HPLC同时测定复方盐酸莫西沙星酮咯酸氨丁三醇滴眼液的含量

摘 要 目的： 建立复方盐酸莫西沙星酮咯酸氨丁三醇滴眼液中药物含量测定的HPLC方法。方法: 采用菲罗门C₁₈色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm),以25 mmol·L^-1磷酸二氢钾溶液（磷酸调pH至3.2,0.5%三乙胺） 甲醇（40∶60, v/v）为流动相,流速:1.0 ml·min^-1,检测波长:308 nm,柱温:30℃,进样量:20 μl。结果: 盐酸莫西沙星和酮咯酸(r=0.999 9)氨丁三醇可达到较好分离,盐酸莫西沙星质量浓度在1.0～20.0 mg·L^-1内（r=0.999 9）,酮咯酸氨丁三醇质量浓度在1.0～20.0 mg·L^-1内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,平均回收率分别为99.9%(RSD=0.81%,n=9)、100.1%(RSD=0.76%, n=9)。结论: 本方法简便、快速、准确,重复性好,可用于复方盐酸莫西沙星酮咯酸氨丁三醇滴眼液中药物含量测定。     

HPLC法测定柏石水调散中盐酸巴马汀和盐酸小檗碱的含量

摘 要 目的：建立HPLC方法同时测定柏石水调散中盐酸巴马汀和盐酸小檗碱含量。方法: 采用反相离子对高效液相色谱法,色谱柱为Agilent Zorbax SB C18（150 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）;流动相为乙腈 0.1%磷酸溶液（50〖KG*9〗∶〖KG-*2〗50）（每100 ml加十二烷基硫酸钠0.2 g）;流速为1.0 ml·min-1;检测波长为345 nm;进样量为10 μl;柱温为室温。结果: 盐酸巴马汀和盐酸小檗碱进样量分别在1.11~22.16 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 6）和2.11~42.24 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 8）范围内与峰面积线性关系良好,平均回收率分别为98.94%和101.3%,RSD分别为2.43%和2.05%（n = 6）。结论: 本方法快速、简便、准确,可用于柏石水调散中盐酸巴马汀和盐酸小檗碱的含量测定。     

HPLC-CAD法同时测定硫酸卡那霉素注射液中卡那霉素和卡那霉素B的含量

摘 要 目的：建立HPLC CAD法测定硫酸卡那霉素注射液中卡那霉素和卡那霉素B含量的方法。方法: 采用Boston Green ODS C18（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）色谱柱,以0.2 mol·L-1三氟醋酸溶液 甲醇（95 ∶〖KG-*2〗5）作为流动相,流速:1.0 ml·min^-1,柱温:30℃,喷雾温度:55℃,喷雾压力:56.4 psi。结果:卡那霉素在0.385~38.500 μg·ml^-1之间呈现良好的线性关系（r=0.999 9）,检出限为0.075μg·ml^-1,定量限为0.154 μg·ml^-1,回收率为100.97%（n=9）。卡那霉素B在0.374~37.400 μg·ml^-1之间呈现良好的线性关系（r=1.000 0）,检出限为0.075 μg·ml^-1,定量限为0.150 μg·ml^-1,回收率为100.44%（n=9）。结论:建立的HPLC CAD测定卡那霉素和卡那霉素B含量的方法检出限低,操作简单准确,可以有效控制硫酸卡那霉素注射液的质量。     

HPLC法测定复方珍麻胶囊中天麻素的含量

摘 要 目的： 建立复方珍麻胶囊中天麻素的HPLC测定方法。方法: 色谱柱为YMC Pack Pro C18柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,以乙腈 水（2∶98）为流动相,检测波长为220 nm,流速为1.0 ml·min^-1,柱温:20℃,进样量:25 μl。结果: 天麻素浓度在3.38～432.80 μg·ml^-1的范围内,峰面积与浓度呈良好的线性关系（r=0.999 9）。平均回收率为97.14%,RSD为2.67%(n=6)。结论:本方法简便、准确、重复性好,可用于复方珍麻胶囊中天麻素的含量测定。     

氨咖麻敏胶囊中对乙酰氨基酚、咖啡因、盐酸伪麻黄碱和马来酸氯苯那敏的含量测定

摘 要 目的： 优化测定氨咖麻敏胶囊中各组分含量的方法。方法: 色谱柱为CNW C₁₈（150 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,以磷酸二氢铵溶液 乙腈-甲醇（85∶5∶10）为流动相,检测波长为210 nm,同时测定对乙酰氨基酚、盐酸伪麻黄碱、咖啡因含量;色谱柱为CNW C₁₈（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,以磷酸二氢铵溶液 乙腈（73∶27）为流动相,检测波长为261 nm,测定马来酸氯苯那敏含量。结果: 氨咖麻敏胶囊中对乙酰氨基酚、咖啡因、盐酸伪麻黄碱、马来酸氯苯那敏的线性范围分别为0.100 0～1.000 0 mg·mL^-1（r=0.999 5）、0.012 0～0.120 0 mg·mL^-1r=0.999 9、0.012 0～0.120 0 mg·mL^-1（r=1.000 0）、0.015 0～0.180 0 mg·mL^-1（r=1.000 0）,平均回收率分别为99.9%、101.0%、99.4%、100.0%,RSD分别为1.6%、1.2%、1.7%、1.4%（n=9）。结论: 本方法灵敏度高、专属性强,可用于测定氨咖麻敏胶囊中各组分的含量。     

