先转流后游离肝脏的肝移植方法

目的 探讨先转流后游离肝脏的肝移植方法是否可行。方法 转流条件下的经典式肝移植23例（前期组）;进腹后先解剖肝十二指肠韧带、结扎切断胆总管及左右肝动脉、游离出门静脉进行转流,然后阻断肝上下腔静脉,游离肝周韧带及肝后下腔静脉,切肝、止血、植肝,共31例（后期组）。结果 转流时间:前期组（99.78±21.6）min,后期组（96.32±22.25）min;冷缺血时间:前期组（484.78±134.01）min,后期组（443.15±85.27）min;无肝期时间:前期组（100.00±21.19）min,后期组（102.00±24.31）min;术中失血量:前期组（5096.09±4243.59）ml,后期组（1726.23±1125.29）以P<0.01）;术中输血量:前期组（3676±2938.74）ml,后期组（1217.69±829.72）ml,两组相比 P<0.01。术后并发症:前期组（23例）26症例次,后期组（31例）19症例次。结论 先转流后游离肝脏的肝移植方法是一新的肝移植方法,有优越性。     

腹腔镜胆总管探查胆管一期缝合(附302例临床分析)

目的:探讨腹腔镜胆总管探查胆管一期缝合的方法、适应证和禁忌证。方法:回顾总结一期胆管缝合302例的临床资料。术后3月作静脉胆道造影或B超随访。其适应证是（1）探查阴性;（2）胆管结石取净,胆管下端通畅,无或轻中度胆管炎;（3）重症胆管炎经鼻胆管引流好转。禁忌证是（1）肝内胆管结石;（2）胆总管结石未取净;（3）重症胆管炎;（4）胆总管下端通不佳。结果:279例结石取净;20例探查阴性。发生并发症15例（5.0％）,死亡1例。平均随访4.6年（3月～9年）,无胆管狭窄。结论:多数患者腹腔镜胆总管探查后可行胆管一期缝合。     

线粒体融合蛋白2在高糖诱导的足细胞内质网应激与凋亡中的作用

目的:探讨线粒体融合蛋白2（mitofusion 2,Mfn2）在高糖诱导的足细胞内质网应激（endoplasmic reticulum stress,ERS）与凋亡中的作用及分子机制。方法:（1）构建链脲菌素（streptozocin,STZ）诱导大鼠糖尿病（diabetes mellitus,DM）模型。HE染色观...     

LncRNA-NEF通过吸附miR-21调节绝经后骨质疏松小鼠的免疫失衡和PD-1/PD-1L介导的Treg-Th17细胞平衡

目的:研究长链非编码RNA（lncRNA）NEF对绝经后骨质疏松症（PMOP）小鼠T细胞免疫功能的调节机制。方法:使用Balb/c小鼠建立去卵巢模型（OVX,模拟PMOP）（46只）,设立假手术（sham）对照组（16只）,从这两组小鼠中用随机数字表法各选6只安乐死后分离培养骨髓间充质干细胞（BMSCs）;构建NEF的...     

及时应用经胸超声心动图评估可改善重症监护室患者急性肾损伤发生后的临床预后

目的:探讨经胸超声心动图（transthoracic echocardiography,TTE）评估对重症监护室（intensive care unit,ICU）患者发生急性肾损伤（acute kidney injury,AKI）后住院预后的影响。方法:回顾性收集美国重症监护医学信息数据库（MIMIC-Ⅲ v1.4）中...     

