好，瘢痕较小，功能恢复良好，效果满意。结论：额面部皮肤扩张技术的应用，使该区域的修复达到更接近正常的效果。     

Reconstruction of large meningomyelocele defects with rotation-transposition fasciocutaneous flaps

Meningomyelocele is one of the most common congenital defects of the central nervous system. Reconstruction of these defects must be performed immediately after delivery to prevent complications such as primary meningitis and to protect the neural tissues. The most important factors in the surgical treatment of meningomyelocele defects are the size of the defect, its location, the presence of kyphosis, and the quality of the surrounding tissue. The chosen method must be a simple one that causes minimal blood loss, requires a short duration of surgery, and covers the surface of the neural defect with a soft-tissue mass enabling closure without tension. In our study, satisfactory results have been obtained using 1 or 2 fasciocutaneous flaps based on the midline in 20 patients with large meningomyelocele defects where primary closure was not possible. A single flap based superiorly on the midline was sufficient to close the defects in patients without kyphosis. In patients with concurrent kyphosis, a second flap based inferiorly on the midline has been used. All flaps survived, except for a distal partial necrosis observed in 1 patient. In the method we used, we adopted a defect reconstruction that is similar to the normal anatomic structures and resistant to trauma and infections, and does not sacrifice any muscle tissue. According to our clinical experiences, this method is useful for large meningomyelocele defects that are unsuitable for primary closure.     

应用扩张额部皮瓣修复下睑区缺损

目的探讨下睑区病损的修复方法。方法应用扩张额部皮瓣修复下睑区缺损或病损切除后创面,可采用滑车上血管或颞浅动脉额支为蒂。选择滑车上血管为蒂,以对侧为佳,切口选择在头皮内,使扩张器向一侧倾斜;如以颞浅动脉额支为蒂,切口同样在头皮内,使扩张器长轴平行于额部。扩张充分后,先将下睑病损切除、松解,使下睑恢复到正常解剖位置,据缺损大小设计皮瓣。如以滑车上血管为蒂,采用带蒂转移,3周后断蒂;如以颞浅动脉额支为蒂,采用皮下蒂转移,供区拉拢缝合。结果共10例,6例以滑车上血管为蒂,4例以颞浅动脉额支为蒂,皮瓣均成活,3例6个月后复诊,效果满意。结论应用扩张额部皮瓣修复下睑病损,可以避免眼睑外翻,是目前较好的方法。     

The use of split metatarsal osteocutaneous free flaps in palatal and alveolar defects

A series of seven osteomucosal defects of the palate were closed by split metatarsal osteocutaneous free flaps. All seven patients had successful closure of their defects with minimal facial scarring and insignificant donor site morbidity. This procedure, performed in one stage, avoids the use of previously compromised local tissues and improves the blood supply to the area, thereby enhancing the subsequent indicated reconstruction of other damaged structures.     

上臂远端外侧肱骨骨皮瓣修复手部复合组织缺损

目的 探讨上臂远端外侧肱骨骨皮瓣在手外科的临床应用效果.方法 对8例手部复合组织缺损的患者,根据掌指骨缺损的情况,先设计骨瓣的切取位置和大小(骨瓣远端止于肱骨外上髁的上缘),然后再根据皮肤缺损的面积和骨缺损的相对位置设计皮瓣的大小.前臂后皮神经位于皮瓣的中轴线上,可以保留或一并切取使用,恢复受区感觉.皮瓣切取面积为4.0cm×8.0cm～6.0cm×8.0cm,骨瓣切取大小为4.0cm×1.5cm×1.0cm～6.0cm×1.5cm×1.0cm.结果 术后8例骨皮瓣全部存活,上臂供区创面直接闭合,愈合好,上臂功能无影响.术后随访4～24个月,皮瓣感觉恢复良好,移植骨完全愈合,手部外形满意.结论 上臂远端外侧肱骨骨皮瓣是修复手部创面和掌、指骨复合组织缺损的理想选择.     

面颌部洞穿缺损的双皮瓣及肌皮瓣修复

目的为解决由各种原因引起的面颌部洞穿性缺损的修复问题。方法采用两个带蒂的组织瓣搭配使用修复面颌部洞穿缺损45例,共用组织瓣90个。其中胸三角皮瓣58个(占64%),依次是颈阔肌肌皮瓣,胸大肌肌皮瓣,额部皮瓣,胸锁乳突肌肌皮瓣,背阔肌肌皮瓣等。结果45例洞穿性缺损所用90个组织瓣中全部成活及绝大部分成活者87个,成活率达97%,全部或大部分坏死的3个(占3%)。结论面颌部洞穿性缺损即刻修复是可行的。修复洞穿缺损有多种皮瓣、肌皮瓣可供选择;提出胸三角皮瓣、颈阔肌肌皮瓣、胸大肌肌皮瓣等是修复面颌部洞穿性缺损的优质组织瓣。临床应用中取得了功能与外形同时修复的效果。     

Reconstruction of soft-tissue defects of the heel with local fasciocutaneous flaps

Soft tissue heel defects reconstruction represents a challenge for plastic surgeons because of the poor availability of regional tissue to perform the reconstruction. We divide the heel on the anterior or weight-bearing heel and the posterior or non-weight-bearing heel. Our preferences are the fasciocutaneous instep flap for anterior heel defects and the reverse sural flap for posterior heel defects. We have performed 11 reconstructions of the heel. The complications were total necrosis of 1 instep flap in a previously irradiated patient and 1 case of partial tip necrosis in a reverse sural flap. Functional recovery has been very satisfactory for both procedures. Regional island flaps are for us the first therapeutic option because the skin is similar to the lost one and less time consuming than a free-flap reconstruction.