不同干燥方法对软式内镜的干燥效果

目的探讨不同干燥方法对软式内镜及其带有管腔附件器械的干燥效果,为临床选择更好的干燥方法提供依据。方法选择待干燥处理的胆道镜及其带有管腔的附件器械600件,随机分为三组,每组各200件器械,A组:用无絮纤维布蘸取95%乙醇擦拭器械表面,用注射器抽吸95%乙醇灌注两端有开口的管腔器械内腔,用压力气枪吹干器械表面及内腔水分; B组:用干燥无絮纤维布逐一擦拭器械表面水分,再用压力气枪吹管腔3～5 s,放入50℃低温真空干燥柜20～25 min;C组:用压力气枪吹管腔3～5 s,置于60～65℃高温干燥柜10～12 min,再置于50℃低温真空干燥柜20～25 min。通过目测+气枪吹拭+称重判定干燥效果,通过计量干燥时间评价工作效率。结果 A、B、C三组器械干燥合格率分别为86.00%、94.00%、98.00%,合格率比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05),B组、C组干燥效果均优于A组(P0.0175),B、C组合格率比较,差异无统计学意义(P=0.041)。A、B、C三组达到器械表面干燥所需时间分别为15、20、12 min;对于器械管腔内干燥,两端有开口的器械A、B、C三组所需干燥时间分别为1、20、20 min,A组无法处理有盲端的器械,B、C组均需25 min。结论对不耐高温的软式内镜及其带有管腔的附件器械采用压力气枪吹管腔3～5 s,放入60～65℃高温干燥柜12 min,再置入50℃低温真空干燥柜20～25 min的干燥方法,干燥消毒效果最佳,工作效率最高。     

两种储存柜对消化内镜管腔干燥的影响研究

目的 探究智能内镜储存柜和标准内镜储存柜在干燥消化内镜管腔中的价值。方法 根据压力气枪对活检管腔充气的时间,将240条内镜分为30 s、40 s、50 s充气组,每组80条,充气结束后30 s、40 s、50 s充气组各排除已干燥内镜13、30、41条,将每组中干燥不合格的内镜采用随机数字法分为试验组和对照组,试验组放入智能内镜储存柜,对照组放入标准内镜储能柜,放置1、2、3、6、24 h采用水分测试法检测管腔是否含有残余液滴。结果30 s、40 s、50 s充气组内镜管腔干燥的合格率分别为16.25%、37.50%、51.25%,三组比较差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。充气组内镜在放入储存柜1、2、3、6 h后,智能柜与标准柜内镜管腔干燥合格率比较,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。再处理后的内镜放入智能柜中1 h即可达到所有内镜管腔干燥。30 s、40 s充气组内镜放置24 h时,智能柜和标准柜管腔干燥合格率比较,差异仍有统计学意义(均P<0.05),50 s充气组内镜放置24 h时,智能柜和标准柜管腔干燥合格率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)...     

牙科手机干燥方法对油包发生率的影响

目的 探讨3种牙科手机干燥方法在压力蒸汽灭菌中的应用效果,为牙科手机干燥灭菌提供技术指导。方法 选取2022年6—10月医院科室中可正常使用的1 200支牙科手机,注油并利用气枪吹干后,以随机数字表法分为垂直静置组（400支）、负压真空干燥柜干燥组（400支）与普通干燥柜干燥组（400支）。比较3组油包发生率。结果 普通干燥柜干燥组油包率低于垂直静置组、负压真空干燥柜干燥组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 使用普通干燥柜干燥牙科手机能够显著降低油包发生率。     

