应用Hyprocure治疗儿童可复性平足疗效分析

目的分析应用Hyprocure治疗儿童可复性平足的疗效。方法自2012年1月至2013年2月应用Hyprocure治疗儿童可复性平足19例33足。均为儿童,男3例5足,女16例28足;年龄6~12岁。手术采用局麻2 cm足部跗骨窦切口,用特定工具将Hyprocure置入跗骨窦。结果术后平均随访4个月(1~9个月)。患者均下地负重行走。以美国足踝外科协会踝-后足评分法进行评估,优21足,良6足,可6足,优良率81%。结论应用Hyprocure治疗儿童可复性平足手术操作简单、创伤小、疗效确切。     

先天性多发关节挛缩症致马蹄内翻足的治疗

目的 研究先天性多发关节挛缩症患者的马蹄内翻足畸形治疗。方法 回顾性分析先天性多发关节挛缩症的马蹄内翻足畸形32例（64足）的临床资料,根据Sodergard评定方法进行综合评价。结果 保守治疗满意4足,手术治疗60足中,14足1次手术获得满意结果,467足初次术后畸形复发,占77.7%,有些足需3次手术。结论 手术治疗应在1岁前行彻底的软组织松解,对于复发性、顽固性的马蹄内翻足距骨切除术是一种值得考虑的手术。     

副舟骨合并平足畸形诊治进展

平足畸形通常指患足内侧纵弓降低或消失,前足外展、后足外翻,大致可分为柔韧性和僵硬性平足,造成其畸形的原因可分为骨性因素和软组织因素,多数患者无症状。副舟骨通常被认为是一种正常的解剖变异,根据解剖多分为3种类型,其极少引发症状。目前副舟骨与平足畸形的相关性研究尚无定论,引起患者症状的原因大致可分为胫后肌腱相关原因及与副舟骨相关的局部机械因素。对副舟骨合并平足畸形诊断需结合病史、查体、影像学检查及病理学检查,其中X线检查是首选影像学检查。副舟骨合并平足畸形治疗首选保守治疗,手术治疗可分为单纯副舟骨处理和（或）平足畸形矫正相关手术,手术方式各有特点,需个体化设计。该文就副舟骨和平足畸形的特点、相关性及副舟骨合并平足畸形诊治研究进展进行综述。     

改良Ponseti方法治疗早期先天性马蹄内翻足

先天性马蹄内翻足（congenital clubfoot,CCF）是小儿足部常见的一种先天性畸形,表现为足马蹄、后足内翻、前足内收、高弓。该病严重影响患儿的成长发育、身心健康及日后的生活,目前治疗CCF的办法很多,但复发率较高,不但增加手术次数,而且增加患者治疗费用,也带来不必要的残疾。目前国际公认的早期保守治疗的较好方法是Ponseti方法,     

老年人(足母)外翻畸形围手术期处理

[目的]探讨老年人(足母)趾外翻畸形围手术期处理的意义和诊治要点.[方法]自2000年1月～2006年12月实施老年人(足母)趾外翻矫形术45例,69足;病人年龄60～79岁,平均66.6岁,伴随疾病9种,共46个病变.手术前对伴随疾病作全面诊断,妥善治疗.根据(足母)趾外翻畸形程度、病人年龄及伴随症选择最佳麻醉和手术方式.术后注意预防各种并发症及实施适合老年人的康复治疗.[结果]本组45例,手术全部成功.围手术期伴随疾病无发作或加重,未出现全身及局部并发症.术后患足X线片,与术前比较:(足母)趾外翻角平均改善25°;第Ⅰ、Ⅱ跖骨间角平均改善7°.[结论]老年人(足母)趾外翻畸形保守治疗无效应当采取手术治疗,完善的围手术处理是手术成功和病人安全的保证.     

双踝角测量及在先天性马蹄内翻足治疗中的应用

[目的]报道对正常婴幼儿足双踝角(FBM)的研究,并总结应用双踝角对先天性马蹄内翻足患儿病变程度进行分类与治疗评估的经验。[方法]测量足印长轴与内外踝的内上夹角为双踝角。2002年6月～2004年4月,测量正常儿140足(70人),测量马蹄内翻足患儿60足(30人)。[结果]正常组婴幼儿足印双踝角平均86.5°,马蹄内翻足患儿足印FBM:Ⅰ类FBM角平均73.2°;Ⅱ类FBM角平均66.5°;Ⅲ类FBM角平均54.7°。所有经保守治疗成功病例治疗后FBM角平均84.4°,基本接近正常婴幼儿FBM值;先保守治疗再手术软组织松解的病例,术后FBM角平均78.5°,外观基本满意。其中全部Ⅰ类、80%Ⅱ类和30%Ⅲ类患足均经保守治疗获得满意疗效,20%Ⅱ类和70%Ⅲ类患足经保守治疗后因畸形矫正欠佳,再行软组织松解手术。[结论]采用FBM角对婴幼儿马蹄内翻足患儿畸形程度进行分类和治疗效果的评价是一种操作简便、客观、可重复使用的临床分类及评估标准,对于婴幼儿马蹄内翻足治疗前的评估和治疗方法的选择具有实际使用意义。     

外翻及相关畸形的综合手术治疗探讨

目的:评价综合手术治疗外翻与前足相关畸形的效果。方法:回顾性分析本院收治的中、重度外翻合并前足畸形患者289例307足的临床资料,应用综合矫形手术治疗效果。结果:优良率:85.6％,患者对术后足外形及功能满意,前足痛改善。结论:对于中、重度外翻患者,除纠正趾外展外翻外,还应注意伴发畸形的处理,综合矫形手术不失为一种可以考虑的手术方法。     

类风湿足治疗进展

类风湿性关节炎是一类广泛累及足踝部的系统性疾病,严重影响患者生活质量。对类风湿足的治疗旨在控制症状,改善功能,保留行走能力,以提高患者生活质量。早期患者可应用矫形支具、抗类风湿药物等方法改善症状,延缓病程发展。病程持续发展及保守治疗无效患者必须接受手术治疗,常经截骨术、关节成形术、关节融合术等纠正足趾畸形、稳定力线、改善行走功能。中足受累临床表现不明显,常无需手术治疗;对严重的中足及后足畸形,常采用关节融合术,可取得较好效果。根据患者不同个体情况及需要选择合适的手术是取得良好疗效的关键。该文就类风湿足的治疗进展作一综述。     

(足母)外翻的术式选择

虽然(足母)外翻的治疗包括手术与非手术两种不同的方法,但畸形的矫正仍以手术治疗为主.手术治疗的目的首先是解除患者以疼痛为主的症状及恢复前足的功能,其次是矫正畸形.(足母)外翻的手术方法有百余种之多,方法亦各有所长.     

外翻及相关畸形的综合手术治疗探讨

目的:评价综合手术治疗外翻与前足相关畸形的效果.方法:回顾性分析本院收治的中、重度外翻合并前足畸形患者289例307足的临床资料,应用综合矫形手术治疗效果.结果:优良率:85.6%,患者对术后足外形及功能满意,前足痛改善.结论:对于中、重度外翻患者,除纠正趾外展外翻外,还应注意伴发畸形的处理,综合矫形手术不失为一种可以考虑的手术方法.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.