SARS-CoV和SARS-CoV-2两种高致病性冠状病毒眼部感染的研究进展

COVID-19的全球大流行使冠状病毒再次引起重视。在本世纪大流行的三种高致病性冠状病毒（SARS-CoV、MERS-CoV、SARS-CoV-2）研究中,已有直接证据证明SARS-CoV及SARS-CoV-2可引起人眼部感染。冠状病毒感染除引起眼部症状外,也可通过眼部感染引发全身多种临床表现。两种高致病性冠状病毒（SARS-CoV和SARS-CoV-2）具有更强的流行性及更高的病死率,两种病毒眼部症状相似,病毒结构及眼部感染过程也具有相似性,主要是通过其特异性S蛋白与细胞表面相关受体结合,使其核酸进入细胞内并借用细胞内的蛋白合成通路对自身蛋白进行转录、组装、折叠并通过其受体蛋白激发多种细胞因子表达。本文就2003年流行的SARS-CoV以及2019年末流行的SARS-CoV-2两种高致病性冠状病毒的特点、眼部感染通路的研究进展及病毒眼部感染相关的研究现状进行综述,阐述眼部病毒防护及患者眼部检查的必要性。（国际眼科纵览,2020, 45：374-379）     

新型冠状病毒引起的病毒性角膜炎病例观察

目的：报告3例严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2型(SARS-CoV-2)引起的病毒性角膜炎。

方法：对3例新冠感染确诊患者行裂隙灯、眼压、角膜荧光染色、前段照相、活体共聚焦显微镜(IVCM)和常规眼底筛查。治疗包括更昔洛韦眼用凝胶、人工泪液和糖皮质激素滴眼液。

结果：3例SARS-CoV-2角膜炎(SCK)患者经标准治疗后恢复良好。

结论：SARS-CoV-2角膜炎通常表现为角膜上皮下浸润,可导致角膜上皮下神经纤维密度降低和树突状细胞(DC)增加。抗病毒治疗联合糖皮质激素已被证明是有效的。     

冠状病毒眼部感染及检测

自严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒(SARS-CoV)和中东呼吸综合征冠状病毒(MERS-CoV)感染爆发以来,冠状病毒病原体研究和宿主生物鉴定一直是医学界的重要任务。2019年出现的新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2)传染性和致病能力更强,迅速引起了全球的关注。目前已有临床报道冠状病毒感染患者可出现以结膜炎为主的眼部感染症状,并提出将眼部核酸检测等作为病毒早期鉴定的辅助手段。本文综述冠状病毒的眼部感染及其检测相关进展,以期为冠状病毒的进一步研究和防护提供参考。     

严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2型（SARS-CoV-2）眼表感染研究进展

严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2型（SARS-CoV-2,又称COVID-19）经眼表传播远较经口鼻传播困难,然而现有证据认为眼表传播仍是一条可能的途径,尤其对于医护人员。本文描述了SARS-CoV-2相关的眼表症状,阐释了眼表SARS-CoV-2入胞的可能机制和与眼表相关的SARS-CoV-2传播机制,并对现有的和未来可能的研究方向进行了剖析,为从眼表考虑临床治疗SARS-CoV-2提供新的思路与方法,帮助人们研发出更多的治疗策略。     

COVID-19疫情期间采用气体负压引流缓解眼科手术中患者佩戴医用口罩导致的呼吸不适

目的：报告COVID-19疫情期间局部麻醉下眼科手术的预防措施,评估眼科手术中佩戴医用口罩患者的呼吸情况。

方法：招募60例需要眼科手术治疗的中国患者,在眼科局部麻醉手术期间给予医用口罩作为COVID-19预防措施之一。采用吸氧和气体负压引流的方法缓解患者佩戴口罩存在的潜在呼吸不适感,并进行呼吸舒适度评分。

结果：佩戴医用口罩患者出现轻到中度呼吸不适,总体平均得分为2.34±0.73分。吸氧和气体负压引流缓解了呼吸不适(总平均得分为0.15±0.75分,P<0.001)。呼吸不适或呼吸不适缓解度不存在性别和手术时间差异。术中出现负压气体引流失败会导致严重呼吸不适。