不同干燥方法对消化内镜再处理效果的影响研究

目的探讨应用微生物学监测比较乙醇干燥、压缩空气干燥等不同干燥方法对内镜消毒效果的影响。方法分层随机抽样、双盲设计,入选的内镜经专人执行标准化的"预处理-清洗-漂洗-消毒-终末漂洗"后,随机分为三组:A组99条,不进行干燥;B组96条,压缩空气吹干各管腔各30s;C组105条,75%乙醇30ml冲洗内镜各管腔,保持3min,然后用压缩空气吹干各管腔30s。微生物学采样以10ml中和剂注入内镜活检管腔,收集后接种于普通琼脂平皿,于35℃培养48h,计数菌落数。结果各组菌落数为偏态分布,C组菌落数的P70,P80,P90均小于其他两组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。三组微生物学监测合格率分别为A组73.73%、B组77.08%,C组89.52%,C组的微生物学监测合格率高于A组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);其中,胃镜经过三种干预处理后微生物学监测合格率,差异无统计学意义;而肠镜经三种干预处理后微生物学监测合格率分别为45.71%,54.28%,88.37%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。共检出病原菌86株,其中革兰阴性菌17株,检出率5.67%,革兰阳性菌68株,检出率22.67%,真菌1例,检出率0.33%;以微球菌与枯草杆菌的检出率最高。结论使用75%乙醇对消毒后的内镜进行干燥可提高内镜再处理流程的消毒效力,乙醇干燥法优于压缩空气干燥法或仅以注射器抽吸水分的方法。     

减压沸腾技术用于腔镜器械清洗效果研究

目的比较三种清洗方法对腔镜器械的清洗效果,探索最佳清洗实践。方法选取2018年4月-7月浙江大学医学院附属第一医院肝胆胰外科腔镜下胆囊切除手术后60 min内回收的90套器械,每次按顺序分为A组、B组和C组,每组150件器械。A组规范拆卸后采用规范手工清洗联合超声清洗;B组规范拆卸后装载配套清洗框中置入减压沸腾清洗机清洗;C组规范拆卸后先在含酶清洗剂中浸泡5 min,刷去可见污染物,然后再装载配套清洗框中置入减压沸腾清洗机清洗。本次研究用放大镜目测法、管腔白通条法、残留蛋白测试法对每组器械进行清洗效果检测,其中120件管腔类器械经上述三种方法检测,30件非管腔类器械经放大镜目测和残留蛋白测试法两种方法检测。采用SPSS 19.0进行统计分析。结果 A组器械总合格率为55.33%;B组器械总合格率为53.33%;C组器械总合格率为93.33%。三组总体合格率比较,差异有统计学意义(χ~2=69.287,P0.001),C组清洗总体合格率高于A组和B组(χ~2=56.764、61.364,均P0.001)。结论采用规范拆卸、含酶清洗剂浸泡、手工刷洗预处理配合减压沸腾清洗机清洗能提高腔镜器械的清洗效果。     

儿科吸引类管腔器械清洗质量评价方法比较

目的：探究分析在儿科吸引类管腔器械清洗中，应用不同质量评价方法对相关器械清洗质量的影响。方法：选取2019年1月～2020年10月本院消毒供应中心清洗过的300件儿科吸引类管腔器械为此次研究观察对象；在样本选取后，均予以目测借助放大镜检测法（设为A组）、杰力试纸检测法（设为B组），以及ATP生物荧光检测法（设为C组）进行质量评价，对比分析三种检验方法下的整体检验合格率以及器械不同部位的检验合格率、返洗率。结果：在采用不同检测方式检查后，三种检测方式的检验合格率分别为：A组99.00%、B组90.67%、C组71.67%；比较三种检测方法的检验合格率具有统计学差异（P<0.05）；组间比较可见A组检测合格率显著高于B、C组，且B组明显高于C组（P<0.05）。比较不同部位的检验合格率可见，三组检验在器械外表面、螺纹接口处的检验合格率并无统计学差异（P>0.05）；但在器械管腔内壁检验中存在统计学差异（P<0.05）,C组检验合格率明显低于A、B组。三种检测方式的返洗率分别为：A组13.67%、B组9.67%、C组1.67%；比较三种检测方法的返洗率具有统计学差异（...     

浅谈手工清洗器械的干燥方法

目的:探讨如何选择器械干燥的方法,以杜绝因方法选择不当而引起器械潮湿、滋生细菌的问题.方法:选择热水加低纤维纱布擦拭、干燥箱、压力气枪、氧气、电吹风、95％酒精6种干燥方式进行器械干燥法效果比较.结果:选择压力气枪干燥器械和官腔,存在的问题较少,经济适用.结论:正确选择器械的干燥法,不但可以节约成本,而还能防止器械因潮湿滋生细菌,是保证消毒灭菌合格的重要因素之一.     

