皮质醇对马桑内酯致痫大鼠大脑皮层、海马γ-氨基丁酸免疫组化分布的影响

为了解皮质醇对马桑内酯致痫大鼠大脑皮层、海马γ－氨基丁酸（ＧＡＢＡ）免疫组化分布的影响，应用免疫组化方法研究３组大鼠大脑皮层、海马γ－氨基丁酸免疫反应（ＧＡＢＡ－ＩＲ）阳性细胞的分布，以探讨马桑内酯致痫及人工合成皮质醇－地塞米松（Ｄｅｘ）的抗痫是否与ＧＡＢＡ系统相关。结果显示：马桑内酯致痫后大鼠大脑皮层、海马齿状回ＧＡＢＡ－ＩＲ阳性细胞较正常组明显减少，应用Ｄｅｘ后再致痫，大鼠大脑皮层、海马ＧＡＢＡ－ＩＲ细胞数居正常及致痫组之间，３组ＧＡＢＡ－ＩＲ细胞数经Ｆ检验有非常显著性差异（大脑皮层Ｆ值＝２０．９，Ｐ＜０．００１，海马Ｆ值＝４７．７，Ｐ＜０．０１），表明马桑内酯致痫可能有ＧＡＢＡ系统的参与，ＧＡＢＡ－ＩＲ阳性细胞的减少使大脑皮层及海马神经元脱抑制，临床表现抽搐。Ｄｅｘ可能通过抑制ＧＡＢＡ的再摄取、促使ＧＡＢＡ神经元蛋白合成，参与兴奋的抑制。     

孕激素对癫痫大鼠大脑皮层,海马FOS蛋白表达的影响

本实验采用流式细胞免疫荧光技术对马桑内酯（ＣＬ）致痫及给予孕激素后再致痫大鼠大脑皮层、海马细胞ＦＯＳ表达进行定量检测。结果显示：ＣＬ致痫组大鼠皮层、海马ＦＯＳ表达的荧光指数（ＦＩ）和阳性细胞数较正常对照组明显增高（Ｐ＜０．０１）；给予孕酮（Ｐ）后再致痫组皮层、海马ＦＯＳ表达较单纯ＣＬ致痫组减少（Ｐ＜０．０１，Ｐ＜０．０５）。     

急性脑梗塞患者血清肿瘤坏死因子增高

采用放射免疫法测定４５例急性脑梗塞患者血清肿瘤坏死因子（ＴＮＦ）含量，并与３０例脑动脉硬化患者及２７例健康体检者进行比较。结果表明脑梗塞患者ＴＮＦ水平明显增高，脑梗塞组ＴＮＦ为７．１９±１．６７ｎｇ／ｍｌ，脑动脉硬化组为２．３０±１．０６ｎｇ／ｍｌ，正常对照组为１．４１±０．２３ｎｇ／ｍｌ。脑梗塞组与脑动脉硬化组比较有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．００１）；与正常对照组比较有极显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．００１）。重型脑梗塞患者血清ＴＮＦ含量亦较轻型患者显著增高。重型ＴＮＦ含量为１１．３２±１．４３ｎｇ／ｍｌ，轻型为６．９０±１．５０ｎｇ／ｍｌ（Ｐ＜０．０５）。提示ＴＮＦ参与脑梗塞的发生、发展全过程，脑梗塞患者血清ＴＮＦ含量测定可作为判断患者病情、治疗及预后的一项免疫学指标。     

马桑内酯致痫大鼠大脑皮层,海马NMDA受体亚单位1（NMDAR1） …

目的 探讨癫痫发病的发子机制。方法 采用原位杂交技术，研究了马桑内酯致痫大鼠大脑皮层、海马Ｎ－甲基－Ｄ－天安门冬氨酸受体亚单位１（ＮＭＤＡＲ１）ｍＲＮＡ表达的变化。结果 马桑内酶致痫大鼠顶叶大脑皮层及海马齿回ＮＭＤＡＲ１ｍＲＮＡＡ水平显著高于生理盐水对照组（Ｐ〈０．０１，Ｐ〈０．０５）。结论 马桑内酯上调脑组织内ＮＭＤＡＲ１ｍＲＮＡ水平，此可能是其致痫及惊痫及惊厥易感性增加的分子机制之一。     