结论：吸氧和气体负压引流可维持局部麻醉下佩戴医用口罩患者的呼吸循环。在COVID-19疫情期间建议接受眼科局部麻醉手术的患者佩戴医用口罩,以保护眼科医护人员。     

COVID-19疫情爆发前后西安市第一医院儿童中低度近视进展情况对比

目的：观察对比COVID-19疫情爆发前后1 年西安市第一医院6～12 岁儿童中低度近视的进展情况。 方法：回顾性病例对照研究。收集COVID-19疫情爆发前（2018 年12 月至2019 年1 月，疫情前组）和 爆发后（2019 年12 月至2020 年1 月，疫情后组）就诊于西安市第一医院眼科的6～12 岁双眼近视儿 童各100 例（200 眼），纳入具有半年和1 年随访记录者。分析2 组患者基线、半年随访及1 年随访的 眼轴长度（AL）、等效球镜度（SE）、眼轴/角膜曲率比值（AL/CR）的变化情况。数据采用独立样本 t检验进行比较。结果：疫情前组100 例（200 眼），男42 例，女58 例，年龄（9.6±1.2）岁；疫情后组 100 例（200 眼），男49 例，女51 例，年龄（9.2±2.4）岁。在半年随访时，疫情前组AL增长为（0.27± 0.16）mm，疫情后组AL增长幅度较大，为（0.36±0.19）mm，2 组差异有统计学意义（t=-6.228， P<0.001）；疫情后组SE[（-0.48±0.37）D vs. （-0.74±0.63）D，t=-2.375，P<0.001]及AL/CR（0.017±0.028 vs. 0.029±0.031，t=-6.052，P<0.001）的增长幅度均明显大于疫情前组。1 年随访时，疫情前组AL 增长为（0.46±0.31）mm，疫情后组AL增长幅度更加明显，为（0.61±0.24）mm，2 组差异有统计学 意义（t=1.138，P<0.001）；疫情后组SE[（-0.90±0.41）D vs.（ -1.25±0.48）D，t=7.253，P<0.001]及 AL/CR（0.030±0.051 vs. 0.046±0.036，t=5.049，P=0.032）的增长幅度均明显大于疫情前组。结论： COVID-19疫情爆发后西安市第一医院门诊就诊的6～12 岁学龄段儿童近视进展速度较疫情前更快， 主要表现在AL、SE和AL/CR方面。     

SARS-CoV-2对眼部的影响及其经眼途径传播的可能性

SARS-CoV-2引起的新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）已对全球构成重大的公共卫生威胁。SARS-CoV-2和SARS-CoV均属于人冠状病毒（HCoVs）β属,两者的基因组相似性高达79.6%,且均通过血管紧张素转换酶2（ACE-2）感染宿主细胞。目前已有研究表明,SARS-CoV-2感染与结膜炎具有一定相关性,SARS-CoV-2是否能经眼感染或传播的问题也备受关注,但目前尚缺乏其通过眼部组织感染的临床确诊病例和实验室证据。本文就SARS-CoV-2的病原学特点、流行病学特征、眼部表现及结膜囊病毒感染率作一综述,并对SARS-CoV-2经眼途径传播的可能性进行探讨。     

COVID-19感染相关视网膜中央动脉阻塞患者的眼底影像特征

目的 探讨COVID-19感染相关视网膜中央动脉阻塞(CRAO)患者的眼底影像特征。方法 本研究为回顾性研究。选择2022年12月至2023年2月在西安市人民医院(西安市第四医院)眼科住院治疗的COVID-19感染后CRAO患者10例12眼为COVID-19组，选取近期住院治疗的非动脉炎性CRAO患者10例10眼为对照组。采用国际标准视力表检测患者最佳矫正视力(BCVA)(logMAR);对患者行瞳孔、眼球运动、裂隙灯显微镜检查、眼底彩色照相、OCT、荧光素眼底血管造影(FFA)。比较两组患者的基线特征、彩色眼底像、FFA、OCT特征。结果 本组患者COVID-19感染后发生CRAO的时间为2～10 d,中位时间为3 d;两组患者发病时间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。COVID-19组和对照组患者的基线BCVA(logMAR)分别为1.56±0.81和2.18±0.36,治疗后两组患者BCVA(logMAR)分别为0.89±0.57和1.67±0.36,COVID-19组患者基线视力和治疗后视力均优于对照组，差异均有统计学意义(P=0.039、0.002)。COVID-19组...     

