CKD-MBD患者甲状旁腺切除术疗效观察

目的 调查本院维持透析并发慢性肾脏病矿物质及骨代谢紊乱(chronic kidney diseasemineral and bone disorder,CKD-MBD)患者在接受甲状旁腺切除术(parathyroidectomy,PTX)后,血钙、血磷及血清全段甲状旁腺素(intact parathyroid hormone,iPTH)的恢复情况,追踪PTX的手术疗效.方法 检测19例行甲状旁腺全切加前臂自体移植术的CKD-MBD患者术前及术后的血钙、血磷及血iPTH,比较患者术前和术后的血钙、血磷、血iPTH的变化.结果 术后0d、1d、7d、15d血钙较术前明显下降,差异有统计学意义(P ＜0.01),通过术后规律补钙,术后1个月、3个月、6个月、12个月与术前血钙比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),术后低血钙发生率为21％,无高钙血症发生.术后0d、1d、7d、15d、1个月、3个月、6个月、12个月血磷与术前血磷比较明显下降,差异有统计学意义(P ＜0.01或P＜0.05).术后低血磷发生率为33.3％,无高磷血症发生.术后0d、1d、7d、1个月、3个月、6个月、12个月的血iPTH较术前下降明显,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).随访中有2例出现低iPTH(iPTH＜ 16pg/mL)血症,2例iPTH升高明显,均＞800pg/mL.结论 CKD-MBD患者行甲状旁腺全切加前臂自体移植术后血钙、血磷、血iPTH可恢复正常范围.     

纳米碳对甲状腺癌手术中甲状旁腺的保护作用

目的:探讨在甲状腺癌手术中采用纳米碳标记对甲状旁腺的保护作用。方法:随机选取2015年8月—2016年8月收治的60例甲状腺乳头状癌患者的临床资料,其中观察组30例注射纳米碳后行双侧甲状腺腺叶或甲状腺全切除,并行中央区淋巴结清扫,对照组30例未注射纳米碳,而直接手术。比较两组患者术后淋巴结清扫数量、转移淋巴结清扫数量及转移率和甲状旁腺误切例数、术后血钙及甲状旁腺素水平。结果:与对照组比较,观察组中淋巴结清扫数量更多(9.63枚vs.6.50枚,P=0.0404),甲状旁腺误切率降低(3.33%vs.26.7%,P=0.0257),且观察组术后血钙(2.08 mmol/L vs.1.98 mmol/L,P=0.0198)及甲状旁腺素(29.97 pg/mL vs.23.68 pg/mL,P=0.0401)水平变化方面优于对照组。结论:甲状腺癌手术中纳米碳的应用可以更好地保护甲状旁腺,具有较好的示踪效果,明显减少患者术后低血钙发生率并有助于淋巴结的清扫,降低甲状旁腺的损伤机率。     

继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进患者术后临床评估

目的探讨继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进患者行甲状旁腺全切除或次全切除术后的预后。方法选择2009年1月至2012年12月在深圳市人民医院行慢性肾替代治疗合并继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症手术治疗后的88例患者进行1~4年随访观察。术中留取血液样本送检测全段甲状旁腺素(immunoreactive parathyroid hormone,iPTH)水平(电化学发光法),根据测定的iPTH水平,由外科医生决定手术方式为次全切除或全切除术。根据手术方法将88例患者分为次全切除组和全切除组。次全切除组64例,男35例,女29例;全切除组24例,男女各12例;比较2组患者术后的复发率及预后。另外根据术后随访及血清iPTH的检测,将88例患者复发分为复发组和未复发组。复发组11例,男6例,女5例;未复发组77例,男41例,女36例;应用Log-rank检验对复发情况进行分析,并对可能影响复发的因素进行分析。结果 88例患者进行了(21±11.3)个月的随访研究,复发患者术后第2天iPTH水平(111.20±81.4)ng/L高于未复发患者iPTH(24.4±35.8)ng/L,2组比较有统计学差异(t=-3.486,P0.01);随访期间次全切除组10人复发,全切除组1人复发,经Log-rank检验不同手术组的未复发率无统计学差异(χ~2=0.33,P=0.57)。全部88例患者术后第12、26、36个月累积未复发率分别为98.8%、91.3%及67.1%。结论维持性透析继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进患者行甲状旁腺全切除或次全切除术后的1~4年内复发率无显著差异,术后患者症状明显改善,术后第二天的iPTH水平可能与复发相关。     