不同方法清洗妇产科手术器械效果比较

目的比较不同方法清洗妇产科手术器械的效果，探寻有效的器械清洗方法。方法将某院妇产科门诊人流手术器械60套随机分为A、B、C 3组，每组20套。A组采用多酶浸泡加手工清洗，B组采用多酶浸泡加机洗，C组采用超声联合机洗，比较3组清洗方法的清洗效果。结果采用目测和放大镜检测，C组合格率(99.78%)显著高于A组(73.48%)和B组(78.70%)，差异均有统计学意义（均P＜0.0125）；A组与B组比较，差异无统计学意义（P＞0.0125）。A组与B组非管腔类手术器械清洗合格率显著高于管腔类器械（均P＜0.05）。采用隐血试验检测，C组合格率(99.16%)显著高于A组（75.00%）和B组(80.61%)，差异均有统计学意义（均P＜0.0125）；A组与B组比较，差异无统计学意义（P＞0.0125）。各组别管腔类器械与非管腔类器械清洗合格率比较，差异均无统计学意义（均P＞0.05）。结论对于管腔、复杂类器械，在常规多酶浸泡的基础上，结合超声波后再机洗的方法，能有效提高器械清洗质量，确保灭菌效果。     

可视化径道检视仪联合ATP生物荧光检测在腔镜器械清洗质控中的应用

目的 可视化径道检视仪联合ATP生物荧光检测法在腔镜器械清洗质量控制中的应用效果。方法 选择2021年6-12月解放军总医院第七医学中心手术室术后腔镜器械中的管腔器械600件，采用随机数字表法分为A、B、C三组，每组200件器械。分别于预处理前、预处理后、清洗消毒后检测清洗质量，A组进行ATP生物荧光检测，B组进行可视化径道检视仪检测，C组两种检测方法联合使用检测。结果 A、B、C三组在预处理前，管腔器械内、外及轴节污染状况比较无统计学差异。经过预处理后，A、B、C三组的管腔器械内部及轴节清洁状态比较无统计学差异，但外表面经过预处理后，A、B、C三组的比较有统计学差异(χ²=84.445,P<0.001)。清洗消毒后，A、B、C三组的整把管腔器械的清洗合格率比较有统计学差异(χ²=6.957,P=0.031)。结论 可视化径道检视仪联合ATP生物荧光检测能够有效提高腔镜器械的清洗效果。     

三种预处理方法对管腔类器械的清洗效果比较

目的探讨管腔类器械清洗的最佳预处理方法。方法选择270件中度污染的管腔类器械,按不同预处理方法分为三组各90例:A组采用多酶清洗液浸泡10 min后清洗,B组采用含氯消毒剂浸泡30 min后采用多酶清洗液浸泡10 min再清洗,C组采用含氯消毒剂浸泡30 min后清洗。评价并比较三组的清洗效果。结果 1三组的清洗目测合格率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。2A组、B组的隐血试验结果显著优于C组(P<0.05);A组与B组比较无统计学差异(P>0.05)。3A组与B组的ATP试验腔内合格率显著高于C组(P<0.05),A组与B组比较无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论管腔类器械采用多酶清洗液进行预处理的效果显著优于含氯消毒液,但二者联合应用并不能提高清洗效果,多酶清洗液可替代含氯消毒液用于清洗的预处理。     

4种降低牙科手机油性湿包率的方法比较

目的:比较经4种方法处理后的牙科手机油性湿包率,为临床选择最合适的处理方法提供依据。方法:手机注油后按处理方法不同分为4组:倒置。05h后包装、压力气枪吹气10s后包装、包装袋内垫双层吸水纸包装、干燥柜干燥5h后包装法。选择品牌为NSK高速涡轮四孔手机,经Steelco清洗机清洗消毒、压力气枪干燥、Nsk手机保养系统(以下简称注油机)注油后,采取4种方法处理包装各500支,高压蒸汽灭菌后,比较油性湿包情况。结果:4组处理方法对降低手机油性湿包之间的差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。手机注油后在纸塑包装袋的纸面垫双层吸水纸和干燥柜干燥5h后包装法,在高压蒸汽灭菌后降低油性湿包率效果最好。其4组处理方法的油性湿包率分别为:倒置0.5h后包装19.80%,高压气枪吹气10s后包装10.60%、纸塑包装袋的纸面垫双层吸水纸包装1.20%、干燥柜干燥5h后包装0.80%。结论:手机注油后在纸塑包装袋的纸面垫双层吸水纸和干燥柜干燥5h后包装法在高压蒸汽灭菌后降低油性湿包率的效果明显优于另2组处理方法。     

