Effect of glatiramer acetate on short‐term memory impairment induced by lipopolysaccharide in male mice

Glatiramer acetate (GA) demonstrates neuroprotective, neurogenesis, and anti‐inflammatory properties. This study examines the probable protective effect of acute GA on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced memory impairment in male mice and further explores which routes of administration [subcutaneous (s.c.) or intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.)] exert optimum effect. Memory performance was evaluated in two‐trial recognition Y‐maze and passive‐avoidance tasks evaluating special recognition memory and fear memory, respectively. Memory impairment was induced by LPS [100 μg/kg, intraperitoneally (i.p.)], 4 h before training. In Y‐maze, GA (10, 2.5, 0.625, 0.153, and 0.03 mg/kg, s.c.; 250 μg/mouse; i.c.v.) was administered 10 min following LPS, and special memory was assayed in Y‐maze apparatus. In passive avoidance, LPS (100, 250 μg/kg; i.p.) was injected 4 h before receiving foot shock, and GA (10, 2.5; s.c.) or (250 μg/mouse; i.c.v.) was administered 4 h before the shock. Following 24 h, the fear memory was evaluated. Memory impaired significantly following LPS (100, 250 μg/kg; i.p.) in Y‐maze and passive‐avoidance tasks, P < 0.001 and P < 0.05, respectively. The data revealed that GA (250 μg/mouse, i.c.v.) and GA (10, 2.5 mg/kg; s.c.) in Y‐maze reversed memory impairment (LPS 100 μg/kg, i.p.) (P < 0.01). In passive‐avoidance task, GA (2.5, 10 mg/kg; s.c.) reversed LPS‐induced impairment and the mice showed significantly longer latency times during the retention trial (P < 0.01). GA improved memory impairment both centrally and systemically. It improved spatial recognition memory increasing the average time in the novel arm and improved fear memory increasing latency time. GA administration improved memory impairment profoundly through both systemic and central routs.     

长程的运动训练对新生期大鼠反复惊厥所致学习和记忆损害的影响

目的:探讨早期长程跑步运动对新生期大鼠反复惊厥发作引起的学习记忆障碍的干预作用。方法:18只8日龄(P8)SD大鼠依据随机数字表法分成空白对照组(CONT)、惊厥组(EXP1)及惊厥加运动训练组(EXP2),每组各6只。适应性喂养1天后,EXP1组和EXP2组于P9吸入三氟乙醚诱导惊厥发作,连续诱导7d,CONT组同样操作但不吸入三氟乙醚。三组大鼠于P58—P64进行水迷宫测试以检测各组大鼠的学习记忆能力,其间于P16—P57 EXP2组大鼠进行跑台运动训练。结果:(1)水迷宫定向航行实验显示:三组大鼠水迷宫逃避潜伏期存在组间显著性差异[F=429.90,P0.05],训练天数显著性差异[F=282.30,P0.05]以及组间因素与训练天数的交互作用的显著性差异[F=12.71,P0.05],差异具有显著性意义。EXP2组大鼠逃避潜伏期较EXP1组大鼠均明显缩短(P0.05),EXP2组大鼠与CONT组大鼠比较无显著性差异(P0.05),趋于正常。(2)空间探索实验:EXP2组大鼠较EXP1组大鼠穿越平台次数明显增多(P0.05),EXP2组大鼠与CONT组大鼠比较无显著性差异(P0.05),趋于正常。结论:运动训练能够明显减少反复惊厥组大鼠逃避潜伏期时间,增加穿越平台次数,这有可能是由于运动训练改善了惊厥大鼠学习记忆能力所导致的。     

Effects of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors 1‐(2‐trifluoromethylphenyl) – imidazole (TRIM) and 7‐nitroindazole (7‐NI) on learning and memory in mice

Nitric oxide (NO) plays an important role in hippocampal long‐term potentiation (LTP), which is involved in memory processes. This led to the hypothesis that nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors will have disturbing effects on learning and memory. The aim of our study was to investigate the effects of the new selective neuronal and inducible NOS inhibitor 1‐ (2‐trifluoromethylphenyl) imidazole (TRIM) (10–50 mg/kg) on learning and memory and compare it to the nonselective NOS inhibitor 7‐NI (15–45 mg/kg) using different behavioral tests in Swiss mice, thus clarifying the role of neuronal NOS (nNOS) and endothelial NOS (eNOS) in cognitive processes. TRIM had no specific effect on either learning or memory parameters, while 7‐NI (30 mg/kg) disturbed spatial memory in the probe trial of the Morris water maze test, which was performed on the last day of the test. No differences between TRIM and the control groups were observed, while 7‐NI (30 and 45 mg/kg) significantly disturbed memory in the novel object recognition test. In the social transmission of food preference test, both TRIM (50 mg/kg) and 7‐NI (45 mg/kg) impaired hippocampal olfactory memory, but the total food consumption was also significantly decreased at these doses. In the passive avoidance test, TRIM did not disturb the performance, while memory impairment was observed, even with lower doses of 7‐NI. All of these results suggest that TRIM has no clear effect on cognitive impairment compared to 7‐NI and that inhibition of both nNOS and eNOS are necessary for the deterioration of memory processes.     