慢性肾脏病3～4期患者骨矿物质代谢紊乱的调查

目的 调查慢性肾脏病（chronickidney disease,CKD）3 ～4期患者慢性肾脏病矿物质及骨代谢紊乱（chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder,CKD-MBD）的状况和检测有关骨代谢的指标.方法 检测111例CKD3～4期患者的血钙、血磷、血清全段甲状旁腺素（intact parathyroid hormone,iPTH）,并随机对其中20例患者行25羟维生素D[25（OH）D]及骨性碱性磷酸酶（bone-alkaline phosphare,b-ALP）的检测.结果 CKD3 ～4期患者矫正钙分别为（2.25 ±0.12 mmol/L）和（2.20±0.14 mmol/L）,血磷分别为（1.20 ±0.23 mmol/L）和（1.36 ±0.28 mmol/L）,iPTH分别为（73.18±51.77pg/mL）和（118.95±64.97pg/mL）,低钙血症的发生率分别为2.22％和6.06％,高磷血症的发生率分别为0％和7.58％,SHPT的发生率分别为37.78％和48.48％.CKD4期患者与CKD3期的患者相比,血钙显著性下降（P＜0.05）,iPTH水平显著升高（P＜0.05）,iPTH水平与血磷（r=0.103,P＞0.05）成正相关,与GFR（r=-0.422,P＜0.01）、血钙（r=-0.268,P＜0.01）成负相关.多元逐步回归分析显示,血钙、血磷、GFR是iPTH的独立影响因素（复相关系数R=0.482,p＜0.05）.CKD3～4期患者b-ALP（74.476±56.056ng/mL）,显著高于健康人（24.141±14.741ng/mL）（P＜0.01）,而25（OH）D（173.763±52.375ng/mL）显著低于健康人（306.995±93.085ng/mL）（P＜0.05）.结论 CKD早期患者存在CKD-MBD及骨代谢异常,且随着疾病的进展而愈加明显,应重视并早期干预,从而改善预后.     

生理浓度钙透析液对伴低甲状旁腺素水平血液透析患者矿物质及骨代谢的影响

目的观察生理浓度钙透析液对伴低甲状旁腺素水平血液透析患者矿物质及骨代谢的影响。方法将48例血清iPTH(65～150pg/ml)伴校正钙水平≥2.37mmol/L患者按使用透析液钙浓度不同随机分为:透析液钙浓度1.50mmol/L(DCa-1.50)与1.25mmol/L(DCa-1.25)两组;两组内按是否口服骨化三醇随机分为两亚组:口服骨化三醇(+Calcitriol)与非口服骨化三醇(-Calcitriol)组;治疗6个月。每3个月检测透前血清Ca,P,iPTH,ALP及BGP指标。结果观察结束时,DCa-1.5-Calcitriol,DCa-1.25+Calcitriol及DCa-1.25-Calcitriol组血清iPTH及BGP水平升高(P<0.05);DCa-1.25+Calcitriol及DCa-1.25-Calcitriol组血清Ca水平降低(P<0.05),Ca×P水平降低(P<0.05);DCa-1.5+Calcitriol组血清较同期DCa-1.25-Calcitriol组水平Ca水平增高(P<0.05);透前血清iPTH与BGP水平呈正相关(r=0.181,P<0.05)。结论生理浓度钙透析液能够减轻高钙负荷,持续有效刺激甲状旁腺素分泌及改善受抑制的骨代谢。联合骨化三醇及定期监测上述指标,可以安全有效的维持甲状旁腺素在适当水平不引发骨质疏松。     

甲状旁腺激素测定在继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进手术中的临床应用

目的 探讨甲状旁腺激素测定在继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进手术中的应用和标准.方法 17例继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进患者行甲状旁腺次全切除术,分别测定麻醉后切开皮肤前PTH值(PTH0)及最后1个旁腺次全切除后10 min的PrrH值(PTH10).预测手术成功标准:(1)最后旁腺切除后10 min PTH10下降至≤150 pg/mL,(2)最后旁腺切除后10 rain PTH10与PTH0直接比≤30%.结果 15例符合预测成功标准,术后第7天,PTH＜15 pg/mL者4例,PrrH在15～65 pg/mL者6例,PTTH在65-185.2 pg/mL 5例.术后骨痛症状均消失.结论 术中甲状旁腺激素测定有助于继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的旁腺切除,能极大提高手术成功率.     