Efficiency of hand drying for removing bacteria from washed hands: comparison of paper towel drying with warm air drying.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate warm air and paper towel drying for removing bacteria from washed hands. METHODS: After hands were washed with non-antibacterial soap, they were dried using warm air with and without ultraviolet light, while being rubbed or held stationary, or paper towels. Each method was performed as a randomized trial using 30 hands. RESULTS: Log colony-forming units (CFU) on palms and fingers increased significantly when hands were dried with warm air while being rubbed for 15 seconds (P < .001), and many bacteria remained at 30 seconds without ultraviolet light (P < .001) Holding hands stationary while drying significantly decreased log CFU on palms, fingers, and fingertips (P < .01 or < .001). Few CFU were detected on palms and fingers dried with ultraviolet light. Although log CFU of palms and fingers did not decrease after drying with three sheets of paper towel, those of fingertips decreased significantly (P < .001). For palms and fingers, log reductions were greater with warm air drying while holding hands stationary, paper towels, and warm air drying while rubbing hands. For fingertips, the log reduction was often greater with paper towels than with warm air. CONCLUSIONS: Holding hands stationary and not rubbing them was desirable for removing bacteria. Ultraviolet light reinforced the removal of bacteria during warm air drying. Paper towels were useful for removing bacteria from fingertips but not palms and fingers.     

生物安全柜动态条件下空气细菌污染监测与影响因素分析

目的:分析生物安全柜动态条件下空气细菌污染监测与影响因素。方法:采用平板自然沉降法收集生物安全柜内外空气细菌,将在生物安全柜内实验操作前准备好实验可能用到的材料,避免频繁出入房间的和生物安全柜操作窗口的作为观察组,将没有特别要求的作为对照组,并将两组分别分为生物安全柜内消毒净化空气的BSC区和柜外周边消毒区域的外周区,分别进行生物安全柜工作后10min、20min、40min以及60min的空气细菌数对比分析。结果:观察组与对照组各个时间段BSC区的空气细菌数均明显少于周边区(P<0.05);观察组与对照组各个时间段BSC区空气细菌数无明显差异(P>0.05);观察组对对照组各个时间段外周区空气细菌数存在显著差异(P<0.05)。结论:生物安全柜在动态条件下可以有效保证柜内空气的清洁和细菌数量的稳定性,不会随着采样次数的增加而出现细菌数有所增加的趋势,人员活动并不会对空气安全柜内空气的清洁造成影响。     

Endoscope drying/storage cabinet: interest and efficacy

Inadequate drying of endoscope channels is a possible cause of microbial proliferation during storage. This risk could be reduced by any procedure or process used to dry endoscope channels and control storage conditions. The efficacy of a drying and storage cabinet (Hysis Medical) was tested on three different endoscopes: a colonoscope (Olympus); duodenoscope (Fujinon) and an enteroscope (Pentax), all of which had been artificially contaminated with a suspension of Pseudomonas aeruginosa CIP 103467. Changes to the residual internal contamination level of these endoscopes when stored inside or outside the drying cabinet for 12, 24, 48 or 72 h were compared. When stored in the drying and storage cabinet, microbial contamination levels on endoscopes were lower than the number of bacteria initially introduced and could decrease considerably thereafter. For endoscopes stored outside the drying storage cabinet, microbial numbers were stable or even increased. These data demonstrate the advantages of such endoscope drying/storage cabinets that limit the risk of bacterial proliferation in the internal channels of endoscopes during storage, and which ensure that the disinfection level reached at the end of the reprocessing procedure is maintained.     

