多发性脑结核瘤的诊断及治疗(附4例报告)

目的探讨多发性脑结核瘤的临床特点及诊疗方案。方法回顾性分析4例多发性脑结核瘤患者的临床资料。结果多发性脑结核瘤多以头痛、呕吐等颅内高压症状为主要临床表现,可伴随发热及癫痫发作,常伴有颅外结核。4例患者均给予四联抗结核治疗,其中3例联合鞘内注射,临床疗效显著。结论多发性脑结核瘤的诊断需结合临床表现、影像学检查、脑脊液化验及抗结核疗效等综合分析,对临床疑似病例,应积极试验性正规抗结核治疗,必要时手术摘除病灶,联合鞘内注射异烟肼及地塞米松可能取得更好的疗效。     

结核性脑膜炎合并脑结核瘤的临床特点

目的探讨结核性脑摸炎(TBM)合并脑结核瘤的临床特点,以提高对本病的认识和诊治水平。方法对我院2001年1月-2009年12月收治的TBM合并脑结核瘤患者26例的临床资料进行分析,探讨本病的临床特点。结果在TBM合并脑结核瘤时,出现各种脑局灶性损害体征。脑脊液多数呈TBM典型改变。11例在CT及MRI上呈现"靶征",CT发现结核瘤数2～14个,平均6.5±4.2个。MRI发现结核瘤数为2～17个,平均7.4±4.4个。临床治愈出院19例,好转4例,死亡3例。结论 TBM合并脑结核瘤的患者,临床表现复杂,如果出现局灶性脑损害体征,应考虑本病的可能。脑脊液检查不能提示脑结核瘤的存在与否,CT和MRI能显示脑结核瘤的部位、大小及数目等。尽早规范的抗结核综合性治疗,多数病人恢复良好。     

16例脑内多发结核瘤的临床分析

目的提高脑内多发结核瘤的诊断和治疗水平。方法回顾分析我院收治的16例脑内多发结核瘤患者的临床表现、腰穿脑脊液结果、影像学表现及治疗效果。结果多数患者以发热、头痛起病,意识障碍2例,癫痫发作1例,眼外肌麻痹7例,偏瘫3例,脑膜刺激征6例,合并血行播散型肺结核1例,腰穿压力升高13例,蛋白升高12例,氯化物降低10例,糖降低8例,脑脊液常规白细胞升高9例,细胞学混合细胞反应4例,淋巴-单核细胞反应3例。头部MRI示颅内多发结节灶,增强可见均匀闭环强化,可见典型"靶征"。16例患者均行四联规范抗结核治疗,治愈15例,死亡1例。结论综合分析患者临床表现、脑脊液结果和影像学表现基本可明确诊断,抗结核治疗有效可进一步确诊。     

脑膜癌病的脑脊液细胞学诊断相关因素研究

目的 探讨影响脑膜癌病脑脊液细胞学诊断的相关因素。方法 回顾性分析46例脑膜癌病患者的临床资料。结果 46例脑膜癌病的脑脊液中，38例发现瘤细胞(约82．6％)；40例腰穿脑脊液中，35例检到瘤细胞；6例脑室穿刺脑脊液中，3例检到瘤细胞；35例腰穿脑脊液检到瘤细胞中，26例为第一次检到瘤细胞，5例第2次检到瘤细胞，3例第3次检到瘤细胞，l例3次以上检到瘤细胞；6例硬脑膜-蛛网膜强化者仅l例脑脊液细胞学检到瘤细胞；4例软脑膜-蛛网膜强化者脑脊液细胞学均检到瘤细胞；38例原发肿瘤中，19例血液系统肿瘤(白血病、淋巴瘤)均检到瘤细胞，7例肺癌检出4例，5例胃癌检出3例，4例乳腺癌检出2例，1例室管膜瘤全部检出，1例脑淋巴瘤全部检出。结论常规脑脊液细胞学检查具有较高的特异性，脑脊液的来源、腰穿检查的次数、脑膜癌病病变的位置、原发肿瘤及组织类型均为影响其敏感性的重要因素。     