甲状旁腺切除术后长期低甲状旁腺素对维持性血液透析患者骨代谢和血管钙化的影响

目的:观察维持性血液透析(maintenance hemodialysis, MHD)患者甲状旁腺切除术(parathyroidectomy, PTX)术后长期低甲状旁腺素患者骨代谢指标的变化和腹主动脉钙化的关系。方法:回顾性分析12例PTX术后完成2年随访的MHD患者,满足PTX术后6月开始持续血全段甲状旁腺素(intact parathyroid hormone, iPTH)≤60 pg/ml。收集患者的基线资料及术前、术后6月、术后12月、术后18月的腹主动脉钙化评分(abdominal aortic calcification score, AACS)、血清钙、血清磷、血清碱性磷酸酶、iPTH及血清骨代谢指标。结果:共纳入12例MHD患者,平均年龄(40.45±11.26)岁,平均透析龄(133.24±45.12)月,男(4/12,33.3%),女(8/12,66.7%)。患者术后6月、术后12月、术后18月iPTH、血清钙水平和血磷水平较术前降低差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。血清碱性磷酸酶水平,以术后12月、18月和术前比较低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。血清骨钙素水平、Ⅰ型原胶原N端前肽水平和β-胶原特殊序列水平在术后18月和术前比降低差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。至术后18月AACS和术前比差异无统计学意义(Z=0.436,P=0.663)。结论:我们的研究显示PTX术后低甲状旁腺素患者不会发生严重低钙、高磷血症,骨代谢维持在较高水平,2年内未观察到血管钙化进展加速。     

甲状腺术后症状性低钙血症的危险因素分析

目的观察甲状腺术后患者症状性低钙血症(SH)的发生与多种潜在影响因素之间的关系,根据甲状腺切除范围进行分层并探讨全段甲状旁腺激素(iPTH)对术后SH的预测价值。方法回顾性选取2020年1月—2021年2月郑州大学第一附属医院收治的3379例甲状腺术后患者中发生SH的122例患者,设为SH组。用系统抽样法抽取同年余3200例中未发生SH的100例患者,设为对照组。用Pearson相关性分析评估两组患者的年龄、术前钙、术后钙、术前iPTH、术后iPTH、中央区淋巴结数目、出血量、手术时间、性别、淋巴结清扫方式、甲状腺切除范围、术后病理类型等潜在影响因素。正态分布的计量资料以均数±标准差(Mean±SD)表示,组间比较采用t检验;计数资料组间比较采用χ^2检验。通过绘制受试者操作特征曲线(ROC)研究术前/术后(不同术式)SH组和对照组患者的iPTH水平,预测其iPTH诊断临界值,灵敏度及特异度。结果3379例甲状腺术后患者中,发生SH者122例,发病率为3.6%。SH组和对照组的性别(SH组:男8例,女114例;对照组:男27例.女73例),是否行侧区清扫(SH组:清扫58例,非清扫64例;对照组:清扫7例,非清扫93例),甲状腺切除范围(SH组:单侧14例,双侧108例;对照组:单侧73例,双侧27例).年龄(40.1岁比43.2岁),中央区淋巴结清扫数目(8.6枚比4.6枚),颈侧区淋巴结清扫数目(12.3枚比0.7枚)出血量(22.8 mL比11.0 mL),手术时间(1.7 h比0.8 h),术后iPTH(16.4 pe/mL比41.9 pg/mL),术前iPTH(39.4 pg/mL比47.8 pg/mL)和术后钙水平(1.9 mmol/L比2.2 mmol/L)比较,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。而两组患者的术后病理类型(SH组:毒性甲状腺肿4例,甲状腺髓样癌3例,甲状腺滤泡癌1例,甲状腺乳头状癌114例;对照组:甲状腺髓样癌1例,甲状腺滤泡癌1例,甲状腺乳头状癌98例。P=0.25)及术前钙(2.3 mmol/L比2.3 mmol/L,P=0.10)之间差异无统计学意义。甲状腺双侧切除患者的术后iPTH若<20.08 pg/ml,则容易出现SH,其灵敏度为74.07%,特异度为96.30%;而对于甲状腺单侧切除患者,术后iPTH<24.00 pg/mL.时容易有SH发生。结论性别、年龄、术后钙、术前iPTH、术后iPTH、中央区淋巴结数目、出血量、手术时间、淋巴结清扫方式、甲状腺切除范围是甲状腺术后发生SH的重要影响因素。随着手术范围的扩大,预测SH发生的术后iPTH水平逐渐降低。为避免术后SH的发生,需要根据手术范围及术后iPTH水平及时补钙。     

