尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物及其抑制物与肝纤维化

肝纤维化是肝脏对慢性损伤的一种修复反应,以细胞外基质(ECM)在肝内过多沉积为特征。尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物(uPA)及其抑制物(PAI)是调节基质金属蛋白酶(MMP)活性和ECM降解的关键因素。uPA通过uPA-纤溶酶-MMP级联反应途径,最终可产生活化的纤溶酶和MMP,后两者是降解ECM的重要物质。因而调控uPA的表达,可能为肝纤维化的治疗提供新的途径。     

尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物受体与炎性关节病

尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物受体(uPAR)与其配体尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物(uPA)介导的细胞外基质蛋白裂解作用与炎性关节疾病中关节软骨和骨的破坏密切相关。本文就uPAR的结构与功能及其在炎性关节病中的病理作用、临床应用等方面的研究进展进行综述。     

卵巢癌组织中尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物与骨桥蛋白表达的临床意义

目的 探讨尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物(uPA)和骨桥蛋白(osteopontin,OPN)在卵巢癌组织中的表达及其与卵巢癌的临床病理特征的关系.方法 采用免疫组织化学法检测uPA、OPN在卵巢癌组织以及卵巢良性肿瘤组织及正常卵巢组织中的表达.结果 uPA、OPN 在卵巢癌中的阳性表达率分别为59.70%和80.59%,uPA、OPN在卵巢癌组织中的表达与卵巢良性肿瘤、正常卵巢组织中的表达比较均有显著性差异(P＜0.05).卵巢癌组织中uPA和OPN的表达均与肿瘤临床分期及病理分化程度有关,而与卵巢癌淋巴结转移无关.OPN与uPA的表达呈显著正相关(P＜0.05).结论 OPN和uPA可能在卵巢癌的发生、进展中起重要作用,联合检测OPN、uPA可作为判断卵巢癌患者预后和术后复发的重要指标.     

尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物途径在大鼠酒精性肝纤维化形成中的作用

目的 通过观察尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物(uPA)及其抑制物(PAI-1)在大鼠酒精性肝纤维化形成中的动态变化,探讨uPA纤溶途径在酒精性肝纤维化形成中的作用.方法 雄性SD大鼠随机分为空白组、四氯化碳(CCl4)组和造模组.采用56度二锅头酒、玉米油、吡唑混合物灌胃联合腹腔注射CCl4橄榄油溶液(CCl4∶橄榄油=1∶3...     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者气道尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物系统成分的高水平状态

目的研究慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者气道局部尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物(u-PA)系统状态及其病理生理意义。方法(1)诱导痰检测临床稳定期COPD患者(诱导痰COPD组)56例,平均年龄(51±11)岁,第一秒用力呼气容积占预计值百分比(FEV1占预计值%)为(53.5%±14.4)%,诱导痰健康对照组26名,平均年龄(46±9)岁,FEV1占预计值%为(85.1±1.0)%;采用酶联免疫吸附法测定诱导痰中u-PA、尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物受体(u-PAR)、纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂1(PAI-1)和白细胞介素8(IL-8)、γ干扰素(IFN-γ)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素10(IL-10)水平;(2)肺组织病理COPD并肺大疱接受手术治疗患者(免疫组化COPD组)11例,平均年龄(53±7)岁,FEV1占预计值%为(58.3±6.6)%;非COPD因肺部局灶病变接受手术治疗患者(非免疫组化COPD对照组)10例(其中炎性假瘤3例、错构瘤5例、结核球2例),平均年龄(47±12)岁,FEV1占预计值%为(84.3±1.6)%。采用免疫组化检测u-PA、u-PAR、PAI-1在肺组织中的细胞表达。结果(1)诱导痰COPD组诱导痰中可溶性u-PAR、PAI-1和IL-8水平分别为(570±614)ng/L、(6162±9247)ng/L、(12370±17292)ng/L,与健康对照组[(97±74)ng/L、(574±731)ng/L、(1868±1905)ng/L]比较差异有统计学意义(t值分别为5.629、4.346、4.486,P均<0.01);(2)相关分析诱导痰COPD组诱导痰中可溶性u-PAR和PAI-1水平分别与IL-8呈正相关(r值分别为0.483、0.770,P均<0.01),可溶性PAI-1水平与患者FEV1占预计值%呈负相关(r=-0.272,P<0.05);(3)免疫组化免疫组化COPD组u-PAR表达[(49±16)%]见于肺泡上皮细胞、巨噬细胞、中性粒细胞以及淋巴细胞,而免疫组化非COPD对照组[(33±18)%]表达着色浅淡,主要见于肺泡上皮细胞,两组阳性表达率比较差异有统计学意义(t=2.213,P<0.05);免疫组化COPD组PAI-1表达[(61±16)%]见于成纤维细胞、巨噬细胞和中性粒细胞,而免疫组化非COPD组[(37±16)%]表达着色浅淡,主要见于成纤维细胞,两组阳性表达率比较差异有统计学意义(t=3.419P<0.05)。结论u-PA系统成分是COPD气道局部重要的炎性介质,其中PAI-1在COPD的组织重塑中可能具有重要作用。     

