青蒿琥酯对小鼠免疫功能的影响

研究青蒿琥酯对小鼠免疫功能的影响，溶血素含量用分光光度法测定，血清ＩｇＧ和Ｃ３含量用单向免疫扩散法测定，淋巴细胞转化率、巨噬细胞吞噬百分率和吞噬指数镜检计数。青蒿琥酯ｉｍ７５ｍｇｋｇ＾－１ｂｉｄｆｏｒ５－７ｄ能降低ＳＲＢＣ致敏小鼠血清溶血素和ＩｇＧ的含量，抑制抗体生成，但增加疟鼠补体Ｃ３的含量。     

脑忆清胶囊对小鼠免疫功能的影响

目的:观察脑忆清胶囊对小鼠免疫功能的影响。方法:采用显微镜观察腹腔巨噬细胞的吞噬百分率和吞噬指数,用分光光度测定血清溶血素含量,用³H-TdR掺入法测定脾细胞淋巴细胞增殖率。结果:脑忆清胶囊能明显增加正常小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的吞噬百分率及吞噬指数,显著拮抗环磷酰胺所致免疫功能低下小鼠的免疫器官重量减轻,显著增加血清溶血素含量,且能明显促进ConA诱导的脾T淋巴细胞增殖反应。结论:脑忆清胶囊对小鼠的免疫功能有较好的改善作用     

瓜蒌皮对环磷酰胺致免疫功能低下小鼠免疫功能的影响

目的:研究瓜蒌皮对环磷酰胺致免疫功能低下模型小鼠免疫功能的影响。方法:以ip环磷酰胺建立小鼠免疫低下模型,ig给予瓜蒌皮浓缩液后采用含药血清体外培养小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞,MTT法考察巨噬细胞的活性及其吞噬鸡红细胞的吞噬百分率和吞噬指数;测定小鼠体内巨噬细胞的吞噬指数和吞噬系数、血清溶血素含量、淋巴细胞的转化率。结果:瓜蒌皮能提高免疫抑制小鼠吞噬系数、血清溶血素含量,促进T淋巴细胞转化;能提高巨噬细胞的活性及其吞噬鸡红细胞的能力。结论:瓜蒌皮有提高免疫抑制小鼠免疫功能的作用。     

脑忆清胶囊对小鼠免疫功能的影响

目的：观察脑忆清胶囊对小鼠免疫功能的影响。方法：采用显微镜观察腹腔巨噬细胞的吞噬百分率和吞噬指数，用分光光度测定血清溶血素含量，用^3H-TdR掺入法测定脾细胞淋巴细胞增殖率，结果：脑忆清胶囊能明显增加正常小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的吞噬百分率及吞噬指数。显著拮抗环磷酰胺所致免疫功能低下小鼠的免疫器官重量减轻，显著增加血清溶血素含量，且能明显促进ConA诱导的脾T淋巴细胞增殖反应。结论：脑忆清胶囊对小鼠的免疫功能有较好的改善作用。     

何首乌多糖对免疫功能低下小鼠的免疫保护作用

目的:探讨何首乌多糖(PPM)对免疫功能低下小鼠的免疫保护作用。方法:小鼠腹腔注射环磷酰胺建立小鼠免疫功能低下模型后,灌胃PPM 0.4,0.8,1.6 g.kg-1,qd,连续给药10 d,另设模型对照组和正常对照组。采用显微镜观察腹腔巨噬细胞的吞噬百分率、吞噬指数和T淋巴细胞酯酶阳性率;用分光光度测定血清溶血素含量;用3H-TdR掺入法测定脾细胞淋巴细胞增殖率。结果:PPM能显著拮抗环磷酰胺所致免疫功能低下小鼠的免疫器官重量减轻和白细胞数量减少,明显增加小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的吞噬率及吞噬指数,显著增加血清溶血素含量,且能明显促进T淋巴细胞酯酶阳性率和ConA诱导的脾T淋巴细胞增殖反应。结论:何首乌多糖对免疫功能低小鼠的免疫功能有明显的增强作用。     