尿毒症继发性甲状旁腺亢进两种手术方式的疗效比较

目的：比较甲状旁腺次全切除与甲状旁腺全切除加自体前臂种植术治疗尿毒症维持性血透患者严重、继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进（SHPT）的临床疗效。方法：对2002年8月~2007年12月期间在我院接受甲状旁腺切除术13例患者资料（甲状旁腺次全切6例,甲状旁腺全切加自体前臂种植7例）进行回顾性分析,包括定位诊断,以及手术前后完整甲状旁腺激素（iPTH）、血钙、血磷、钙磷乘积、红细胞比容（Hct）进行比较。结果：术前分别行B超和颈部放射性核素显像断层扫描（ECT）的6例患者,B超对肿大甲状旁腺的检出率明显高于ECT。两组患者组内iPTH术后（3d,1周,1月,3月）较术前有明显的下降,有统计学意义;术后血钙、血磷及其乘积较术前明显下降,有统计学意义;术后Hct与术前水平接近,无统计学意义。两组间术前、术后iPTH及血钙、血磷、钙磷乘积水平接近,无统计学意义。结论：在两种术式均能有效的治疗SHPT和均有复发可能的情况下,甲状旁腺全切除加自体前臂种植术的二次手术简单易行,有一定的选择优势。     

帕立骨化醇治疗维持性血液透析患者继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的疗效观察

目的观察帕立骨化醇对维持性血液透析患者继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症的治疗效果。方法选择2018年7月至2019年7月对非选择性维生素D受体激动剂(VDRA)疗效不佳或不能耐受拟钙剂或不愿手术治疗的继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进(SHPT)的维持性血液透析患者56例,根据血液全段甲状旁腺素(iPTH)水平将所有患者分为三个组别:A组(300 pg/mL≤iPTH<600 pg/mL)、B组(600 pg/mL≤iPTH<800 pg/mL)、C组(iPTH≥800 pg/mL)。根据体重给予不同剂量的静脉帕立骨化醇注射液,分别检测患者治疗前、初始使用1个月以及达到帕立骨化醇维持剂量时,iPTH、血钙、血磷、钙磷乘积的变化情况。结果患者骨痛、瘙痒、疲乏等症状明显改善。所有患者初始治疗1个月,iPTH达标率为51.8%(29/56),达到帕立骨化醇注射液维持治疗剂量百分比为57.1%(32/56)。患者初始治疗1个月与治疗前相比,iPTH水平显著下降[(718.76±457.56)pg/mL vs.(956.68±375.61)pg/mL,P<0.001],血钙、血磷以及钙磷乘积无明显改变[(2.28±0.23)mmol/L vs.(2.23±0.27)mmol/L,(2.15±0.49)mmol/L vs.(2.29±0.48)mmol/L,(58.49±17.71)mg^2/dl2 vs.(62.90±13.93)mg^2/dl2,P>0.05]。进入维持治疗阶段的患者,维持治疗与初始治疗相比,iPTH水平仍有下降趋势,但差异无统计学意义[(424.82±221.23)pg/mL vs.(517.55±325.77)pg/mL,P>0.05],血钙、血磷以及钙磷乘积比较差异无统计学意义[(2.33±0.20)mmol/L vs.(2.31±0.24)mmol/L,(2.13±0.44)mmol/L vs.(2.00±0.42)mmol/L,(61.24±12.25)mg^2/dl2 vs.(55.76±15.66)mg^2/dl2,P>0.05]。结论帕立骨化醇对非选择性VDRA疗效不佳或不能耐受拟钙剂或不愿手术治疗的维持性血液透析患者SHPT有较好的疗效,明显缓解患者骨痛、瘙痒、疲乏等症状,显著降低iPTH水平,且不增加高钙血症的发生风险。     

Presenteeism and Absenteeism Before and After Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasty

BackgroundAbsenteeism is costly, yet evidence suggests that presenteeism—illness-related reduced productivity at work—is costlier. We quantified employed patients’ presenteeism and absenteeism before and after total joint arthroplasty (TJA).MethodsWe measured presenteeism (0-100 scale, 100 full performance) and absenteeism using the World Health Organization’s Health and Work Performance Questionnaire before and after TJA among a convenience sample of employed patients. We captured detailed information about employment and job characteristics and evaluated how and among whom presenteeism and absenteeism improved.ResultsIn total, 636 primary, unilateral TJA patients responded to an enrollment email, confirmed employment, and completed a preoperative survey (mean age: 62.1 years, 55.3% women). Full at-work performance was reported by 19.7%. Among 520 (81.8%) who responded to a 1-year follow-up, 473 (91.0%) were still employed, and 461 (88.7%) had resumed working. Among patients reporting at baseline and 1 year, average at-work performance improved from 80.7 to 89.4. A Wilcoxon signed-rank test indicated that postoperative performance was significantly higher than preoperative performance (P < .0001). The percentage of patients who reported full at-work performance increased from 20.9% to 36.8% (delta = 15.9%, 95% confidence interval = [10.0%, 21.9%], P < .0001). Presenteeism gains were concentrated among patients who reported declining work performance leading up to surgery. Average changes in absences were relatively small. Combined, the average monthly value lost by employers to presenteeism declined from 15.3% to 8.3% and to absenteeism from 16.9% to 15.5% (ie, mitigated loss of 8.4% of monthly value).ConclusionAmong employed patients before TJA, presenteeism and absenteeism were similarly costly. After, employed patients reported increased performance, concentrated among those with declining performance leading up to surgery.     

