Provider-Documented Dyspnea in Intensive Care Unit After Lung Transplantation

BackgroundDyspnea is an important problem that might affect the clinical course after lung transplantation; however, the prevalence, risk factors, and relevant outcomes of dyspnea in the intensive care unit (ICU) after lung transplantation remain unknown.MethodsThis retrospective, observational study enrolled consecutive patients aged ≥ 20 years who were admitted to the ICU after lung transplantation between January 2010 and December 2020. The main outcome measure was provider-documented dyspnea identified based on a comprehensive retrospective chart review to extract dyspnea episodes (e.g., documented words related to “dyspnea,” “shortness of breath,” or “breathlessness”).ResultsThis study included 184 lung transplant recipients, including 115 bilateral (63%) and 69 single (37%) lung transplants. Fifty-four transplants were from living donors (29%), and 130 were from deceased donors (71%). Dyspnea was documented in 116 patients (63%). Multivariate analysis identified bilateral lung transplantation (odds ratio = 5.127; 95% confidence interval, 2.020-13.014; P < .001) as a risk factor for dyspnea. In addition, postoperative anxiety (odds ratio = 18.605; 95% confidence interval, 7.748-44.674; P < .001) was independently associated with dyspnea. Patients with documented dyspnea showed delayed rehabilitation (P < .001) and weaning from mechanical ventilation (P < .001) and a longer ICU stay (P < .001).ConclusionThis study demonstrated that the prevalence of dyspnea in the ICU after lung transplantation was frequent and identified bilateral lung transplantation as a risk factor. Dyspnea caused a delay in rehabilitation and weaning from mechanical ventilation. Extensive evaluation and care for dyspnea and anxiety may enhance patient recovery.     

肝移植术后近期并发症的护理

对18例同种异体原位肝移植病人进行回顾性分析,认为腹腔内大出血、血管并发症、胆道并发症、排斥反应、感染和高血糖是常见近期并发症.护理中注意早期发现病情变化、及时处理并发症,可以提高手术成功率,改善病人生活质量.     

Early Postoperative Care of Liver Transplantation for Infants With Biliary Atresia During Pediatric Intensive Care Unit Stay

Subject

The aim of this study was to present our institutional experience with the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) stays of liver recipients to understand prevention of complications.

Methods

This retrospective review included 22 infants who weighed 8.8 kg or less and underwent 23 transplantations. No grafts were from executed prisoners. We summarized the diagnosis, evaluation, medicine usage, and therapeutic intervention associated with subjects experiencing complications of rejection episodes, surgery, or infection during their ICU stay.

Results

There was one perioperative death from primary graft nonfunction. The most common postoperative complications were infections, gastrointestinal bleeding, and vascular complications. Rejection episodes occurred among 25% of patients. The most common isolated pathogenic bacteria was Staphylococcus epidermidis. Median initial ICU stay was 10 days. Mean requirement for artificial ventilation was 37.6 hour. Mean times of use of dobutamine, prostaglandin E1, and dopamine was 3.3, 7.5, and 8.8 days, respectively. Parenteral nutrition was started at a mean of 12 hours and oral food intake at a mean of 72 hours.

Conclusions

Although challenging, orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) in small infants can be successfully performed with meticulous surgical technique and keen postoperative surveillance.     

肝移植术后并发神经精神疾病原因分析及其护理对策

为了解肝移植术后神经精神并发症发生的相关因素,对28例肝移植术后并发神经精神疾病患者并发症发生的相关因素进行回顾性分析,其发生与患者的原发疾病有关.提出护士了解肝移植术后患者发生神经精神并发症的主要因素和临床表现,采取针对性的护理措施可减少并发症发生率.     

鼻唇沟岛状瓣修复鼻尖及鼻翼缺损患者的护理

为了解肝移植术后神经精神并发症发生的相关因素。对28例肝移植术后并发神经精神疾病患者并发症发生的相关因素进行回顾性分析,其发生与患者的原发疾病有关。提出护士了解肝移植术后患者发生神经精神并发症的主要因素和临床表现，采取针时性的护理措施可减少并发症发生率。     

The Significant Prognostic Factors in Prolonged Intensive/High Care Unit Stay After Living Donor Liver Transplantation

BackgroundProlonged stay in an intensive/high care unit (ICU/HCU) after living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) is a significant event with possible mortality.MethodsAdult-to-adult LDLTs (n = 283) were included in this study. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed for the factors attributed to the prolonged ICU/HCU stay after LDLT.ResultsRecipients who stayed in the ICU/HCU 9 days or longer were defined as the prolonged group. The prolonged group was older (P = .0010), had a higher model for end-stage liver disease scores (P < .0001), and had higher proportions of patients with preoperative hospitalization (P < .0001). Delirium (P < .0001), pulmonary complications (P < .0001), sepsis (P < .0001), reintubation or tracheostomy (P < .0001), relaparotomy due to bleeding (P = .0015) or other causes (P < .0001), and graft dysfunction (P < .0001) were associated with prolonged ICU/HCU stay. Only sepsis (P = .015) and graft dysfunction (P = .019) were associated with in-hospital mortality among patients with prolonged ICU/HCU stay or graft loss within 9 days of surgery. Among these patients, grafts from donors aged <42 years and with a graft-to-recipient weight ratio of >0.76% had significantly higher graft survival than grafts from others (P = .0013 and P < .0001, respectively).ConclusionProlonged ICU/HCU stay after LDLT was associated with worse short-term outcomes. The use of grafts of sufficient volume from younger donors might improve graft survival.     