慢性乙型肝炎肝硬化患者转化生长因子和尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物的检测

测定肝纤维化和肝硬化患者转化生长因子(TGF)-β1、尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物(uPA)的变化,可为临床肝纤维化和肝硬化治疗方案提供理论依据和疗效评价指标。     

纤溶酶原激活物及其抑制物与肝脏疾病

纤溶酶原激活物(plasminogenactivator ,PA)主要有组织型(t-PA)和尿激酶型(u -PA)二类,由血管内皮细胞和组织细胞分泌,是一种有丝氨酸蛋白水解酶作用的单链糖蛋白,主要参与纤溶过程、细胞迁移和组织重建。纤溶酶原激活物抑制物(plasminogenactivatorinhibitor,PAI)大部分来源于     

可溶性尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物受体与心血管疾病的关系

可溶性尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物受体(soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor,suPAR)是一种新型的炎症标志物,能够反映体内免疫激活程度和炎症水平。大量研究显示suPAR在心血管疾病中呈高表达,与动脉粥样硬化性疾病的斑块炎症反应、斑块稳定性及心力衰竭的发生有着密切关系,并且对心血管事件的发生有一定的预测性。     

尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物受体在类风湿关节炎滑膜组织细胞的表达

目的观察尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物受体（uPAR）在类风湿关节炎（an）滑膜组织细胞膜（muPAR）和细胞质（cuPAR）的表达及分布。方法分别采用间接免疫荧光和免疫组化等方法检测18份RA、10份骨关节炎（OA）和4份正常滑膜组织中uPAR的表达及分布。结果RA滑膜组织细胞中muPAR阳性表达率为（66．0±9．4）％,主要分布于滑膜组织中血管翳周围,如血管内皮细胞和间质细胞等;而cuPAR阳性表达率为（61．0±5．8）％,主要分布于滑膜衬里层和滑膜下层细胞,如滑膜下层巨噬细胞样细胞、滑膜衬里层细胞及单个核白细胞等。OA滑膜组织中uPAR也呈不同程度的阳性表达,但与RA相比阳性表达程度较弱,阳性细胞数量较少。相关性分析：muPAR、cuPAR与RA滑膜炎积分呈正相关（r分别为0．672、0．649,P〈0．01）。结论muPAR表达阳性的细胞可能主要参与RA血管翳的形成及滑膜组织的侵袭等病理过程;而cuPAR表达阳性的细胞则可能与炎性介质的释放和致炎作用有关;提示uPAR在RA的病理过程中起重要作用。     

缺血性心脑血管疾病患者血浆纤溶酶原激活物及纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂1的测定及临床意义