The German emergency and disaster medicine and management systemdhistory and present

As well for optimized emergency management in individual cases as for optimized mass medicine in disaster management, the principle of the medical doctors approaching the patient directly and timely, even close to the site of the incident, is a long-standing marker for quality of care and patient survival in Germany. Professional rescue and emergency forces, including medical services, are the “Golden Standard” of emergency management systems. Regulative laws, proper organization of resources, equipment, training and adequate delivery of medical measures are key factors in systematic approaches to manage emergencies and disasters alike and thus save lives. During disasters command, communication, coordination and cooperation are essential to cope with extreme situations, even more so in a globalized world. In this article, we describe the major historical milestones, the current state of the German system in emergency and disaster management and its integration into the broader European approach.     

Differences in Osteocyte Density and Bone Histomorphometry Between Men and Women and Between Healthy and Osteoporotic Subjects

Bone defects related to osteoporosis develop with increasing age and differ between males and females. It is currently thought that the bone remodeling process is supervised by osteocytes in a strain-dependent manner. We have shown an altered response of osteocytes from osteoporotic patients to mechanical loading, and osteocyte density is reduced in osteoporotic patients, which might relate to imperfect bone remodeling, leading to lack of bone mass and strength. Hence, information on osteocyte density will contribute to a better understanding of bone biology in males and females and to the assessment of osteoporosis. Osteocyte density as well as conventional histomorphometric parameters of trabecular bone were determined in cancellous iliac crest bone of healthy postmenopausal women and men and of osteoporotic women and men. Osteocyte density was higher in healthy females than in healthy males and lower in osteoporotic females than in healthy females. Bone mass was reduced in osteoporotic patients, both male and female. In females, trabecular number was reduced, whereas in males, trabecular thickness was reduced and eroded surface was increased. There were no correlations between the parameter groups bone architecture, bone formation, bone resorption, and osteocyte density. These results are consistent with impaired osteoblast function in osteoporotic patients and with a different mechanism of bone loss between men and women, in which osteocyte density might play a role. The reduced osteocyte numbers in female osteoporotic patients might relate to imperfect bone remodeling leading to lack of bone mass and strength. M. G. Mullender and S. D. Tan contributed equally to this work.     

肝内胆管囊腺瘤和囊腺癌的CT、MRI及病理表现

目的探讨肝内胆管囊腺瘤和囊腺癌的CT、MRI和病理特点。方法回顾性分析经手术病理证实的6例肝内胆管囊腺瘤和2例肝内胆管囊腺癌的影像及临床病理资料，将病变的影像表现与其病理大体形态及组织学表现作对照分析。结果6例肝内胆管囊腺瘤，女4例、男2例；2例肝内胆管囊腺癌均为女性病人；8例病人平均年龄55岁。所有病灶均表现为多房囊性肿块，肿瘤囊腔各分房内常为多种液体成分，在CT上可表现为不同密度、在MRI上可表现为不同信号强度。囊内出现多发大小不等的壁结节在胆管囊腺癌内更常见，囊内有分隔但无壁结节只见于胆管囊腺瘤。在7例CT扫描中，4例胆管囊腺瘤和1例胆管囊腺癌可见囊壁或分隔上钙化，囊壁、囊内分隔及囊内结节均为轻、中度延迟增强。肿瘤中出现卵巢样间质见于3例胆管囊腺瘤和1例胆管囊腺癌，且均为女性病人。结论肝内胆管囊腺瘤和囊腺癌是肝脏不常见的囊性肿瘤，影像上多房、囊内有分隔且各分房囊内密度或信号不一致，高度提示肝内胆管囊腺瘤或囊腺癌的诊断，如囊内伴有多发大小不等的结节，则进一步提示囊腺癌的可能。但影像学表现不能区分肿瘤中有无卵巢样间质。