全身炎症反应综合征对重症急性胰腺炎预后的影响

目的: 了解重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）时全身炎症反应综合征（SIRS）的发生及其对预后的影响 。方法: 对37例SAP患者进行回顾分析,按治疗结果分为治愈组和死亡组,分别对SIRS标准、脏器受损情况及预后进行观察 。结果: 28例治愈（治愈组）,9例死亡（死亡组）。治愈组符合SIRS标准者23例（23/28）,其中符合3项以上者6例（6/28）,死亡组全部病例均符合SIRS诊断标准,其中符合3项以上标准者7例（7/9）。两组间统计,P<0.005。多器官功能障碍发生情况：治愈组4例（4/28）,死亡组9例（9/9）,P<0.005。SAP时SIRS的发生率较高,本组为84.21%（32/37） 。结论: 多器官功能障碍综合征（MODS）的发生随达到SIRS标准项目数的增加而大大增加,病死率也随之增高。     

氦氖激光血管内照射对颈髓损伤患者血液流变学及抗氧化能力的影响

目的:观察低能量氦氖激光血管内照射（ILIB）对颈髓损伤患者血液流变学及机体抗氧化能力的影响,探讨其临床意义。方法:将49例颈髓损伤患者分为低能量氦氖激光治疗组（25例）和常规治疗组（24例）,治疗前及治疗1个月后检测患者血液流变学及超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和内二醛（MDA）水平,并与对照组比较。结果:颈髓损伤患者血液粘度增高,血清SOD活力降低,MDA含量增高（P<0.05）。与常规治疗组相比,激光治疗组治疗后全血粘度高低切变值和血浆粘度明显改善（P<0.05）,血清SOD活力增高（P<0.05）,MDA含量显著降低（P<0.05）。结论:ILIB可改善颈髓损伤患者血液流变学状况,提高机体抗氧化能力,减轻自由基的损害。     

CENP-A通过调控PI3K/AKT/NF-κB信号通路对卵巢癌细胞侵袭、迁移的影响

目的:探究着丝粒蛋白-A（CENP-A）对卵巢癌（OC）细胞侵袭、迁移的影响,并探讨相关机制。方法:体外培养OC细胞系A2780细胞株,分为NG组（空白对照组）、pcDNA组（阴性转染组,转染pcDNA载体质粒）、pcDNA-CENP-A组（过表达CENP-A组,转染pcDNA-CENP-A载体质粒）、通路抑制剂组（转...     

巢式RT-PCR定量检测肝癌、癌旁组织及正常肝组织内AFPmRNA

目的:探讨肝癌、癌旁组织及正常肝组织内AFPmRNA的表达含量 。方法:应用巢式RT-PCR定量检测肝癌、癌旁组织及正常肝组织内AFPmRNA 。结果:17例AFP（+）癌旁组织内AFPmRNA表达强阳性（+++）,其癌旁组织内AFPmRNA表达呈中度阳性（++）。15例AFP（-）肝癌、癌旁组织及正常肝组织内AFPmRNA表达弱阳性（+） 。结论:AFP（+）肝癌组织过量表达AFPmRNA基因,正常肝组织仅微弱表达AFPmRNA。     

重症胰腺炎的手术时机确定和手术方法改进

目的 寻找有效治疗重症胰腺炎的手术时机和良好的手术方法。方法 治疗分两个阶段:第一阶段,共17例,为1990年1月-1992年6月间收治的重症胰腺炎患者。（1）手术组:8例血性腹水,按传统手术方法手术;（2）非手术组:9例未抽出明显腹水,行保守治疗。第二阶段:78例,为1992年7月-1999年8月间收治的重症胰腺炎患者。其中67例经腹腔穿刺抽出血性腹水的患者按双盲法随机分为两组:（1）单纯腹腔置管术组:35例。（2）改良手术组:32例,该组患者行胆囊切除、胆总管探查、空肠造瘘及大网膜切除术。（3）非手术组:11例经腹腔穿刺未抽出明显腹水,采用保守治疗。结果 第一阶段:（1）手术组:8例中死亡7例,存活1例。（2）非手术组:9例全部存活。第二阶段:（1）单纯腹腔置管术组:35例患者中,4例术后死亡,31例存活,其中6例出现假性囊肿。（2）改良手术组:32例均未行第二次手术,无假性囊肿形成。（3）保守治疗组:11例全部存活。结论 重症胰腺炎的手术时机应该是:在任何时候经腹腔内抽出血性腹水,就应及时手术;重症胰腺炎的手术方式应是:尽可能不于扰胰腺,保持胰腺的完整性。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.