全膝关节置换术后伸膝装置断裂的治疗现状

全膝关节置换术后伸膝装置断裂的发病率很低,断裂部位主要发生在髌腱、髌骨和股四头肌肌腱。其中任何部位一旦发生断裂,将给患者带来灾难性的创伤。目前关于治疗技术和治疗中存在的挑战的报道很多,但仍缺少可靠的可获得满意结果的方法。本篇文章主要对髌腱、髌骨、股四头肌腱损伤的治疗进展进行综述。     

全膝关节置换术后伸膝装置损伤的现状与治疗

目的 对全膝关节置换术(total knee arthroplasty,TKA)后伸膝装置损伤的原理、分型及治疗方法进行总结.方法 广泛查阅国内外相关文献,按照TKA术后不同部位伸膝装置损伤总结分析损伤原理、分型和治疗方法.结果 TKA术后伸膝装置损伤主要发生在股四头肌肌腱、髌腱和髌骨,伸膝装置一旦损伤,将严重影响术后...     

全膝关节置换术后伸膝装置损伤的研究进展

全膝关节置换(TKA)术后的伸膝装置损伤是一种少见而严重的并发症。本文主要探讨伸膝装置中软组织损伤的治疗方法。伸膝装置损伤会导致伸膝受限,影响患者的日常行走,严重影响患者的生活质量。其治疗目前包括保守治疗及手术治疗,保守治疗主要包括制动、拐杖等辅助行走工具;手术治疗包括修复及重建两种类型。本文主要介绍TKA术后伸膝装置损伤的病因、伸膝结构的解剖特点及治疗方法,并对各种治疗方法的效果、并发症及相应预后进行了总结。     

人工全膝关节置换术对伸膝装置影响的研究进展

人工全膝关节置换术(total knee arthroplasty,TKA)现已成为临床上治疗晚期膝关节病变的有效方法,可较好的缓解膝关节疼痛和改善其功能,然而大量的文献报道TKA术后对伸膝装置可造成一定的影响,现综述如下.1 伸膝装置破裂1.1 髌骨骨折 可能原因为:①自身因素:骨质疏松、骨囊肿、骨溶解、髌骨骨缺损、类风湿性关节炎等可引起髌骨厚度变薄伴侵蚀、骨强度变弱引起髌骨骨折;②假体因素：在髌骨置换时,假体中心型固定可在髌骨中产生一个很大的钉孔,使髌前承受的应力明显增大[1].     

全膝关节置换术后伸膝装置并发症分析

[目的]探讨分析全膝关节表面假体置换术后伸膝装置并发症,并提出防治措施。[方法]1998年5月以来统计全膝关节表面假体置换术后伸膝装置并发症26例,并将各并发症分别进行分析。[结果]髌股关节疼痛13例,髌骨骨折2例,术中髌韧带下止点部分撕脱1例,术中髌骨弹响8例,术后1个月后出现髌骨弹响3例,髌骨运动轨迹不良6例(上述各病例之间有重叠现象)。[结论]伸膝装置并发症的发生与下肢旋转对线不良、髌骨轨迹处理不当以及股四头肌腱后方软组织结节形成等因素有关,术中需要提前进行预防。     

伸膝装置的生物力学

伸膝装置的生物力学赵钟岳伸膝装置包括伸膝肌群、髌腱、髌股关节及胫股关节等。在结构上、生理上及生物力学上都有其特点。一个良好的伸膝装置必须具有健康的髌股关节及胫股关节面、良好的滑膜、滑液、滑润机制、健全的韧带、关节囊及髌股支持带，有力的伸膝肌力及充足的...     

全膝关节表面置换术治疗膝骨性关节炎

目的分析人工全膝表面置换治疗膝骨性关节炎的临床效果。方法对21例29膝的膝骨性关节炎病例行人工膝关节置换术,单膝关节置换13例,双膝关节置换8例,全部采用后方稳定性假体。结果随访6~47个月,平均22.6个月,采用HSS评分系统进行分析,优15例,良5例,可1例。患者术后在疼痛、功能方面都有明显改善。结论全膝关节表面置换术对治疗严重膝骨性关节炎效果满意。术中精确的截骨操作、正确的软组织松解及术后指导康复是手术治疗成功的关键。     

全膝关节置换术治疗晚期膝骨性关节炎

目的 探讨全膝关节置换术(TKA)治疗晚期膝骨性关节炎的临床疗效.方法 采用TKA治疗30例晚期膝骨性关节炎老年患者(33膝).比较手术前后膝关节最大被动屈曲度、HSS评分、疼痛VAS评分,采用HSS评分标准评价膝关节功能恢复情况.结果 患者均获得随访,时间6～24个月.未出现术后切口感染、深静脉血栓、假体松动等并发症...     