运动训练对亚硝酸钠致记忆障碍模型小鼠学习记忆能力的影响

目的:考察运动训练对亚硝酸钠致记忆障碍模型小鼠学习记忆能力的影响,并探讨其作用机制。方法：昆明种小鼠采用被动跑轮法进行运动训练。训练6周后,采用小鼠Morris水迷宫法测试小鼠学习记忆能力;比色法检测大脑组织中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性及丙二醛（MDA）含量,HE染色观察海马组织形态学改变。结果：与空白对照组比较,模型对照组小鼠定向游泳实验潜伏期显著延长（P<0.05）,SOD活力显著降低（P<0.05）,MDA含量显著升高（P<0.05）,海马神经元变性、脱落;与模型对照组比较,运动组小鼠游泳潜伏期显著缩短（P<0.05）,SOD活力显著增强（P<0.05）,MDA含量显著降低（P<0.05）,海马神经元的变性及脱落显著改善。结论：运动训练能显著改善亚硝酸钠所致小鼠学习记忆障碍,其作用机制可能与提高小鼠自由基清除能力有关。     

Factors Influencing the Participation of Middle‐Aged and Older Latin‐American Women in Physical Activity: A Stroke‐Prevention Behavior

Despite the known benefits of regular physical activity for preventing stroke and cardiovascular disease, middle‐aged and older Latin‐American women continue to be physically inactive and demonstrate a high incidence of obesity. Ethnographic methodology was used to explore factors that influenced this health behavior in 25 Latin‐American women. Perceptions of health, the health activities in which they engaged, and the factors that influenced their participation in physical activity comprised the three categories of responses. Facilitators and barriers were identified as the two primary categories and were further sorted into intrinsic or extrinsic factors. Conclusions of this study were that these Latin American women, despite multiple role demands and other barriers, participated in some form of physical activity; however, culturally sensitive strategies are needed to promote sustained physical activity in this population.     

Identification and initial characterization of novel neural immediate early genes possibly differentially contributing to foraging‐related learning and memory processes in the honeybee

Despite possessing a limited number of neurones compared to vertebrates, honeybees show remarkable learning and memory performance, an example being ‘dance communication’. In this phenomenon, foraging honeybees learn the location of a newly discovered food source and transmit the information to nestmates by symbolic abdomen vibrating behaviour, leading to navigation of nestmates to the new food source. As an initial step toward understanding the detailed molecular mechanisms underlying the sophisticated learning and memory performance of the honeybee, we focused on the neural immediate early genes (IEGs), which are specific genes quickly transcribed after neural activity without de novo protein synthesis. Although these have been reported to play an essential role in learning and memory processes in vertebrates, far fewer studies have been performed in insects in this regard. From RNA‐sequencing analysis and subsequent assays, we identified three genes, Src homology 3 (SH3) domain binding kinase, family with sequence similarity 46 and GB47136, as novel neural IEGs in the honeybee. Foragers and/or orientating bees, which fly around their hives to memorize the positional information, showed induced expression of these IEGs in the mushroom body, a higher‐order centre essential for learning and memory, indicating a possible role for the novel IEGs in foraging‐related learning and memory processes in the honeybee.     