新型冠状病毒相关眼部疾病的研究进展

2019年新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)自爆发以来已在短时间内呈现出全球大流行状态,新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2)的多种变异株具有高度传染性和致病性。SARS-CoV-2可能通过血管紧张素转化酶2(ACE2)和跨膜丝氨酸蛋白酶2(TMPRSS2)的介导感染组织细胞从而引发不同疾病。呼吸道、心血管、胃肠道系统的临床疾病较为常见; 也有大部分患者以眼部症状为主诉就诊。相较于严重的全身系统疾病,眼部相关症状很容易被忽视。文章通过对SARS-CoV-2相关多种眼部疾病的发病机制和相关病例进行综述,旨在增强临床医师对SARS-CoV-2相关眼病的重视,避免延误病情,造成视力的不可逆损失,并为眼部疾病的预防和治疗提供新思路。     

Response of L V Prasad Eye Institute to COVID-19 outbreak in India: experience at its tertiary eye care centre and adoption to its Eye Health Pyramid

AIM:To summarize the experience of response to COVID-19 outbreak at a tertiary eye care institute and its network of health facilities in India.METHODS:Our responses are based on the principles of social distancing,hand hygiene,respiratory etiquettes,surface disinfection protocol,and rational use of appropriate personal protective equipment(PPE).We describe our response in terms of administrative controls,clinical protocols,staff protection,environmental controls,and social distancing measures.We also discuss our communication strategies and monitoring systems,to ensure compliance to protocols.RESULTS:Administrative control is mainly related to formation of task force and its functions.Clinical protocols are related to patient triaging methods and clinical examination guidelines in Outpatient,Inpatient and Operating Room.Staff protection is focused on training staff on the protocols to be followed in hospital as well as at home,and use of PPE.Environmental protocol is focused on cleaning and disinfectant methods to be used in the hospital.In addition,there are systems for communication as well as monitoring compliance to protocols.CONCLUSION:We hope that these protocols and our experience would help the ophthalmic community globally and serve as a guide to protect ophthalmologists and ophthalmic care personnel,and their patients across the world.     

Strabisme Alternant - Etude clinique - traitement

The author defines motor and sensory alternation: the term alternation should not be used in isolation, it should always be accompanied by the name of the parameter concerned. Sensory alternation is always found together with motor alternation but the reverse is not true.The examining criteria for a diagnosis of sensory alternation are given, sensory alternation must not be confused with alternating inhibition. Working from clinical observations of cases of motor alternating strabismus, the author selects 2 types of binocular sensory relations which allow one to differentiate between:- cases of primary alternating strabismus- cases of secondary alternating strabismusThese forms will develop in different ways; in both cases a cure is possible providing that the right treatment is prescribed and once prescribed carefully followed, etc. It is always a case of serious forms of strabismus whose developmental period is spread over several years.According to the authors, the frequency of cases of true primary strabismus is from 1–3%, the frequency of cases of secondary alternating strabismus varies according to the type of therapy practised on cases of monocular strabismus with amblyopia. These latter will become cases of alternating strabismus under the influence of certain types of therapy carried out over several years (penalization, rocking, alternated occlusion, etc...).Experimental data on kittens confirm clinical data; kittens placed in abnormal environments during the sensitive period will show modification in the distribution of cortical cells and the absence of binocular cells (either because the excitation of the two eyes was not simultaneous, or not identical: artificial strabismus, occlusion, opaque glasses). This disturbances become irreversible after a certain period of exposure (a function of age, length of exposure, etc...).It is thus necessary to bear in mind: 1) the iatrogenic risks of certain orthoptic treatments, 2) the necessity for a binocular form of treatment as soon as possible, as once a certain stage is passed, cortical plasticity diminishes and the elaboration of normal binocular relations becomes impossible.

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Effects of Adenosine Agonists on Intraocular Pressure and Aqueous Humor Dynamics in Cynomolgus Monkeys

The effects of single or multiple topical doses of the relatively selective A₁adenosine receptor agonists (R)-phenylisopropyladenosine (R-PIA) and N⁶-cyclohexyladenosine (CHA) on intraocular pressure (IOP), aqueous humor flow (AHF) and outflow facility were investigated in ocular normotensive cynomolgus monkeys. IOP and AHF were determined, under ketamine anesthesia, by Goldmann applanation tonometry and fluorophotometry, respectively. Total outflow facility was determined by anterior chamber perfusion under pentobarbital anesthesia. A single unilateral topical application of R-PIA (20–250 μg) or CHA (20–500 μg) produced ocular hypertension (maximum rise=4.9 or 3.5 mmHg) within 30 min, followed by ocular hypotension (maximum fall=2.1 or 3.6 mmHg) from 2–6 hr. The relatively selective adenosine A₂antagonist 3,7-dimethyl-1-propargylxanthine (DMPX, 320 μg) inhibited the early hypertension, without influencing the hypotension. Neither 100 μg R-PIA nor 500 μg CHA clearly altered AHF. Total outflow facility was increased by 71% 3 hr after 100 μg R-PIA. In conclusion, the early ocular hypertension produced by topical adenosine agonists in cynomolgus monkeys is associated with the activation of adenosine A₂receptors, while the subsequent hypotension appears to be mediated by adenosine A₁receptors and results primarily from increased outflow facility.