绝经后阴道出血360例分析

目的分析引起绝经后阴道出血的病因及诊断方法。方法对360例绝经后阴道出血患者进行临床及病理分析。结果因良性疾患引起的出血占55．00％，非器质性疾病占28．33％，恶性肿瘤占16．67％。子宫内膜病理检查显示：破碎子宫内膜38例，增生期子宫内膜45例，萎缩型子宫内膜6例，分泌期子宫内膜6例，因子宫内膜不典型增生过长及宫颈上皮非典型增生引起的出血20例（占5．36％）。恶性肿瘤以宫颈癌和宫体癌为主。患者出血时年龄（〉58岁），绝经年限（〉10年）及子宫增大，宫腔深（〉8cm），恶性肿瘤发生率高。结论对绝经后阴道出血患者的诊断应注重常规的妇科检查和必要的辅助检查以明确病因，早期治疗可以阻止肿瘤的发生。     

绝经后阴道出血190例分析

目的　分析引起绝经后阴道出血的病因及诊断方法。方法　对 190例绝经阴道出血患者进行临床及病理分析。结果　因良性疾患引起的出血占 5 3 16 % ,非器质性疾病占 2 6 84% ,恶性肿瘤占 2 0 0 0 %。子宫内膜病理检查显示 ,破碎宫内膜和经期宫内膜 2 0例 ,增生反应 2 4例 ,萎缩宫内膜 3例及分泌反应 4例 ,因宫内膜及宫颈上皮非典型增生引起的止血 12例 ( 6 32 % )。恶性肿瘤以宫颈癌和宫体癌为主。患者出血时年龄大、绝经年限长者恶性肿瘤发生率高。结论　对绝经后阴道出血患者的诊断应注重常规的妇科检查和必要的辅助检查以明确病因。早期治疗可以阻止肿瘤的发生     

绝经后出血284例临床分析

目的 :探讨绝经后出血的病因和病理变化。方法 :对 2 94例绝经后出血患者进行回顾性分析。结果 :因非器质性疾病引起的绝经后出血占 5 0 7% ,良性疾病占 30 3% ,恶性疾病占 19 0 % ,出血来自子宫最多见。子宫内膜病理分析萎缩性内膜占 43 2 % ,其它依次为增生性、癌性、分泌性和炎性。恶性疾病以子宫内膜癌和宫颈癌为主。结论 :出血年龄越大 ,出血距绝经年龄越长 ,恶性肿瘤的发生率越高。     

绝经后阴道出血妇女子宫内膜超声检查分析

目的 利用阴道B超探查绝经后阴道出血妇女的子宫内膜情况,排除妇科恶性疾病的可能,尤其是子宫内膜癌。方法 对30例绝经后阴道出血妇女,先用阴道B超探查其子宫内膜情况,根据检查结果 进一步行诊断性刮宫及病理检查。结果 子宫内膜癌3例,不典型增生2例,良性内膜增生9例,萎缩性子宫内膜改变16例。结论 阴道B超检查为绝经后阴...     

绝经后阴道出血401例分析

目的分析引绝经后阴道出血的病因及诊断方法。方法对401例绝经后阴道出血的患者进行临床及病理分析。结果良性疾病引起出血占51.12%,非器质性疾病占31.17%,恶性肿瘤占17.71%。子宫内膜病理检查:破碎宫内膜和经期内膜45例,增生反应54例,萎缩反应12例及分泌反应14例。亚性肿瘤以宫颈癌和宫体癌为主。患者出血年龄>59岁,绝经>10年及子宫宫腔深度>8cm者,恶性肿瘤发生率高。结论对绝经后阴道出血患者的诊断应重视常规妇科检查和必要的辅助检查以明确病因,做到早诊断、早治疗,阻断恶性肿瘤发生。     