氨基柱HPLC法测定盐酸氨基葡萄糖及其制剂的含量

摘 要 目的： 建立盐酸氨基葡萄糖及其制剂的HPLC含量测定方法。方法: 采用Phenomenex Luna NH2柱（150 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）;流动相：磷酸盐缓冲液（取磷酸氢二钾3.5 g,加水1 000 ml使溶解,加入0.25 ml氨水,用磷酸调节pH至7.5） 乙腈（25∶75）;流速：1.5 ml·min^-1;检测波长：195 nm;柱温：35℃;进样量20 μl。结果: 盐酸氨基葡萄糖在1.6～16.0 mg·ml^-1浓度范围线性关系良好（r=0.999 9）,片剂及胶囊的平均回收率分别为99.3%和99.5%,RSD均为0.3%（n=9）。结论:该方法简便、准确,专属性强,适合于盐酸氨基葡萄糖及其制剂的质量控制。     

HPLC法测定小儿咳喘灵口服液中山梨酸钾的含量

摘 要 目的：建立HPLC法测定小儿咳喘灵口服液中防腐剂山梨酸钾的含量。方法: 采用Phenomenex Gemini C18（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）色谱柱,以0.02 mol·L^-1磷酸二氢钠溶液（用磷酸调pH至4.0） 乙腈（80∶20）为流动相,流速为1.0 ml·min^-1,检测波长为262 nm,柱温为30℃,进样体积为20 μl。结果:山梨酸钾浓度在8.584～85.840 μg · mL^-1范围内与峰面积呈良好线性关系(r=0.999 9),平均回收率为100.0%,RSD为0.47%（n=9）,山梨酸钾检测限为0.43 ng,定量限为1.29 ng。结论:经过方法学验证,本法可用于小儿咳喘灵口服液中防腐剂山梨酸钾的含量测定。     

HPLC法测定麻黄止嗽丸中盐酸麻黄碱及盐酸伪麻黄碱的含量

摘 要 目的: 建立麻黄止嗽丸中盐酸麻黄碱及盐酸伪麻黄碱含量的测定方法。方法: 采用反相高效液相色谱法,色谱柱为Kromasil C₁₈柱(200 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm),流动相为乙腈 0.1％磷酸溶液（含0.1%三乙胺）（4∶96）,流速为1 ml·min^-1,检测波长为207 nm,柱温：室温,进样量：5 μl。结果:盐酸麻黄碱在0.02～0.52 μg 范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 9),平均回收率为97.8%,RSD为1.6%(n=6);盐酸伪麻黄碱在0.02～0.51 μg范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 8),平均回收率为99.4%,RSD为0.9%(n=6)。结论:该方法准确可靠,可用于麻黄止嗽丸中盐酸麻黄碱和盐酸伪麻黄碱的含量测定。     

高效液相色谱法测定去甲斑蝥素原位凝胶中去甲斑蝥素的含量

摘 要 目的：建立去甲斑蝥素原位凝胶中去甲斑蝥素的含量测定方法。方法: 采用HPLC法,色谱柱：Agilent ZORBAX SB C₁₈柱（150 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,流动相：乙腈 磷酸盐缓冲液（1∶9,用磷酸调pH至3.1）,流速：0.8 ml·min^-1,柱温：25℃,检测波长：210 nm,进样量：20 μl。结果: 去甲斑蝥素在0.02~1.00 mg· mL^-1浓度范围具有良好的线性关系（r=0.999 9）,平均回收率为97.5%,RSD为0.98%（n=9）。结论:该方法准确、简单、重复性好,可用于去甲斑蝥素原位凝胶中去甲斑蝥素的含量测定。     

HPLC-FLD法测定聚明胶肽注射液中交联剂残留量

摘 要 目的：建立测定聚明胶肽注射液中残留交联剂1,4 环己烷二异氰酸酯水解产物1,4 环己烷二胺含量的方法。方法: 采用HPLC FLD法,衍生化试剂：丹磺酰氯,色谱柱：YMC C18柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,流动相：甲醇 水（80：〖KG-*2〗20）,检测器：荧光检测器（激发波长：340 nm,发射波长：515 nm）,流速：1.0 ml·min-1,柱温：35℃,进样量：20 μl。 结果:制剂中其他成分无干扰,反式1,4 环己烷二胺在0.282～5.640 μg·ml^-1（r=0.999 9）范围内的质量浓度与其双酰化衍生物峰面积的线性关系良好,顺式1,4 环己烷二胺在0.298～5.960 μg·ml^-1（r=1.000 0）范围内的质量浓度与其双酰化衍生物峰面积的线性关系良好;反式和顺式1,4 环己烷二胺的平均回收率分别为100.32%（RSD=1.52%,n=6）、99.62%（RSD=1.48%,n=6）,测得各批聚明胶肽注射液中的1,4 环己烷二胺总含量均低于5 μg·ml^-1。结论:该分析方法灵敏度高、准确、专属性强,重复性好,可用于测定聚明胶肽注射液中环己烷二胺残留量的测定。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.