人外周血淋巴细胞培养基冻干工艺研究

目的对染色体分析用人外周血淋巴细胞培养基进行冻干工艺进行优化。方法首先以澄清度和细胞培养分裂相比例为检测指标确定冻干前培养液浓缩倍率。其次运用正交试验设计法L934法，以冻干粉外观、水分残留率、分裂相比例为检测指标，对冻干工艺过程的的预冻、升华干燥、解析干燥等三个阶段的主要参数进行考察和分析，获得主要参数最优组合的冻干曲线。最后，以优化的冻干工艺生产的三批冻干培养基进行适用性验证。结果确定冻干前培养液的浓缩倍率为3．O。正交实验分析表明：主干燥时间和主干燥真空压力对细胞分裂相比例的影响有显著的统计学意义（P〈0．05）。优化的冻干参数为预冻温度一45℃、时间2h；升华干燥阶段温度从-45℃升温至20℃，时间14h，真空压力35Pa；解析干燥阶段的温度维持于28℃，真空压力为1．0Pa，终点测试压力无变化时通入干燥无茵空气至冻干箱内压力为76kPa后压塞，再通入干燥无菌空气至箱体内压力为1个标准大气压时冻千结束。用优化冻干工艺生产的三批培养基的验证结果显示外观合格率、水分残留率、常温保存180d后的分裂相比例均符合质量标准要求。结论优化的淋巴细胞培养基冻干工艺可行，可用于制备常温贮存的人外周血淋巴细胞培养基。     

深度脱水低温干化焚烧发电的污泥处置工艺可行性研究

介绍了污泥的基本特性与减容难点,分析了污泥干化机理,对生活垃圾掺烧污泥进行了可行性研究,最终提出了一种污泥调理＋深度脱水＋低温干化＋焚烧发电的组合式工艺。     

Heat-stable measles vaccine produced by spray drying

A combination of unique stabilizers and mild spray drying process conditions was employed to produce heat-stable measles vaccine powder. Live attenuated measles vaccine from Serum Institute of India was formulated with pharmaceutically approved stabilizers, including sugars, proteins, amino acids, polymers, surfactants, and plasticizers, as well as charged ions. In addition, the effects of buffer salt and pH on the storage stability of measles virus were examined. The potency of the dried vaccine stored at several temperatures was quantified by TCID₅₀ assay on Vero cells. As a comparison to other process methods, lead formulations were also subjected to freeze drying and foam drying. The optimized measles vaccine formulation tested at 37 °C was stable for approximately 8 weeks (i.e. time for 1 log TCID₅₀ loss). The measles titer decreased in a bi-phasic manner, with initial rapid loss within the first week but relative stability thereafter. Key stabilizers identified during the formulation screening processes were l-arginine, human serum albumin, and a combination of divalent cations. Spray drying was identified as the optimal processing method for the preparation of dried vaccine, as it generally resulted in negligible process loss and comparable, if not better storage stability, with respect to the other processes. Processing methods and formulation components were developed that produced a measles vaccine stable for up to 8 weeks at 37 °C, which surpassed the WHO requirement for heat stability of 1 week at that temperature.     

Effect of freeze drying and oven drying on antioxidant properties of fresh wheatgrass

The effects of freeze drying and hot air drying on total phenolics, total flavonoids and antioxidant properties of flour from seven-day-old fresh wheatgrass (Triticum aestivum L.) were investigated. In the quantitative analysis of antioxidative components, fresh wheatgrass samples had the highest amount of ascorbic acid and chlorophyll, but the lowest amount of total flavonoids and phenolics. In the analysis of ferric-reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP), ethanolic extract from freeze-dried wheatgrass gave the highest value, while the α-tocopherol gave the lowest value. In the analysis of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging ability, freeze-dried wheatgrass samples exhibited the highest activity among the three samples.     

Effect of air velocity on kinetics of thin layer carrot pomace drying

Carrot pomace is a by-product obtained during carrot juice processing. Thin layer carrot pomace drying was performed in a laboratory scale hot air forced convective dryer. The drying experiments were carried out at the air velocity of 0.5, 0.7 and 1.0?m/s at air temperatures from 60 to 75 °C. It was observed that whole drying process of carrot pomace took place in a falling rate period except a very short accelerating period at the beginning. Mathematical models were tested to fit drying data of carrot pomace. The best fit model was observed on the basis of R2, Chi-square and RMSE values. R2 values for all the selected models were above 0.9783. The average values of effective diffusivity ranged from 2.61?×?10(-9) to 3.64?×?10(-9)?m2/s.