瘦素对生殖功能的影响

早期研究显示,瘦素是一种调节摄食和能量消耗的激素.近年研究发现,瘦素除了在糖、脂代谢方面起重要作用外,在生殖系统中也发挥了重要的调节作用.生殖功能的启动与机体的能量储备有关,当机体能量储备充足的时候,便启动青春期发育或生殖行为.瘦素通过感知能量信号,进而通过一系列神经肽和代谢通路在中枢对下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴发挥调节作用.     

催产素对摄食及糖脂代谢调节作用的研究进展

催产素是一种由下丘脑室旁核和视上核神经元合成, 经神经垂体释放入血的肽类激素。研究发现催产素除促进宫缩和泌乳之外, 还能抑制摄食、促进脂肪氧化分解、刺激胰岛素和胰高血糖素分泌、增加胰岛素敏感性, 在机体糖脂代谢中发挥重要的调节作用。但机体存在糖脂代谢异常时, 外源性催产素的作用及血清催产素的变化存在差异。全面认识催产素对糖脂代谢的影响及其内在机制, 有助于进一步探索催产素通路作为代谢相关疾病治疗靶点的前景。     

DNA损伤修复异常与糖脂代谢相关疾病

糖脂代谢是机体能量与物质来源的重要生命过程, 其代谢稳态的调控对于维持机体正常的生命活动具有重要意义。DNA损伤及其修复在糖脂代谢调控中的作用受到重视, 正确的DNA修复能帮助恢复细胞的结构和功能, 减少代谢紊乱的发生;异常的DNA损伤修复将导致DNA损伤累积, 通过诱发炎症、诱导细胞衰老凋亡、加重氧化应激等机制对细胞代谢产生不利影响。DNA损伤修复相关蛋白异常可加重脂肪组织炎症和胰岛素抵抗, 诱发肥胖、非酒精性脂肪性肝病和2型糖尿病等代谢性疾病的发生。该文就DNA损伤修复与糖脂代谢的关系进行综述, 为进一步研究解释糖脂代谢紊乱的发病机制及相关疾病的治疗新策略提供思路。     

不同类型慢性肝病糖脂代谢紊乱研究进展

肝脏是机体重要的代谢器官,研究表明慢性肝病与糖脂代谢障碍密切相关,不同类型肝病之间往往表现出不同的糖脂代谢特点。本文综述了不同类型慢性肝病糖脂代谢特点的流行病学特点、疾病严重程度、发病机制及治疗方法,旨在提高临床医生的相关认识。     

Lipin与糖脂代谢

Lipin基因的表达产物是一组胞内蛋白质,介导生成胞内甘油三酯合成和糖异生关键酶的辅激活因子。Lipin主要分布在脂肪、骨骼肌、肝脏、下丘脑等代谢旺盛的组织和器官。Lipin家族主要包括lipin1、lipin2与lipin3,能够双向调控机体脂代谢,还与机体胰岛素抵抗、糖代谢异常密切相关,可能成为治疗肥胖及糖、脂代谢紊乱相关疾病的外周新靶点。     

PGC-1α及其与2型糖尿病的关系

PGC-1α是一种转录辅助激活因子,可受多种因素调节,参与机体的适应性产热、线粒体形成、糖脂代谢调节等生理活动,影响胰岛素抵抗形成和胰岛β细胞功能,与2型糖尿病关系密切,可能会在将来的内分泌疾病治疗中发挥重要作用。     

肝巨噬细胞在肝胰岛素抵抗发生中的作用

肝脏作为主要代谢器官,在维持机体糖脂代谢稳态中起重要作用。肝巨噬细胞激活可导致肝脏炎症反应,轻度慢性组织炎症是IR的关键因素。肝巨噬细胞分泌的炎症因子、巨噬细胞促炎型/抑炎型极化及其表面受体均参与调控糖脂代谢,在IR发生发展中发挥重要作用。药物、微量营养素、肝巨噬细胞受体识别、运动训练等通过影响肝巨噬细胞以改善IR,提示肝巨噬细胞可能是治疗IR及代谢性疾病的新靶点,为临床防治代谢性疾病提供新思路。     

Sestrin 2在糖脂代谢相关疾病中的研究进展

Sestrin 2是一种高度保守的应激诱导代谢蛋白,具有抗氧化及提高自噬水平的作用,保护细胞以对抗各种有害刺激,包括遗传毒性、氧化应激、内质网应激和缺氧等。Sestrin 2通过调节氧化应激和自噬水平,在糖脂代谢相关疾病的发生发展中发挥重要作用,并有望成为糖脂代谢相关疾病诊断及治疗的新靶点。本文对Sestrin 2与糖脂代谢相关疾病的关系进行综述。     

单磷酸腺苷活化蛋白激酶与肾脏疾病

单磷酸腺苷活化蛋白激酶(AMPK)是体内一种重要的蛋白激酶,广泛分布于全身各组织器官,发挥不同的功能.AMPK作为“细胞能量调节器”来调节糖、脂代谢及蛋白质合成,并参与调控机体炎症反应和细胞增生等过程,参与多种疾病(如动脉粥样硬化、肿瘤、糖尿病和其他代谢性疾病)的发生发展.近年来随着研究的深入,AMPK与肾脏疾病的关系逐渐受到关注.     

丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶25在糖脂代谢相关疾病中作用的研究进展

丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶25(STK25)是脂滴相关蛋白激酶,参与调控肿瘤发生发展、氧化应激、细胞骨架重排等生物学效应,还在糖脂代谢相关疾病中发挥重要作用,主要通过调控脂质利用与储存的代谢平衡来推动DM、代谢相关脂肪性肝病和肥胖的发生发展。STK25可增加肝脏、骨骼肌、胰腺中TG沉积,降低线粒体和过氧化物酶体氧化能力,加重脂肪库肥大、炎性浸润和纤维化,导致IR。本文对STK25在糖脂代谢相关疾病中作用的研究进展进行综述。     

Worms and allergy

Worms and asthma are associated with a type 2 immune response, but evidence has accumulated that helminth infection is negatively associated with atopy, prevalence of allergic diseases and severity of asthma. One important difference between these polarized type 2 responses is that in allergy modulation of the immunological response is not appropriate, whereas in infection with helminths, several host mechanisms down-regulate the host immune response. As a result, patients infected with worms have a decrease in both type 1 and type 2 responses. The main mechanism involved in this down-modulation is increased production of IL-10, but expansion of regulatory T cells and NKT cells may also participate. Regarding the interaction between worms and allergy, a few variables need to be taken in account: phase (acute or chronic) of helminth infection, parasite load and species of helminth. In animals and humans, acute helminth infection may increase manifestations of allergy, whereas chronic infection with parasites decreases atopy. The modulation of the immune response by helminths is dependent on having an adequate parasite load. Moreover, although several helminth species have been shown to modulate immune responses, most in vitro and in vivo studies have focused on the importance of Schistosoma mansoni in down-modulating allergic reactions.     

Smoking, aging and the centenarians

The smoke of cigarettes represents an important accelerator of the aging process, both directly through complex mechanisms mediated prevalently by excessive formation of free radicals, and indirectly by favoring the appearance of various pathologies in which smoke is a recognized risk factor. This means that smoke compromises not only life expectancy, but also the quality of the life, favoring the occurrence of non-autosufficiency. Smoking is an important risk factor for many diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. These are also the main causes of death in the industrialized Countries, where the habit of smoking is also largely diffused. Non-smokers have a much higher life expectancy than smokers, and the suspension of smoking is accompanied, even in the elderly, by an increase in the survival time due to the reduction of smoke-induced biological damage. Therefore, cigarette smoking is opposing the longevity, particularly the extreme one, as it is confirmed by the observations obtained on centenarians. Among them, smoking is extremely rare, and even when it occurs among them, it is correlated almost exclusively to bad health conditions and non-autosufficiency, indicating that it compromises health status and the quality of life even in extremely long living subjects. Considering the demonstrated beneficial effects of suspension of smoking, all practitioners and geriatricians in particular, should promote the abstinence from smoking as a behavioral norm for a correct life style. Non-smokers can delay the appearance of diseases and of the aging process, thus attaining longevity; further, non-smoking habit allows genetically predisposed subjects to reach the extreme longevity and maintain an acceptable health status and autosufficiency.     

骨髓增生异常综合征MIC异常和临床特点

目的：研究骨髓增生异常综合征（MDS）形态学、免疫学、遗传学（MIC）异常变化及临床特点.方法：对65例MDS患者的血液学、免疫学、遗传学异常改变资料进行了回顾性分析.结果：65例中外周血象全血细胞减少36例（55.4%），2系细胞减少19例（29.2%），分类可见幼红细胞35例（53.8%），幼粒细胞27例（41.5%）.贫血60例（92.3%），以中重度为主58例（89.2%），表现为大细胞或正细胞性贫血.白细胞异常56例（86.2%），以减少为主45例（69.2%）.血小板减少41例（63.1%）.65例行骨髓细胞学检查：增生活跃至极度活跃55例（84.6%），1系或1系以上病态造血54例（83.1%），11例难治性质血患者病态造血不明显（16.9%）.59例行骨髓病理学检查：3系不同程度病态造血30例（50.8%），粒系幼稚前体细胞异常定位（ALIP）29例（49.2%）.45例行骨髓细胞流式细胞仪（FCM）免疫表型测定，表现2系或2系以上异常40例（88.9%）.41例做FCM-DNA倍体分析，检出DNA非整倍体26例（63.4%）.32例做骨髓细胞染色体分析，发现异常克隆13例（40.6%）.结论：MDS临床表现不典型，血液学改变复杂，缺乏特异性，部分RA病态造血不明显，仅依靠形态学难以做出正确诊断，应提倡MIC分型诊断。     

中等卫生职业教育微生物与寄生虫学科教材探讨

目前我国中等卫生职业教学微生物与寄生虫学科教材版本繁多,名称各异,内容编排不一,不利教学。本文就以上问题进行初步探讨。     

Alcohol and trauma

Available evidence implicates alcohol consumption as a major risk factor for almost all types of injury. An exceptionally strong relationship is noted between alcohol and motor vehicle accidents--particularly single-vehicle crashes. Recognition of the association between alcohol and trauma is important not only for proper care and for treatment of the underlying alcoholism, but to stimulate enactment of preventive measures aimed at reducing the risk of alcohol-associated injuries.     

