MR physics of body MR imaging

This article reviews the major challenges of body imaging, describes the problems that arise from motion, and the many attempts at reducing this problem. Fast imaging sequences and approaches to reducing the data acquired without sacrificing image quality are described.     

MR并行采集技术及其在心脏MR检查中的应用

一、概述 传统的MRI主要依靠在K空间中梯度场来进行相位方向编码,为了提高MR成像速度,需要相应增加梯度场的强度和切换率,甚至采用双梯度技术,梯度场强高达80 mT/m,切换率200 T·m-1·s-1,并应用了快速成像序列,如回波平面成像(EPI)、快速小角度激发成像(FLASH)等,但仍不能满足运动器官如心脏快速成像的需要.     

MR enteroclysis

MR enteroclysis provides adequate image quality and sufficient distention of the entire small bowel. The functional information provided by MR enteroclysis equals that provided by conventional enteroclysis, which implies the ability reliably to depict even low-grade SBO. The inherent advantages of enteroclysis over conventional enteroclysis are the potential to detect extraluminal pathologic conditions and the ability to provide detailed information about the wall of the small bowel and the entire abdomen. Unlike conventional enteroclysis, MR enteroclysis does not have problems with overlapping bowel loops. MR enteroclysis has the potential to be an excellent diagnostic method for examinations of small bowel disease because of the functional information, the soft tissue contrast, and multiplanar imaging capabilities.     

MR cholangiopancreatography

In summary, over the past decade, MRCP has evolved not only as a feasible means of noninvasively evaluating the pancreaticobiliary tract but also as a technique with documented clinical utility. With the evolution of MRCP, there has been, by necessity, an evolution of ERCP. In fact, at some institutions MRCP has replaced diagnostic ERCP such that ERCP is reserved primarily for therapeutic interventions. When MRCP is performed in conjunction with abdominal MR and MRA, a comprehensive examination results that permits evaluation of the solid organs and vessels of the abdomen as well as the ductal systems.     

脑膜瘤的磁共振成像和质子磁共振波谱

探讨磁共振成像（ ＭＲＩ） 和质子磁共振波谱（１ Ｈ ＭＲＳ） 对脑膜瘤的诊断价值。材料和方法：３６４ 例行常规ＭＲＩ 检查, 其中１５ 例加做１ ＨＭＲＳ, 行肿瘤实质与健侧对应部位对照研究。结果： ＭＲＩ 平扫示： Ｔ１ ＷＩ５８ ．０ ％（２１１／３６４） 表现为等信号,３２ ．７ ％ （１１９／３４７） 为略低信号,９ ．３ ％ （３４／３６４） 为混合信号。Ｔ２ ＷＩ４０ ．１ ％ （１３９／３４７） 表现为等信号,４２ ．７ ％ （１４８／３４７） 表现为高信号,９ ．５ ％ （３３／３４７） 为略低信号,７ ．８ ％ （２７／３４７） 为混合信号。注射Ｇｄ － ＤＴＰＡ 后３３７ 例肿瘤实质部分均有不同程度的强化。６５ ．９ ％ （２２２／３３７） 出现“脑膜尾征”。５５ ．５ ％ （２０２／３６４）可见不同程度的水肿。１５ 例１ Ｈ ＭＲＳ 均表现为明显增高的胆碱（Ｃｈｏ） 峰,无氮乙酰门冬氨酸（ＮＡＡ） 峰,Ｃｈｏ／Ｃｒ（ 肌酸） 比值升高,ＮＡＡ／Ｃｒ 及ＮＡＡ／Ｃｈｏ 比值降低。４ 例出现乳酸峰（Ｌａｃ） 。结论：ＭＲＩ 平扫＋ 增强是诊断脑膜瘤的最主要方法,１ Ｈ ＭＲＳ 可作为很重要的补充。     

Subtraction MR Venography Acquired from Time-Resolved Contrast-Enhanced MR Angiography: Comparison with Phase-Contrast MR Venography and Single-Phase Contrast-Enhanced MR Venography