不同时期神经梅毒患者临床特征及血清学和脑脊液检测分析

目的总结不同时期神经梅毒患者临床特征以及梅毒血清学和脑脊液检测特点。方法回顾分析12例不同时期神经梅毒患者[早期神经梅毒5例,包括4例脑(脊)膜梅毒、1例脑(脊)膜血管梅毒;晚期神经梅毒7例,均为麻痹性痴呆]的临床症状、影像学表现、梅毒血清学和脑脊液检测、治疗及预后。结果 12例神经梅毒患者血清抗梅毒螺旋体特异性抗体和快速血浆反应素试验(RPR)、脑脊液抗梅毒螺旋体特异性抗体均呈阳性,9例脑脊液RPR试验阳性。5例早期神经梅毒患者中1例脑脊液压力升高、3例白细胞计数增加、4例蛋白定量升高;7例晚期神经梅毒患者中1例脑脊液压力升高、7例白细胞计数增加、7例蛋白定量升高,脑脊液细胞学均呈淋巴细胞反应且以小淋巴细胞为主。12例患者分别静脉滴注不同剂量青霉素或肌肉注射头孢曲松钠,8例神经精神症状明显好转、4例未见明显改善。结论神经梅毒发病形式多样,临床症状不典型,极易误诊。明确诊断需依靠临床表现及梅毒血清学和脑脊液检测,早期诊断和规范治疗对改善预后和减少并发症至关重要。     

结核性脑膜炎临床及脑脊液细胞学分析

目的分析结核性脑膜炎患者临床表现、早期脑脊液细胞学改变及演变过程,提高对其早期识别能力及诊疗效果的判断。方法回顾分析60例结核性脑膜炎患者的临床特征、病原学检查及脑脊液生化尤其是细胞学动态变化资料。结果 60例患者中58例(96.67%)以发热、头痛发病,1周内并发意识障碍者9例(15.00%),伴抽搐5例(8.33%)、眼动障碍8例(13.33%)、偏瘫7例(11.67%),44例(73.33%)既往有肺结核病史。实验室检查脑脊液浓缩集菌抗酸染色阳性8例(13.33%)、结核分枝杆菌培养阳性5例(8.62%)、脑脊液结核分枝杆菌DNA阳性5例(8.77%)。脑脊液改变以颅内压、蛋白定量升高、葡萄糖降低为主;细胞学变化呈现以淋巴细胞增多为主的混合细胞学反应,发病早期脑脊液中性粒细胞比例<0.40,经抗结核药物治疗后细胞总数及中性粒细胞比例短期内(最长随访2个月)可无明显改变。经正规抗结核药物治疗,44例患者好转、11例迁延不愈并出院或转院、5例死亡;发病3周内接受抗结核药物治疗的患者预后明显优于发病3周后接受治疗者。结论结核性脑膜炎患者临床表现无特异性,病原学阳性检出率极低,早期诊断困难。肺结核病变对明确诊断具有辅助价值,脑脊液混合细胞学反应可高度提示诊断。经抗结核药物治疗后脑脊液细胞学演变缓慢,可长期呈混合细胞学反应,不能以此为据推翻结核性脑膜炎的诊断。治疗时机很大程度上决定治疗效果。     

不伴脑膜炎的脑结核瘤临床诊治分析(附1例报告及文献复习)

目的:为提高对脑结核瘤的诊断和治疗水平。方法:回顾性分析1例多发性脑结核瘤患者的临床特点、影像学表现及治疗效果。结果:该例患者脑内结核瘤呈粟粒样分布,累及大脑、小脑和脑干。抗结核治疗后病灶缩小、数目明显减少。结论:结核瘤的诊断应结合临床表现、影像学特点、实验室检查及抗结核疗效进行综合判定。药物治疗需正规、长疗程。     