罗汉果多糖对小鼠免疫功能的影响

目的研究罗汉果多糖(SGPS1)对小鼠免疫功能的影响。方法测定小鼠胸腺指数、脾脏指数、腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬功能、血清溶血素形成和淋巴细胞转化率。结果SGPS1在高、低剂量下均明显使小鼠胸腺、脾脏等免疫器官重量增加;使小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞百分率及吞噬指数增加;提高小鼠血清溶血素水平;增加小鼠淋巴细胞转化率及胸腺、脾脏指数。结论SGPS1有增强机体免疫功能的作用。     

胎盘口服液对小鼠免疫功能的影响

目的 观察胎盘口服液对正常小鼠免疫功能的影响.方法 胎盘口服液灌服7 d,观察小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬功能、溶血素形成、溶血空斑形成及淋巴细胞转化功能.结果 胎盘口服液可显著提高小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的吞噬百分率和吞噬指数,促进溶血素及溶血空斑的形成,促进淋巴细胞的转化.结论 胎盘口服液有提高免疫功能的作用.     

薏苡仁水提液对免疫抑制小鼠免疫功能的影响

目的探讨薏苡仁水提液对免疫功能低下小鼠的免疫调节作用。方法先给予小鼠腹腔注射环磷酰胺以建立小鼠免疫功能低下模型,然后将薏苡仁水提液按10、5和2.5 g.kg-1三种剂量连续给三组小鼠灌胃10 d,观察薏苡仁水提液对免疫低下小鼠免疫器官重量指数、白细胞数量、腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬率与吞噬指数、T淋巴细胞酯酶阳性率和血清溶血素HC50值等实验指标的影响。结果薏苡仁水提液能显著拮抗环磷酰胺所致免疫功能低下小鼠的免疫器官重量减轻和白细胞数量减少,明显增加小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的吞噬百分率及吞噬指数,显著增加血清溶血素含量,且能明显促进T淋巴细胞酯酶阳性率。结论薏苡仁水提液对机体免疫功能具有较好的增强作用。表现为体液免疫、细胞免疫和非特异免疫功能的改变。     

蒿甲醚对小鼠免疫功能的影响

JCR鼠按200mg/kg·d~(-1)每天蒿甲醚灌胃2次,连续给药4～7d。实验结果可见:(1)蒿甲醚能引起小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞对鸡红细胞的吞噬率降低,但对巨噬细胞的吞噬指数无明显影响。(2)降低鸡红细胞致敏小鼠血清IgG含量。(3)促进鸡红细胞致敏小鼠的溶血素形成。(4)能使鸡红细胞致敏小鼠胸腺重量明显减轻。(5)对PHA诱导的小鼠外周血淋巴细胞转化无明显影响。     

参黄胶囊对环磷酰胺致免疫低下小鼠免疫功能的影响

目的 探讨参黄胶囊对环磷酰胺致免疫抑制模型小鼠免疫功能的作用.方法 分别用环磷酰胺和限食法结合环磷酰胺两种方法建立小鼠免疫抑制模型,分别给予0.26、0.53、1.06 g/kg参黄胶囊,观察其对小鼠外周血T淋巴细胞率、胸腺指数、脾脏指数、白细胞数、巨噬细胞吞噬指数、血清溶血素含量(半数溶血值)的影响.结果 应用环磷酰胺后,免疫抑制模型小鼠外周血T淋巴细胞率、胸腺指数、脾脏指数、白细胞数、巨噬细胞吞噬指数、血清溶血素含量均显著降低.0.26、0.53、1.06g/kg参黄胶囊均可明显提高用限食法结合环磷酰胺致免疫低下(气虚模型)小鼠外周血T淋巴细胞率、胸腺指数和脾脏指数和环磷酰胺致免疫低下小鼠体内白细胞数和巨噬细胞吞噬指数;0.53、1.06 g/kg参黄胶囊可明显促使溶血素生成增加.结论 参黄胶囊可明显改善环磷酰胺致免疫低下小鼠的免疫功能,具有扶正固本、增强机体特异性免疫和非特异性免疫功能作用.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.