Importance of Introduction of a Psychological Care Unit in a Liver Transplantation Unit

Background

Psychological changes in terminally ill patients with liver disease are underestimated. Therefore, a psychological care unit was introduced in the liver transplantation unit in a transplantation hospital in Spain.

Objectives

To describe the establishment of the psychological care unit in a liver transplantation unit and to review its operation, and to evaluate and diagnose psychological changes in patients on the waiting list for liver transplantation.

Materials and Methods

Variables evaluated included consultations, interviews, level of care provided, appointments postponed, difficulties, and cost-effectiveness.Psychopathologic symptoms were evaluated using the Symptom Assessment-45 questionnaire (Derogatis, 1975), examining 9 psychopathologic dimensions.

Results

Thirty-eight patients were given an appointment, and 28 were interviewed. Twelve postponed the appointment. The level of support provided to patients on the waiting list was 70%. The hospital structure was used to develop the care unit, which is why it was only necessary to employ 1 professional psychologist. Of patients assessed, 54% exhibited relevant clinical symptoms of depression, and 47 demonstrated anxiety. Patients with symptoms of depression reported “loss of interest”; those with anxiety reported feeling “worried and tense.” Of these patients, an increased presence of symptoms was associated with various emotional problems such as hostility (33%), somatization (60%), obsession/compulsion (73%), interpersonal sensitivity (40%), phobic anxiety (20%), paranoid ideation (20%), and psychosis (6%).

Conclusions

Patients on the waiting list for liver transplantation demonstrate increased clinical symptoms of depression and anxiety. Therefore, it is of great importance to introduce a psychological care unit to detect and treat these conditions. Introduction of the liver transplant unit program has improved multidisciplinary care and is cost-effective.     

Postoperative Medical Complications and Intermediate Care Unit/Intensive Care Unit Admission in Joint Replacement Surgery: A Prospective Risk Model

Background

Postoperative complications are the main consumers of technical, medical, and human resources. Especially in the field of elective joint replacement surgery, a specialized, easy-to-obtain, and cost-efficient preoperative stratification and risk-estimation model is missing.

肝移植术后胆道并发症患者内镜治疗的护理

对16例原位肝移植术后胆道并发症患者实施内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)检查及治疗.通过治疗前的心理护理,16例患者顺利接受ERCP治疗.10例肝外胆管狭窄患者3～4个月后吻合口狭窄治愈,4例胆瘘患者2周内胆瘘愈合,1例移植肝多发性硬化性胆管炎样狭窄患者,行乳头括约肌切开术后取出少量坏死胆管上皮样组织;另1例移植肝和受者胆管完全分离者再次行外科手术.提出治疗前做好心理护理及各项准备,治疗后严密观察病情,严格操作规程,预防感染,是保证治疗成功的关键.     

Long-term Complications After Liver Transplantation

Background

Along with an increased number of cases of liver transplantation (LT), perioperative mortality has decreased and short-term survival has improved. However, long-term complications have not been fully elucidated today.

Purpose

Chronic complications were analyzed individually to find risk factors and to improve long-term outcomes after LT.

Subjects

There were 63 cases of LT from our outpatient clinic that were included in this study. Among them, 58 were performed using living donor LT and 5 were performed using deceased donor LT. Original diseases mainly consisted of hepatitis C virus (HCV; 45.9%) and hepatitis B virus (23.0%).

Findings

The median follow-up was 5.4 ± 3.3 years (range, 0.1∼17 years). Overall survival at 2, 3, 5, and 10 years was 89.3%, 83.4%, 81.3%, and 81.3%, respectively. Long-term complications mainly consisted of renal dysfunction (62.7%), dyslipidemia (29.4%), diabetes mellitus (21.6%), and arterial hypertension (21.6%). In univariate analysis, HCV (P = .03) and elapsed years after LT (P = .02) were identified as predictive factors for arterial hypertension and recipient age >50 (P = .03), and elapsed years after LT for renal dysfunction (P = .03), respectively. In multivariate Cox regression analysis, HCV (odds ratio [OR] 5.25, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.05–34.06, P = .04) was identified as a predictive factor for arterial hypertension, and recipient age older than 50 years for renal dysfunction (OR 5.67, 95% CI 1.34–28.88, P = .02). The number of elapsed years after transplantation was also identified as a predictive factor for arterial hypertension/dyslipidemia/renal dysfunction (OR 13.88/14.15/4.10, 95% CI 1.91–298.26/2.18–290.78/1.09–18.03, P = .01/.003/.04). Fifty percent of the recipients developed renal dysfunction within 8 years after LT, and fluctuation of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) within 3 months after LT was successfully associated with an annual decrease of eGFR (r² value = 0.574, P < .0001).

Conclusion

Renal dysfunction is the most frequent chronic complication after LT. As chronic individual eGFR can be now accurately predicted with deterioration speed, recipient strata for renal protection strategies should be precisely targeted.     

肝移植术后胆道并发症患者内镜治疗的护理

对16例原位肝移植术后胆道并发症患者实施内镜逆行胰胆管造影（ERCP）检查及治疗。通过治疗前的心理护理,16例患者顺利接受ERCP治疗。10例肝外胆管狭窄患者3~4个月后吻合口狭窄治愈,4例胆瘘患者2周内胆瘘愈合,1例移植肝多发性硬化性胆管炎样狭窄患者,行乳头括约肌切开术后取出少量坏死胆管上皮样组织;另1例移植肝和受者胆管完全分离者再次行外科手术。提出治疗前做好心理护理及各项准备,治疗后严密观察病情,严格操作规程,预防感染,是保证治疗成功的关键。