脑结核瘤的诊断及治疗(附17例报告)

目的探讨脑结核瘤的临床特点、诊断及治疗效果。方法回顾分析2001年1月至2011年6月17例脑结核瘤的临床表现、影像学表现、实验室检查及治疗。结果依据结核病史或身体其他部位结核病灶,颅内压增高、癫痫和/或伴有脑膜刺激征等临床表现,头颅CT或MR呈现"靶征"样表现者,结合脑脊液等检查,12得以明确诊断,5例术前误诊为其他病变术后病理证实为结核瘤。17例患者中手术切除病灶11例,其中6例术前得以明确诊断;另6例采用药物治疗,病灶多可在1～3个月内缩小,3～12个月内消失。所有患者行规律抗结核治疗,无死亡病例,随访3个月至1.5年未见复发。结论脑结核瘤的诊断应根据临床表现、影像学特点、实验室检查和抗结核疗效进行综合分析。手术结合抗痨药物治疗效果良好。     

微孢子虫脑炎一例临床和病理表现

目的研究微孢子虫脑炎的临床与病理形态学表现。方法对1例微孢子虫脑炎患者的临床、脑活体组织检查组织病理特点进行研究。结果此病呈亚急性或慢性起病，体温大多正常或37．5℃以下，升高见于病情加重出现昏迷时；患者不伴有人类免疫缺陷病毒感染但免疫力低下；全脑多发病灶，有脑膜刺激征；骨髓检查呈感染骨髓象；发病初期类风湿因子升高；中期以后出现间接胆红素升高现象；脑脊液蛋白、免疫球蛋白IgG、IgA升高，细胞学检查示淋巴细胞反应。患者伴有胸膜炎、腹膜炎及膀胱炎。脑MRI表现为双侧大、小脑半球脑白质区见斑片状等长T1、长T2信号影，压水扫描（FLAIR）呈高信号，无明显占位效应，强化扫描病灶呈斑点状及环形强化；神经系统损害症状呈永久性，治疗无效。脑组织病理显示神经元变性、核固缩，有血管周围炎现象，神经元内胞质内可见病原体。Wister大鼠腹腔内注射患者脑脊液2周后出现多脏器内炎症反应，腹腔灌洗液内发现大量病原体。结论患者伴有多脏器病变，脑内多发病灶，脑组织病理呈炎症反应，Kltiver-Barrer-PAS染色法可显示神经元内病原体。动物腹腔注射培养可增加病原体的检出率。     

10例结核性脑膜炎脑脊液细胞学的动态观察

本文报告我院 1997 0 6～ 2 0 0 2 0 6住院的 10例结核性脑膜炎(下称结脑 )的脑脊液细胞学 ,每例经 3～ 8月的脑脊液细胞学观察 ,现报告如下。1　资料与方法1 1　一般资料　 10例病人中男 7例 ,女 3例。年龄 14～ 44岁 ,平均 2 3 6岁。就诊时病程 4～ 2 0d。1 2　临床资料　症状与体征 :头痛 10例 ,发热 9例 ,呕吐 7例。脑膜刺激征 8例 ,意识嗜睡 3例 ,精神症状 1例 ,截瘫 1例。脑CT检查 :10例均经过脑CT检查 ,异常 1例 (脑积水 ) ,余均正常 ;脑脊液细胞学检查 (初次 ) :压力均升高 ,>40 0mmH2 O 4例 ,40 0～ 2 5 0mmH2 O 5例 ,<2 5 0…     