伸膝装置修整治疗外伤性膝关节僵直34例

各种膝关节外伤常需较长时间的固定及制动,易引起膝关节功能障碍,严重者出现膝关节僵直.自1998年5月～2003年10月,采用膝关节内松解、伸膝装置松解及修整手术治疗外伤性膝关节僵直34例,效果良好.     

伸膝装置延长治疗膝关节僵直

目的 探讨膝关节僵直的治疗方法。方法 采用股四头肌肌腱延长术治疗膝关节僵直24例。结果 术后疗效按Judet标准评定,优22例,良2例。结论 膝关节僵直应手术治疗,延长股四头肌肌腱,术后加强功能锻炼防止粘连。     

Management of extensor mechanism deficit as a consequence of patellar tendon loss in total knee arthroplasty: a new surgical technique

Extensor mechanism disruption is an uncommon but devastating complication of total knee arthroplasty. A new technique of extensor mechanism reconstruction for patellar tendon loss, after total knee arthroplasty, with the help of extensor mechanism composite allograft is described. Four patients with chronic extensor mechanism-deficient total knee arthroplasty were undertaken for revision surgery along with reconstruction of extensor mechanism with an innovative technique using an extensor mechanism composite allograft consisting of a patella-patellar tendon-tibial tubercle. On final follow-up, none of the patients had extensor lag but for 10 degrees of extensor lag in 1 patient only. Providing an environment for bone-to-bone healing both proximally as well as distally and supervised postoperative rehabilitation led to encouraging results in the management of a failed extensor mechanism after total knee arthroplasty.     

Tibial tubercle osteotomy in total knee arthroplasty surgery

Tibial tubercle osteotomy (TTO) is a recognized technique for improving exposure when performing total knee arthroplasty surgery. Forty-two patients were reviewed at a mean of 8 years after TTO. Preoperatively, mean extension was 8 degrees +/- 14 degrees , mean flexion 74 degrees +/- 30 degrees , and Knee Society score 73 +/- 37. At latest follow-up, mean extension was 4 degrees +/- 15 degrees , mean flexion 91 degrees +/- 22 degrees , and Knee Society score 124 +/- 42.6 (P < or = .0001). Seventy-three percent of patients had an excellent/good score at latest follow-up. Twenty-five percent of patients experienced no extensor lag, and 66% of extensor lags had resolved within 6 months. Mean time for osteotomy union was 14 weeks. In this series, TTO performed to enhance surgical exposure did not adversely affect the outcome after total knee arthroplasty but resulted in serious complications in 5% of patients.     

全膝关节置换治疗严重膝外翻畸形的临床研究

[目的]探讨全膝关节置换术治疗严重膝外翻畸形的临床疗效和手术方法.[方法]2008年6月～2010年3月,15例(18膝)严重膝外翻患者,术前X线测量FTA角,检查膝关节活动度,并且使用美国膝关节协会评价标准KSS评分及功能评分.手术方法采用髌旁外侧入路、针对性截骨、选择性的外侧软组织松解、安装限制性小的假体或非限制型假体进行全膝关节置换术.术后测量FTA角,术后定期随访检查膝关节活动度并行KSS评分及功能评分,评价手术效果.[结果]所有患者均获得随访,随访时间8～28个月.FTA角由术前的27.0°(20°～35°)降低至4.5°(0°～9°);膝关节活动度由术前的79.4°(70°～90°)提高到109.7°(100°～120°);KSS评分由术前的28.9分(15～40分)提高到88.7分(85～95分),功能评分由术前的23.0分(0～40分)提高到89.1分(85～95分);差异均有非常显著性意义(P<0.01).[结论]所有患者行全膝关节置换术后外翻畸形基本得到纠正,所有病例术后无明显疼痛,行走及上下楼梯等功能较术前明显改善.说明对于严重膝外翻畸形的患者,采用髌旁外侧入路、针对性截骨、选择性的外侧软组织松解、安装限制性小的假体或非限制型假体实施人工全膝关节置换术治疗,可以取得满意的临床效果,从而明显改善患者膝关节的功能,提高患者的生活质量.     