目的研究缺血性心脑血管疾病患者血浆尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物及其受体、组织型纤溶酶原激活物及其抑制剂1的水平及意义。方法应用酶联免疫吸附试验测定急性脑梗死、急性心肌梗死及不稳定型心绞痛患者血浆尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物及其受体、组织型纤溶酶原激活物及其抑制剂1的水平。结果(1)脑梗死患者急性期血浆尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物轻度升高(P>0.05),恢复期明显回落(P<0.05),尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物受体水平在急性期明显升高(P<0.01),恢复期进一步升高;血浆中组织型纤溶酶原激活物含量在急性期明显低于对照组(P<0.01),而纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂1含量则明显高于对照组(P<0.01),恢复期纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂1水平趋于正常,而血浆中组织型纤溶酶原激活物水平与对照组比较仍存在一定差异(P<0.05)。(2)急性心肌梗塞患者血浆尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物受体水平急性期明显升高(P<0.05),恢复期进一步升高(P<0.01),尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物水平均大致正常;急性期血浆中血浆中组织型纤溶酶原激活物及纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂1含量均明显高于对照组(P<0.01),恢复期明显回落,纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂1趋于正常,血浆中组织型纤溶酶原激活物水平仍高于对照组(P<0.05)。(3)不稳定型心绞痛患者急性期(入院时)血浆尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物受体水平明显升高(P<0.01),恢复期(入院后二周)回落,但仍明显高于对照组(P<0.05),尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物水平与对照组比较均未见明显差异(P>0.05);急性期血浆中组织型纤溶酶原激活物含量明显低于正常组(P<0.01),而纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂1含量略高于对照组(P>0.05),恢复期两者含量均趋于正常(P>0.05)。结论缺血性心脑血管疾病患者存在不同程度的凝血纤溶系统失平衡,对疾病的发生发展起重要作用。     

Relationship between matrix metalloproteinase-2 mRNA expression and clinicopathological and urokinase-type plasminogen activator system parameters and prognosis in human gastric cancer

AIM: To investigate the relationship between matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) mRNA expression and clinicopathologic and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) system parameter and prognosis in human gastric cancer. METHODS: Expression of MMP-2 mRNA, uPA, and uPA-R mRNA in tumor tissues and ≥5 cm adjacent normal tissues from 67 cases of gastric cancer was studied using RT-PCR and Northern blot respectively.Survival analyses were done using the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: The expression rates of MMP-2 mRNA,uPA and uPA-R mRNA in tumor tissues (31%,41%,and 51%, respectively) were significantly higher than those in ≥5 cm adjacent tissues (19%, 11%, and 9%; X2=4.59,43.58, and 53.24 respectively, P<0.05,0.0001,and 0.0001, respectively). Expression of MMP-2 mRNA was significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis (metastasis: 61.9%, no metastasis: 39.1%, X2= 7.61, P<0.05),Lauren's classification of diffuse/mixed types:54.2%,intestinal type: 26.3%,X2 = 4.25, P<0.05, expression of uPA and uPA-R mRNA (uPA+: 55.1%, uPA-: 22.2% and uPA-R+: 54.9%, uPA-R-: 18.8%, X2=5.72 and 6.40 respectively, P<0.05).Kaplan-Meier survival analysis of MMP-2 mRNA expression did not show significant difference in all 67 cases, but revealed an association of the expression of MMP-2 mRNA, uPA, and uPA-R mRNA with worse prognosis (P= 0.0083, 0.0160, and 0.0094, respectively). CONCLUSION: MMP-2 may play an important role in the development of invasion and metastasis of gastric cancer.     

Relationship between urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor and vascular endothelial growth factor expression and metastasis of gallbladder cancer

AIM: To investigate the relationship of urokinase type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression with clinical and pathological characteristics of human gallbladder cancer. METHODS: uPAR and VEGF expressions in 68 gallbladder cancer tissues were detected with anti-receptor immunohistochemical stain. RESULTS: Expression rate of uPAR was 57.4% (39/68), and VEGF 51.5% (35/68) in gallbladder cancer tissues. Expression of both uPAR and VEGF was significantly related to metastasis, but not significantly correlated with differentiation stage and size of gallbladder cancer. CONCLUSION: Expression of uPAR and VEGF may be an invasive phenotype of gallbladder cancer and indicator for predicting prognoses, and uPAR expression is significantly correlated with the expression of VEGF.     

Nuclear translocation of urokinase-type plasminogen activator

Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) participates in diverse (patho)physiological processes through intracellular signaling events that affect cell adhesion, migration, and proliferation, although the mechanisms by which these occur are only partially understood. Here we report that upon cell binding and internalization, single-chain uPA (scuPA) translocates to the nucleus within minutes. Nuclear translocation does not involve proteolytic activation or degradation of scuPA. Neither the urokinase receptor (uPAR) nor the low-density lipoprotein-related receptor (LRP) is required for nuclear targeting. Rather, translocation involves the binding of scuPA to the nucleocytoplasmic shuttle protein nucleolin through a region containing the kringle domain. RNA interference and mutational analysis demonstrate that nucleolin is required for the nuclear transport of scuPA. Furthermore, nucleolin is required for the induction smooth muscle -actin (-SMA) by scuPA. These data reveal a novel pathway by which uPA is rapidly translocated to the nucleus where it might participate in regulating gene expression.     