脑膜癌病的临床和脑脊液细胞学特征

目的探讨脑膜癌病的临床和脑脊液细胞学特征。方法回顾性分析44例确诊为脑膜癌病患者的临床、影像学及脑脊液资料。结果本组临床表现为头痛、背痛31例,脑神经损害18例,脑膜刺激征25例。头颅MRI增强扫描显示软脑膜弥漫性异常增强3例：脑脊液压力增高32例,细胞数增多41例,以激活型单核细胞和淋巴细胞为主;44例脑脊液细胞学检查均发现肿瘤细胞,5例为颅内原发肿瘤,其余39例颅外转移肿瘤细胞学分类为腺癌33例、恶性淋巴瘤3例、小细胞未分化癌2例及鳞癌1例：结论脑膜癌病的临床表现及影像学检查缺乏特异性,脑脊液细胞学检查是诊断脑膜癌病的可靠依据。     

Primary diffuse leptomeningeal gliomatosis: An autopsy case report

Primary diffuse leptomeningeal gliomatosis (PDLG) is a rare condition, characterized by infiltration of the meninges by glial cells without evidence of the primary tumor in the brain or spinal cord parenchyma. Glioma arising primarily from the leptomeninges is extremely rare and often diagnosed only in post mortem examination and the diagnosis may be missed in meningeal biopsy. We describe a young female who presented with symptoms of raised intracranial pressure with imaging evidence of diffuse leptomeningeal enhancement in whom autopsy confirmed the diagnosis of PDLG. Our case illustrates the diagnostic difficulties in making the pre-mortem diagnosis even with multiple cerebrospinal fluid cytologies and leptomeningeal biopsy.     

A case of intracranial tuberculoma early diagnosed by open brain biopsy]

A 31-year-old man suffered from cough, sputum, slight fever, and loss of consciousness. He was tentatively diagnosed as epilepsy, and was transferred to our hospital. Brain CT demonstrated multiple intracranial lesions, which were homogeneously enhanced. Chest X-ray revealed retiform shadow in the right middle lung field. Pulmonary tuberculosis and intracranial tuberculomas were suspected and bacterial cultures, PCR, smear examination of sputum, blood, CSF, gastric juice, and urine were repeated. But no evidence of tuberculosis was obtained. Follow-up CT after 5 days of admission showed exacerbation of intracranial lesions. Finally, the open brain biopsy was carefully done from the right occipital lesion. The histological examination disclosed a typical pathology of tuberculoma and PCR also turned out to be positive from the brain tissue. We diagnosed him as intracranial tuberculoma and anti-tuberculous drugs(isoniazid, ethambutol, pyrazinamide) were administered. After 30 days under the medication, brain CT demonstrated a transient expansion of the intracranial lesions. While the same therapy was sustained, intracranial lesions gradually decreased and he discharged after 60 days of admission. Brain CT is known as a powerful tool for the diagnosis of intracranial tuberculoma. Its sensitivity is almost 100%, but some clinical reports have described that its specificity is not always so high(20-71%) as expected. In addition, it should be recognized that intracranial tuberculoma might show 'paradoxical expansion'. It is a phenomenon, which shows a paradoxical worsening in clinical aspect despite of the appropriate therapy. In such a progressing case as ours, it is desirable to make a definite diagnosis before anti-tuberculous drug is started. Therefore, it is recommended in possible cases to even consider the open brain biopsy from the early period when intracranial tuberculoma is highly suspected.     

Primary diffuse leptomeningeal gliomatosis

A review of the literature on primary diffuse meningeal gliomatosis (DMG) yielded three cases and we report a fourth. DMG is a syndrome characterized by extensive basal and spinal chronic meningitis with mental confusion, headaches, diplopia, papilledema and cranial nerve palsies. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has a markedly elevated protein content, moderate mononuclear pleocytosis and a normal or low glucose. This picture invariably leads to the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculous or fungal meningitis despite persistently negative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cultures. Reaction of exfoliated CSF cells with glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunoperoxidase labelled antibody is suggested as a diagnostic tool. A basal meningeal biopsy appears to be the only alternative diagnostic approach.     