雌激素对癫癎大鼠大脑皮层、海马FOS蛋白表达的影响

目的;了解雌激素对马桑内酯（ＣＬ）致■大鼠中枢神经系统ＦＯＳ蛋白（ＦＯＳ）表达的影响。方法：应用流式细胞免疫荧光技术对ＣＬ致■及给予雌激素后再致■大鼠大脑皮层、海马细胞ＦＯＳ表达进行定量检测。结果：ＣＬ致■组大鼠大脑皮层、海马ＦＯＳ表达的荧光指数（ＦＩ）和阳性细胞数较正常对照组明显增高（Ｐ＜０．０１）;给予雌二醇（Ｅ２）后再致■组皮层、海马ＦＯＳ表达较单纯ＣＬ致■组增加（Ｐ＜００５,Ｐ＜０．０１）。结抡：由于ＦＯＳ可作为神经元兴奋的标志,雌激素可以提高皮层、海马神经细胞的兴奋性,提示雌激素有致■性。     

慢性癫痫大鼠脑组织生长抑素受体功能的变化

探讨癫痫发病的生化机制。方法用１２５Ｉ－ＳＯＭ作为配基,采用放射性配基受体结合分析法,对戊四氮诱导的慢性癫痫大鼠海马生长抑素（ＳＯＭ）受体功能进行了测定。结果慢性癫痫大鼠及对照组海马ＳＯＭ受体的Ｂｍａｘ值分别为２４６．０±１８．２ｐｍｏｌ／ｇ蛋白质及２２０．０±１５．３ｐｍｏｌ／ｇ蛋白质,Ｋｄ值分别为４．１９±０．３４ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ及３．８９±０．２２ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ。常用的抗痫药卡马西平（ＣＢＺ）、丙戌酸钠（ＶＰＡ）及钙桔抗剂尼莫地平（ＮＩＭ）能降低受体的亲和力,而苯妥因钠（ＰＨＴ）则无影响。结论ＳＯＭ受体活性增高在癫痫发病中起着重要作用,常用抗痫药的抗痫活性可能与其降低ＳＯＭ受体活性有关。     

皮质醇对马桑内酯致痫大鼠大脑皮层,海马γ—氨基丁酸免疫组化…

为了解皮质醇对马桑内酯蛭和痫大鼠大脑皮层、海马γ－氨基丁酸（ＧＡＢＡ）免疫组化分布的影响，应用免疫组化方法研究３组大鼠大脑皮层、海马γ－氨基丁酸免疫反应（ＧＡＢＡ－ＩＲ）阳性细胞的分布，以探讨马桑内酯致痫及人工合成皮持醇－地塞米松的抗痫 是民ＧＡＢＡ系统相关。结果显示；马桑内酯致痫 后大鼠大脑皮层海马齿状回ＧＡＢＡ－ＩＲ一细胞较正常组明显减少，应用Ｄｅｘ后再致痫 ，大鼠大脑ＧＡＢＡ－ＩＲ细胞数居正     

马桑内酯致痫大鼠大脑皮质,海马NMDA受体亚单位1mRNA表达的 …

ＮＭＤＡ受体与惊厥和癫痫易感性的形成密切相关。为了探讨癫痫发病的分子机制，采用原位杂交技术，研究了马桑内酯致痫大鼠大脑皮质、海马ＮＭＤＡ受体亚单位１（ＮＭＤＡＲ１）ｍＲＮＡ表达的动态变化。结果显示，马桑内酯致痫大鼠顶叶大脑皮质及海马齿状回ＮＭＤＡＲ１ ｍＲＮＡ水平显著高于生理盐水对照组（Ｐ〈０．０１，Ｐ〈０．０５）。提示：马桑内酯上调脑组织内ＮＭＤＡＲ１亚单位ｍＲＮＡ水平，可能是其致痫及使惊厥易感     