绝经后阴道出血190例分析

目的 分析引起绝经后阴道出血的病因及诊断方法。方法 对190例绝经阴道出血患者进行临床及病理分析。结果 因良性疾患引起的出血占53．16％，非器质性疾病占26．84％，恶性肿瘤占20．00％。子宫内膜病理检查显示，破碎宫内膜和经期宫内膜20例，增生反应24例，萎缩宫内膜3例及分泌反应4例，因宫内膜及宫颈上皮非典型增生引起的止血12例（6．32％）。恶性肿瘤以宫颈癌和宫体癌为主。患者出血时年龄大、绝经年限长者恶性肿瘤发生率高。结论 对绝经后阴道出血患者的诊断应注重常规的妇科检查和必要的辅助检查以明确病因。早期治疗可以阻止肿瘤的发生。     

绝经后阴道出血宫腔镜协助下的诊断价值

目的：探讨绝经后阴道出血的原因。方法：回顾性分析178例绝经后阴道出血采用宫腔镜与病理组织学检查相结合的方法。结果：宫腔镜检查病理确诊结果显示子宫内膜良性病变是引起绝经后子宫出血的主要原因95．6％，其次为子宫内膜癌。绝经年限、阴道出血时间与恶性肿瘤关系有显著性差异（P〈0．05），宫腔镜诊断与病理检查符合率为86．6％。结论：用宫腔镜协助下刮宫是诊断绝经后子宫出血的原因，诊断子宫内膜癌、预防子宫内膜癌的发生是目前一种妇科诊治宫内病变不可替代的检查方法。     

绝经后反复阴道出血患者的病理结果分析

目的 探讨绝经后反复阴道出血的患者再次宫腔镜检查的病理类型和意义.方法 回顾性分析2005年1月至2015年1月因绝经后阴道出血就诊于医院的240例患者的临床资料.结果 初次绝经后阴道出血的患者恶性肿瘤共24例,占出血患者的20.0%;子宫内膜不典型增生患者17例,占出血患者的14.2%;子宫内膜良性病变患者56例,占出血患者的46.7%;无组织取出者23例,占出血的19.2%.绝经后再次阴道出血的患者恶性肿瘤共38例,占出血患者的31.7%;子宫内膜不典型增生患者25例,占出血患者的20.8%;子宫内膜良性病变患者54例,占出血患者45.0%;无组织取出者3例,占出血患者的2.5%.绝经后反复阴道出血患者恶性肿瘤检出率为31.7%明显高于首次绝经后阴道出血患者的20.0%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 反复绝经后阴道出血子宫内膜癌的风险增加,宫腔镜检查可以更准确的排除子宫内膜癌.     

甲孕酮治疗围绝经期妇女功能性子宫出血病

本文报告 30例围绝经期妇女功能性子宫出血病 ,采用倍恩胶囊 (大剂量甲孕酮 )治疗 ,取得较好的效果 ,现报告如下。对象与方法一、对象 :选择 2 0 0 0年 1月～ 12月门诊及住院的患功能性子宫出血病的围绝经期妇女共 30例。年龄 4 4～ 5 3岁 ,平均年龄 4 7 2岁。子宫不规则出血均在 2周以上。 30例患者均经Ｂ超检测 ,排除子宫肌瘤、卵巢肿瘤等器质性病变。全部经诊断性刮宫 ,排除子宫内膜恶性病变。病理诊断如下 :子宫内膜腺囊型增生过长 12例、子宫内膜腺瘤型增生过长4例、增生期子宫内膜 11例、萎缩型子宫内膜 3例。二、方法 :30例患者 ,排…     

绝经后出血284例临床分析

目的：探讨绝经后出血的病因和病理变化。方法：对２９４例绝经后出血患者进行回顾性分析。结果：因非器质性疾病引起的绝经后出血占５０．７％,良性疾病占３０．３％,恶性疾病占１９．０％,出血来自子宫最多见。子宫内膜病理分析萎缩性内膜占４３．２％,其它依次为增生性、癌性、分泌性和炎性。恶性疾病以子宫内膜癌和宫颈癌为主。结论：出血年龄越大,出血距绝经年龄越长,恶性的发生率越高。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.