电针对血管性痴呆大鼠记忆力及海马BDNF、PSD-95蛋白表达的影响

目的:观察电针对血管性痴呆(VD)大鼠记忆力的影响,以及其对大鼠海马组织脑源性神经生长因子(BDNF)与突触后致密蛋白-95(PSD-95)蛋白表达的影响,探讨电针治疗血管性痴呆的可能分子机制。方法:将Wistar大鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组和电针组,每组8只。假手术组暴露双侧颈总动脉,但不结扎;模型组和电针组采用双侧颈总动脉永久性结扎法建立VD大鼠模型。治疗过程中3组大鼠均采用柔软型大鼠固定器固定。电针组选取百会、足三里穴,接通电流,每天1次,每次留针30min,连续治疗14天;模型组与假手术组只给予固定。治疗前后采用新事物识别实验对3组大鼠进行记忆力的检测。治疗结束后采用免疫印迹法检测大鼠海马组织BDNF与PSD-95的蛋白质表达情况,采用Image J图像分析系统对蛋白表达水平进行分析。结果:经过14天的治疗后,电针组大鼠对新物体的探索指数高于治疗前(P0.05),高于模型组大鼠(P0.05)。电针组大鼠海马组织的BDNF、PSD-95的蛋白质表达均高于模型组,差异有显著性意义(P0.05)。结论:电针血管性痴呆模型大鼠的百会穴、足三里穴能有效改善血管性痴呆大鼠的记忆能力,提高大鼠海马组织中PSD-95、BDNF蛋白的表达,电针对记忆力的改善可能与PSD-95、BDNF表达增加相关,有可能是通过影响BDNFGluA1-PSD95信号传导通路而发挥效用。     

海马损伤对大鼠学习和记忆的影响

目的研究海马损伤对大鼠学习和记忆的影响。方法用肌注马桑内脂建立海马CA1区神经细胞坏死大鼠模型(癫痫模型),在此基础上,检测条件性回避反应大鼠所需时间,来证明海马损伤对大鼠学习和记忆的影响。结果海马神经细胞损伤大鼠的学习和记忆能力均明显下降。结论海马神经细胞的功能与学习记忆有非常密切的关系,海马神经细胞参与了学习和记忆能力的形成和调节过程。     

植物性雌激素三羟异黄酮对脑缺血大鼠学习记忆的影响

目的：观察植物性雌激素三羟异黄酮（GST）对脑缺血大鼠学习记忆的影响。方法：雌性大鼠，行双侧卵巢切除手术后，皮下注射三羟异黄酮治疗，10天后结扎双侧颈总动脉，制备脑缺血动物模型。2个月后，用水迷宫法测定大鼠学习记忆能力的改变，并取海马组织作超薄切片电镜分析。结果：①水迷宫测试结果：GST组与去卯巢对照组比较，游完全程的时间明显缩短，错误反应次数明显减少。②形态学观察：去卵巢对照组海马神经元超微结构有明显损害，而GST组能明显改善海马神经元的损伤。结论：GST通过对脑缺血动物脑神经元保护作用，提高卯巢去势大鼠学习记忆的能力。     

吸入麻醉药七氟醚对儿童学习记忆的影响

目的观察研究吸入麻醉药七氟醚对儿童高级神经活动学习、记忆功能的影响。方法选择7~10岁男生择期下腹部手术33例,分为七氟醚组(20例)和对照组(13例)。采用"韦氏记忆量表"进行学习记忆能力的测试,测试术前、术后1d、术后1周长时记忆、短时记忆及瞬时记忆的量表得分。结果①七氟醚组和对照组2组术后1d与术前、术后1周相比,短时记忆量表得分均显著下降,差异有显著性(P<0.05);②术后1周2组患儿的短时记忆量表得分均已经接近原来的水平;③术后1d短时记忆量表得分七氟醚组与对照组量表得分相近,差异没有显著性意义。结论①手术患儿学习记忆能力的改变,术后1 d在短时记忆的分测验中有明显的下降,而对长时记忆和瞬时记忆没有明显改变;②未能提示吸入麻醉药七氟醚对儿童学习\记忆能力的影响是一个独立的风险因素。     

Effects of hippocampal histone acetylation and HDAC inhibition on spatial learning and memory in the Morris water maze in rats

In recent years, it has been pointed out that epigenetic changes affect learning and memory formation. Particularly, it has been shown that histone acetylation and DNA methylation work in concert to regulate learning and memory formation. We aimed to examine whether acetylation of H2B within the rat hippocampus alters by trainings in the Morris water maze test. Male, 2–3 months old, Sprague Dawley rats were trained in Morris water maze task. Animals were given four trials per day for five consecutive days to locate a hidden platform. On the sixth day, the platform was removed and the animals were swum for 60 s. The effects of sodium butyrate, histone deacetylase inhibitor, were tested on normal and scopolamine-induced memory-impaired rats. The histone deacetylase inhibitor, sodium butyrate, increased histone H2B acetylation in normal rats. Sodium butyrate had no effect on learning and memory performance of normal rats; however, it partially ameliorated learning and memory disruption induced by scopolamine. So, the histone deacetylase inhibitors can be new treatment agent for cognitive disorders.