Secondary patellar resurfacing in total knee arthroplasty: results of multivariate analysis in two case-matched groups

Although patellofemoral symptoms after patellar-retaining knee arthroplasty are common, no evidence has been published in the literature on the potential benefit from patellar resurfacing at a later stage. This study evaluates the effect of secondary (delayed) patellar resurfacing using comparisons between 2 case-matched groups of patients with primary and secondary patellar resurfacing. Furthermore, multivariate statistical methods were applied to study factors that may influence the final outcome. Our results suggest that although significant clinical improvement was seen after delayed patella resurfacing, the outcome of secondary patellar resurfacing is inferior to that expected for a similar group of patients with primary resurfacing. Furthermore, the timing (delay period) of the secondary resurfacing procedure appears to negatively affect the final outcome. This suggests that secondary patellar resurfacing, when indicated, should be considered at an early stage.     

Patellar resurfacing in total knee arthroplasty

Routine patella resurfacing in total knee arthroplasty has been debated for decades. The early total knee designs and surgical techniques lead to a high complication rate following patellar resurfacing. This lead to many surgeons abandoning this practice and either leaving the patella unresurfaced routinely or selectively resurfacing. Modern day randomized control trials and meta-analyses of these trials reveal a higher incidience of anterior knee pain and a resultant higher reoperation rate in nonresurfaced patellae. We argue that with modern day designs and surgical techniques, there is a low complication rate to resurfacing and little downside to resurfacing.     

Revision surgery for patellar dislocation after primary total knee arthroplasty

This study evaluated risk factors for patellar dislocation after primary total knee arthroplasty and determined functional outcomes in patients following revision. Thirty-nine knees in 39 patients averaging 68 years (range, 27-91 years) at the time of revision were evaluated at a mean of 3.2 years (range, 2-7 years). Mean Knee Society and Function scores significantly improved from 34 and 35 to 77 and 54, respectively. Patellar dislocation most commonly resulted from errors in technique such as soft-tissue imbalance and malaligned components that led to poor tracking of the patella. Patellar tracking only improved after soft-tissue realignment in combination with revision of malaligned or loose components. Although revision significantly improved active knee extension and Knee Scores, two thirds of the patients had residual disabilities and pain.     

Bilateral simultaneous extensor mechanism disruption following simultaneous bilateral total knee replacement

Extensor disruptions of the knee following the total knee replacements are uncommon. We describe a case of postoperative bilateral simultaneous extensor mechanism disruption following simultaneous bilateral total knee replacement. On both sides, the patient sustained open wounds. The extensor mechanism was successfully repaired on both sides, but the outcome is less than satisfactory.     

Extensor mechanism function in single-radius vs multiradius femoral components for total knee arthroplasty

The early outcomes of 2 newer-generation posterior cruciate ligament-retaining fixed-bearing total knee arthroplasty (TKA) implant designs were assessed to determine if a single sagittal radius femoral design has an advantage in obtaining earlier knee range of motion and function when compared with a contemporary multiradius femoral design. Total knee arthroplasty patients were prospectively randomized to receive either a single sagittal radius femoral design (n=50) or a multiradius femoral design (n=50). Knee extensor mechanism function after TKA with either a single sagittal radius or multiradius implant was comparable in contemporary posterior cruciate ligament-retaining TKA designs.     

Effect of femoral component design on patellofemoral crepitance and patella clunk syndrome after posterior-stabilized total knee arthroplasty

The purpose of this study was to determine if recent changes to the femoral component of a particular posterior-stabilized total knee prosthesis would affect the incidence of postoperative patellofemoral crepitance and patella clunk syndrome. One hundred eight total knee arthroplasties were performed with the conventional design; 136 were performed after the femoral component was changed. Complications were compared between the groups with an average follow-up of 17.7 months and 12.4 months, respectively. Thirteen knees with the conventional design (12%) were found to have patellofemoral complications; no complications were noted with the new design (P < .0001). Femoral components with a deep trochlear groove and smooth transition of the intercondylar box appear to better accommodate any peripatellar fibrous nodule that may form after total knee arthroplasty.     

Two-stage conversion of fused knee to total knee arthroplasty

We report 2 cases of conversion of fused knee to total knee arthroplasty (TKA) by way of soft-tissue expansion. Case 1 had had multiple operations on the infected total knee, which was arthrodesed 7 months before conversion. Case 2 had had knee arthrodesis for an intra-articular comminuted fracture 5 years and 10 months before conversion. In both patients, a tissue expander was placed subcutaneously upon the patella and the patellar tendon to gradually expand the anterior knee skin for later coverage and knee flexion. After takedown of the arthrodesis, a fully constrained rotating-hinge prosthesis was implanted as the second-stage procedure. The final range of flexion was 95 degrees in both knees with patients' subjective satisfaction.