颅内结核性感染磁共振成像呈结节性改变的临床意义

目的 研究结节性颅内结核感染的磁共振成像（ＭＲＩ）表现特点及其临床意义。广阔地回顾分析１５例颅内结核性感染患者的脑ＭＲＩ资料及其临床表现。结果 结节性颅内脑膜结核感染ＭＲＩ主要表现为脑池或脑池合并脑实质内多发大小不等结节（１３例）；软脑膜及脑实质内弥漫性粟粒结节（２例）。临床主要表现为颅内高压、脑膜刺激征、颅神经损害等症状。抗结核药物治疗后７例痊愈或好转，８例改行手术治疗。根据患者ＭＲＩ表现及临床     

脑膜癌病的临床特征及误诊原因分析

目的 分析11例脑膜癌病的临床特征及误诊原因。方法 对2002年7月-2003年12月收治的11例经脑脊液细胞学证实的脑膜癌病患的临床资料进行分析。结果 首发症状多以头痛、呕吐为主，亦可有视觉障碍、复视、眼睑闭合无力、口角歪斜以及发作性上背部疼痛，可伴脑神经和脊神经损害及脑膜刺激征；头部CT及MRI均无异常发现。脑脊液检查颅内压均不同程度增高(200-400mmH2O)，其中8例细胞数、蛋白升高，糖、氯化物下降；细胞学检查均发现癌细胞，形态与原发肿瘤相似，来源于肺癌5例、乳腺癌3例、胃癌1例、卵巢癌1例、血液系统恶性淋巴瘤1例。其中5例于发现原发肿瘤之前即有神经系统症状。11例患中6例病情恶化自动出院，2例院内死亡，3例经对症治疗症状缓解出院。结论 对以头痛、呕吐发病伴脑神经、脊神经受损，并出现脑膜刺激征和颅内压增高，头部CT及MRI无明显异常，应考虑脑膜癌病的可能，及早行全身检查寻找原发病灶，以脑脊液发现癌细胞为确诊依据。     

脑膜癌病20例临床分析

目的:探讨脑膜癌病的临床特点及脑脊液细胞学改变。方法:对1998年9月到2004年12月收治的20例 经脑脊液细胞学证实的脑膜癌病患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果:首发症状多以头痛、呕吐为主,可伴脑神经和 脊神经损害及脑膜刺激征;脑脊液检查颅内压均不同程度增高,另外还可表现细胞数、蛋白升高,糖、氯化物下降;细胞学 检查均发现癌细胞,其中有四例经丫啶橙荧光染色结果阳性。结论:脑脊液细胞学检查发现癌细胞是诊断脑膜癌病的重 要依据。     

Spontanes Liquorunterdrucksyndrom Klinische, neuroradiologische, nuklearmedizinische und Liquor-Befunde

We report 11 patients with orthostatic headache due to spontaneous intracranial hypotension. Nausea (3 patients) and abducens palsy (2 patients) were the main additional symptoms. Ten patients had CSF pleocytosis (6 to 43 white cells/microliter) and/or increased protein (581 to 1668 mg/l). CT and/or MRI documented bifrontal accentuated subdural hygromas and hematomas in 5 patients. MRI also documented diffuse meningeal gadolinium enhancement in all 4 patients examined, and descent of the brain in one. Cisternography was done in 9 patients and revealed a decreased or absent activity over the convexities and early detection of the tracer in the bladder in all, and a CSF leak at the cervicothoracal junction in 2 patients. Most patients improved with bed rest, increased fluid intake (oral or intravenous), steroids, and/or epidural blood patch. Subdural hematomas increased in 2 patients and have to be drained. Spontaneous intracranial hypotension is due to a CSF leak followed by decreased CSF volume and hydrostatic CSF pressure changes. The locations of the leaks are mainly cervical or at the cervicothoracal junction. MRI always documents diffuse meningeal gadolinium enhancement. Treatment of choice is an epidural blood patch. Surgical treatment may be needed in patients with subdural hematomas or meningeal diverticula. Prognosis is typically good, but subdural hematomas may occasionally lead to an increased intracranial pressure.