A study of urinary and intracellular sodium and potassium, renin, aldosterone, and hypertension in blacks and indians in natal

The prevalence of hypertension in the urban black population in Sub-Saharan Africa is high and varies from 20% to 25%. In contrast, the prevalence of hypertension in the rural black is relatively low. In Natal the prevalence of hypertension in a large metropolitan city, Durban, is 25% in the adult Zulu, 17.2% in whites, and 14.2% in Indians. The prevalence of hypertension in the rural Zulu of Natal is 10%. Work on the pathogenesis of hypertension in the Zulu and Indian ethnic groups related to renin, aldosterone, dietary sodium and potassium, and intracellular sodium and potassium was virtually nonexistent. This review paper summarizes the salient features that were found. This paper is a summary of the work undertaken by Dr. S. Hoosen in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Medicine in the University of Natal, 1988.     

Effect of actinomycin D and cycloheximide on the release and biosynthesis of gonadotropins by pituitary cell cultures

The effect of actinomycin D and cycloheximide on the release and biosynthesis of gonadotropins has been studied using pituitary cells in monolayer cultures. Both cycloheximide (1 mM) and actinomycin D (0.15 nM) inhibited partially but significantly, the GnRH-stimulated release of LH and FSH. However, these two antibiotics had no effect on the basal release of gonadotropins. The release of LH and FSH in the presence of high K⁺ (59 mM) concentration was not inhibited by actinomycin D or cycloheximide. It is probable that the release of gonadotropins in a high K⁺ medium, but not that induced by GnRH, results from the alteration of the ion permeability characteristics of the plasma membrane on which the two antibiotics have no effect. Cycloheximide profoundly inhibited incorporation of [¹⁴C]amino acids (AA) into LH and FSH by the cells and GnRH-induced release of AA-LH and AA-FSH. It only partially inhibited the incorporation of [³H]glucosamine (GLN) into LH and FSH at 2 h of incubation but had no effect or a small effect on the GnRH-induced release of GLN-LH and GLN-FSH. These results suggest, on the one hand, that cycloheximide inhibited the synthesis of polypeptide chains of LH and FSH and, on the other hand, that gonadotropic cells contain some non-glycosylated or nascent subunits of LH and FSH that can be glycosylated even in the presence of cycloheximide. Actinomycin D had no effect on the incorporation of either GLN or AA into LH and FSH, but did completely inhibit the GnRH-induced release of labeled gonadotropins and the GnRH-induced incorporation of labeled precursors. These results support the hypothesis that messenger RNA of the gonadotropic cells is stable enough to allow synthesis of the polypeptide chains of LH and FSH during 6 h of incubation. They also support the finding of many authors that the GnRH-induced release of LH and FSH proceeds first through an acute effect that is not affected by antibiotics and then through a priming effect, dependent on protein or RNA synthesis (or both), that is inhibited by antibiotics.     

益气健脾清热解毒疗法对胃粘膜合成前列腺素的影响

本文报告了临床及实验研究两方面的结果。以益气健脾、清热解毒中药治疗消化性溃疡及糜烂性胃炎患者６２例，并观察治疗前后胃粘膜ＰＧｓ的动态变化。结果显示经治疗后ＰＧＥ２，ＰＧＦ１ａ，６－ｋｅｔｏ—ＰＧＦ１ａ呈上升趋势，但无统计学意义（Ｐ＞０．０５），而ＴｘＢ２较治疗前显著下降（Ｐ＜０．０１）。此外，还观察到治疗前的湿热型患者的ＴｘＢ２比其他证型患者高（Ｐ＜０．０１）。将上述中药用于吲哚美辛诱发的大鼠实验性溃疡，其结果表明，对ＰＧｓ的影响与临床观察一致。     

急性胰腺炎诊治的新理念、新技术及临床面临的难点与困惑

急性胰腺炎（AP）是最常见的消化系统急腹症之一,其中约20%为重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）,病情凶险,治疗棘 手。按病程分期进行个体化治疗的治疗理念和多学科诊治（MDT）的治疗模式的应用,显著降低了SAP的病死率。重 视AP合并症和并发症的治疗,及时选择外科手术治疗,开展高质量的临床研究,将有益于降低病死率,改善患者预后。 关键词：急性胰腺炎;多学科诊治;合并症与并发症