ObjectiveTo evaluate the image characteristics of subtraction magnetic resonance venography (SMRV) from time-resolved contrast-enhanced MR angiography (TRMRA) compared with phase-contrast MR venography (PCMRV) and single-phase contrast-enhanced MR venography (CEMRV).ResultsSingle-phase contrast-enhanced MR venography showed better image quality (median score 4 in both reviewers) than did the other two MRVs (p < 0.001), whereas SMRV (median score 3 in both reviewers) and PCMRV (median score 3 in both reviewers) had similar image quality (p ≥ 0.951). SMRV (median score 0 in both reviewers) suppressed arterial signal better than did the other MRVs (median score 1 in CEMRV, median score 2 in PCMRV, both reviewers) (p < 0.001). The dural sinus score of SMRV (median and interquartile range [IQR] 48, 43-50 for reviewer 1, 47, 43-49 for reviewer 2) was significantly higher than for PCMRV (median and IQR 31, 25-34 for reviewer 1, 30, 23-32 for reviewer 2) (p < 0.01) and did not differ from that of CEMRV (median and IQR 50, 47-52 for reviewer 1, 49, 45-51 for reviewer 2) (p = 0.146 in reviewer 1 and 0.123 in reviewer 2). The SNR and CNR of SMRV (median and IQR 104.5, 83.1-121.2 and 104.1, 74.9-120.5, respectively) were between those of CEMRV (median and IQR 150.3, 111-182.6 and 148.4, 108-178.2) and PCMRV (median and IQR 59.4, 49.2-74.9 and 53.6, 43.8-69.2).ConclusionSubtraction magnetic resonance venography is a promising MRV method, with acceptable image quality and good arterial suppression.     

胰腺MRI、MRS和MRCP检查与正常表现

MR检查已成为临床上评价胰腺疾病的常用手段.了解不同MR脉冲序列上正常胰腺的影像表现是合理应用扫描序列和识别病变的前提.介绍了胰腺MRI、磁共振波谱和磁共振胆胰管成像检查技术,描述了正常胰腺影像解剖以及不同脉冲序列上胰腺MRI信号变化情况.     

MR Sialography

Indications for sialography have became rare and radiologists are less and less experienced for salivary gland cannulation. MR Sialography allows opacification of salivary ducts without any cannulation and could replace residual indications for sialography. The purpose of this paper is to review the principle of the technique, the normal and pathologic aspects of MR Sialography and to emphasize advantages and limitations compared to other techniques.     

MR cholangiography

A time-reversed gradient echo pulse sequence (PSIF; Siemens), one of the MR imaging methods based on steady-state free precession of excited spins, makes the bile duct quite bright relative to the surrounding tissue. Using this sequence under breath hold combined with a two or three-dimensional data set and maximum intensity projection method provided fair delineation of the dilated bile duct and the site of its obstruction or stricture. Though the clinical experience is limited, this technique is considered to be of value in the non-invasive evaluation of bile duct system in the patient of obstructive jaundice.     

MR arthrography

Review article on MR arthrography: technique and main indications. Intra-articular injection of diluted Gadolinium provides good distension and better appreciation of intra-articular structures than standard MRI. It is useful for partial tears of the rotator cuff, in cases of gleno-humeral instability, lesions of the acetabular labrum and hyaline articular cartilage and also for elbow, wrist and ankle ligamentous ruptures.     

MR thermometry

Minimally invasive thermal therapy as local treatment of benign and malignant diseases has received increasing interest in recent years. Safety and efficacy of the treatment require accurate temperature measurement throughout the thermal procedure. Noninvasive temperature monitoring is feasible with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging based on temperature-sensitive MR parameters such as the proton resonance frequency (PRF), the diffusion coefficient (D), T1 and T2 relaxation times, magnetization transfer, the proton density, as well as temperature-sensitive contrast agents. In this article the principles of temperature measurements with these methods are reviewed and their usefulness for monitoring in vivo procedures is discussed. Whereas most measurements give a temperature change relative to a baseline condition, temperature-sensitive contrast agents and spectroscopic imaging can provide absolute temperature measurements. The excellent linearity and temperature dependence of the PRF and its near independence of tissue type have made PRF-based phase mapping methods the preferred choice for many in vivo applications. Accelerated MRI imaging techniques for real-time monitoring with the PRF method are discussed. Special attention is paid to acquisition and reconstruction methods for reducing temperature measurement artifacts introduced by tissue motion, which is often unavoidable during in vivo applications.