Hyperglycemia is associated with lower levels of urokinase-type plasminogen activator and urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor in wound fluid

AimsWounds in patients with hyperglycemia show impaired healing. Plasminogen activation is crucial in several overlapping phases of wound healing process. In this study, we aimed i) to compare acute wound fluid in patients with hyperglycemia and normoglycemia, ii) to focus on the elements of plasminogen activation in the wound fluid, and iii) to determine if the acute wound fluid characteristics are associated with surgical site infections.MethodsIn a cohort of 54 patients, a closed suction drain was placed in the wound above the anterior abdominal wall fascia under the skin in order to collect postoperative acute wound fluid samples for 3 following days after colorectal surgery. Patients were classified as normoglycemic (n = 25) or hyperglycemic (n = 29; 17 with type 2 diabetes and 12 with stress induced hyperglycemia). Surgical site infection was defined according to the Centers for Disease Control criteria. The levels of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAr), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and fibroblast growth factor-1 (FGF-1) were measured in the wound fluid.ResultsCompared to normoglycemic subjects, patients with hyperglycemia had significantly lower levels of uPA and uPAr in the wound fluid despite similar or even higher circulating levels. There was no significant difference in IL-1β, TNF-α, PAI-1 and FGF-1 levels. In the whole study population, the wound fluid levels of uPA and uPAr were negatively correlated with circulating glucose levels. No difference was detected in the wound fluid characteristics of patients with and without surgical site infection.ConclusionPatients with hyperglycemia exhibit decreased levels of uPA and uPAr in the wound fluid, suggesting a local failure in plasminogen activation at the wound site.     

Antithrombotic thrombocytes: ectopic expression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator in platelets

Arterial occlusive disorders are a leading cause of human morbidity. We hypothesized that ectopic expression of fibrinolytic proteins in platelets could be used to favorably alter the hemostatic balance at sites of thrombosis. To test our hypothesis, we directed murine urokinase-type plasminogen activator transgene expression to platelets using a platelet factor 4 promoter. Urokinase was selectively expressed and stored in the platelets of these mice. These transgenic mice had altered platelet biology and a bleeding diathesis similar to that seen in patients with Quebec platelet disorder, affirming the role of ectopic urokinase expression as the etiology of this inherited disease. These mice were resistant to the development of occlusive carotid artery thrombosis in the absence of systemic fibrinolysis and displayed rapid resolution of pulmonary emboli. Moreover, transfusion of urokinase-expressing platelets into wild-type mice prevented formation of occlusive arterial thrombi. These studies show the feasibility of delivering fibrinolytic agents to sites of incipient thrombus formation through selective storage in platelets and offer a new strategy to prevent thrombosis and hemorrhage.     

组织型纤溶酶原激活剂及其抑制剂与肺血栓栓塞症

肺血栓栓塞症（PTE）的发病与机体的纤溶和凝血系统功能密切相关。组织型纤溶酶原激活物（t-PA）及其抑制物（PAI-1）因调节机体的纤溶系统而在静脉血栓形成及栓塞性疾病的发病机制中发挥重要作用,因此,本文对t—PA和PAI-1与PTE的关系作如下综述。     

Plasminogen activator inhibitor 2 and urokinase-type plasminogen activator in plasma and leucocytes in patients with severe sepsis

Proteins influencing plasminogen activation to plasmin, namely plasminogen activators tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA) and their principal inhibitors, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) and PAI-2, were measured in the plasma, the polymorph and mononuclear cell fractions taken from patients with major sepsis who were entering a general intensive care unit. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the factors favouring the persistence of fibrin in the microvasculature and thus contributing to multiple organ failure. Levels of u-PA antigen in plasma rose in sepsis and u-PA activity, not detectable in normal plasma, appeared. Levels of u-PA antigen in the cell fractions fell concomitantly. t-PA antigen in plasma and in the mononuclear cell fraction rose in sepsis, but t-PA activity was not detectable. Plasma PAI-1 antigen levels were strikingly raised in sepsis, presumably accounting for the complete neutralization of t-PA activity. PAI-2 antigen, not normally detected in plasma, appeared in the plasma of some patients, whereas it disappeared from the cellular fractions. Appearance of PAI-2 in plasma was associated with non-survival of the patient. The observations indicate that all the agents involved in plasminogen activation are released into the plasma in major sepsis. The levels of PAI-1 reached were quantitatively sufficient to suppress all activity of the released t-PA, but the inhibitors did not prevent expression of u-PA activity in the circulation. Circulating active u-PA and PAI-2 in the plasma of patients with severe sepsis may represent material originating from leucocytes. Leucocyte release of these agents within fibrin deposits may influence the persistence of fibrin and thus the development of multiple organ failure.     

Expression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in gastric cancer

In gastric cancer, the urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) system plays important roles in invasion and metastasis, processes which entail proteolysis and adhesion. Both the urokinasetype plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) and the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) are thought to be important factors in this system. To clarify the relationship between these two factors and gastric cancer invasiveness, we evaluated the expression of uPAR and PAI-1 in 91 cases of gastric cancer by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. Urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor-mRNA, PAI-1-mRNA, uPAR and PAI-1 protein were diffusely distributed in the cytoplasm of the cancer cells and concentrated at invasive foci. Urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor protein expression correlated with lymphatic, venous invasion (P<.01) and lymph node metastasis (P<0.05); uPAR-mRNA expression correlated with lymphatic, venous invasion and lymph node metastasis (P<0.05). Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 protein expression correlated with lymphatic, venous invasion, lymph node metastasis and depth of invasion (P<0.01); PAI-1-mRNA expression was linked to lymphatic, venous invasion (P<0.01), lymph node metastasis and depth of invasion (P<0.05). This suggests that the proteolytic activity of uPAR and the cellular motility of PAI-1 in gastric cancer cells may determine penetration of lymphatic and blood vessels, whereby lymph node metastasis may be promoted and that the promotion of cellular motility by PAI-1 may influence the depth of cancer invasion.     

Human synovial fibroblasts produce urokinase-type plasminogen activator

The plasminogen activator produced by cultured human synovial fibroblasts was investigated both biochemically and immunologically. Stimulated either by all-trans-retinoic acid or by monocyte-conditioned medium, these fibroblasts elaborated a plasminogen activator with electrophoretic mobility similar to that of urokinase (Mr = 52 kilodaltons), and which also had immunologic cross-reactivity with urokinase. The plasminogen activator found in rheumatoid synovial fluids has been shown to be of the urokinase type. The findings reported here are consistent with the notion that synovial fibroblasts are a source of this proteinase.     

Increased expression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator in colorectal carcinoma and in adenomatous polyps

Human plasminogen activators (HPA) comprise the tissue type produced mainly by endothelial cells of 66 000 molecular weight (MW) which is principally involved in fibrinolysis (HPA66) and the urokinase type of 52 000 MW (HPA52) which is implicated in the invasion process of malignancy. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the pattern of HPA expression in histologically normal colonic mucosa, sporadic polyps, polyposis coli polyps, and in colon cancer tissue, to determine whether the expression of HPA52 is a correlate of neoplastic transformation of colonic epithelial cells. Homogenates of colonoscopic biopsies and resected colon tissue were subjected to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and the HPA activity was detected by a fibrin overlay gel. In histologically normal mucosal biopsies from non-cancer-bearing colons and in uninvolved mucosa from cancer-bearing colons, only HPA66 was detected. By contrast, all 19 colon cancer specimens expressed HPA52 and 16 of these also showed HPA66 activity. Two of three colon cancer cell lines showed HPA52 activity, but none expressed HPA66. HPA52 activity was observed in 17 of 20 adenomatous polyps, all of which displayed HPA66 activity. No correlation was found between polyp size, degree of epithelial dysplasia or the type of polyp architecture, and the semiquantitative estimates of HPA52 activity as judged by the areas of fibrinolysis generated.
This study of HPA52 in the colon epithelial neoplasms comprising adenomatous polyps, colon cancer tissue and colon cancer cell lines suggests that the transformation of the colon epithelial cell correlates with increased expression of HPA52, an enzyme that has been implicated in the invasive process of malignancy.