中脑导水管周围灰质和海马在ACTH镇痛中的相互关系

以往工作发现，中脑导水管周围灰质（ＰＡＧ）和海马在非阿片肽ＡＣＴＨ痛觉调制中占有重要地位。但它们之间的相互影响在ＡＣＴＨ痛觉调制中的作用，尚未阐明。本工作利用免疫组织化学和病阈测定方法，进一步观察大鼠ＰＡＧ和海马在ＡＣＴＨ镇痛时的相互关系，并与吗啡镇痛作用相比较。结果如下：（１）海马内注射ＡＣＩＨ（０．５ｕ／４μｌ）或吗啡（５μｇ／４μｌ），痛阈明显升高（１１９．３±４．７％，１２２．７±２６．８％）与对照组比较有显著差异（Ｐ＜０．０１），该明显效应均可被ＰＡＧ内注射阿片受体拮抗剂纳络酮所阻断；（２）ＰＡＧ内注射吗啡或ＡＣＴＨ后病阈提高更显著（１８０．９±５０．３％，２１９．８±７７．０％，Ｐ＜０．０１），但海马内注射纳络酮可阻断前者的效应（Ｐ＜０．０５）而对后者却无影响（Ｐ＞０．０５）；（３）伤害性刺激福尔马林（Ｆ）可诱发大鼠脊髓腰膨大背角原癌基因ｃ－ｆｏｓ显著表达，以Ⅰ、Ⅱ层较显著，海马或ＰＡＧ内注射ＡＣＴＨ均可抑制其背角ｃ－ｆｏｓ表达。结果提示：ＰＡＧ、海马均参与ＡＣＴＨ和阿片系统对脊髓痛信息传递的调制作用，在ＡＣＴＨ痛觉调制作用中，表明ＰＡＧ、海马之间的相互影响是复杂的。     

UV法与HPLC法测定癫痫患者血清苯妥英钠浓度结果的比较

本文从二方面进行了ＵＶ法与ＨＰＬＣ法测定癫痫患者血清ＰＨＴ浓度的比较，实验研究结果表明，二种方法测得值呈正相关（ｒ＝０．９７５１），其差异无统计学意义（Ｐ＞０．０５）；临床监测应用结果显示ＵＶ法与ＨＰＬＣ法有效血药浓度分别为１６．１６８０±５．８２８７和１４．３２０２±６．７３９８（μｇ／ｍｌ，Ｐ＞０．０５），无效血药浓度均＜１０μｇ／ｍｌ，中毒血药浓度均＞２０μｇ／ｍｌ，其中绝大多数超过３０μｇ／ｍｌ。     

Inhomogeneities in the propagation of the slow wave in the stomach

The propagation of the slow wave in the stomach and its role in inducing sweeping peristaltic contractions toward the pylorus, essential for a proper digestion and emptying, have been studied for many years. Irregularities in the timing or in the pattern of propagation of the slow wave have been known to induce various gastric malfunctions and, recently, several types of gastric dysrhythmias have been described which could lead to gastric contraction abnormalities. In this study, Du et al. have analyzed the disturbances caused by a simple transmural incision in a human stomach, performed to obtain a biopsy of the muscle, on the propagation pattern of the slow wave. In addition, they show that such an incision may by itself also induce new types of gastric dysrhythmias. These results are important in demonstrating that the function of the stomach can easily be disturbed by such procedures. This mini‐review describes several ways in which inhomogeneities in propagation may affect the conduction pattern of the slow wave, including the genesis of several dysrhythmias, and what is currently known about their impact on gastric contraction and digestion.     

Early stages in the formation of the cerebellum in the frog

The formation of the cerebellum was studied during the first 6 months of the tadpole stage of the bullfrog by using standard histological methods and reconstructions from serial horizontal sections. Three major developmental phases were noted in the formation of the cerebellum. (1) During the first 5 weeks of development, the neuroepithelium proliferated and the dorsal mesencephalic plates increased in size. (2) Starting in the sixth week, a patch of neuroepithelium began to differentiate and gave rise to a small population of Purkinje cells. In subsequent weeks, the area of differentiation continued to spread and a Purkinje cell layer became established along the dorsal margin of the cerebellar plate. (3) In the 12th week, the ventrolateral part of the cerebellar plate began to increase in size and generate two populations of small cells. The lateralmost part of the neuroepithelium in this area generated a group of cells that formed an external granular layer that was one cell deep. Cells of this external granular layer migrated inward into the primitive molecular layer, and by the 26th week only a remnant of an external granular layer remained in the cerebellum. The more medially situated part of the neuroepithelium gave rise to another population of small cells that formed a column, which appeared to be continuous with the Purkinje cells, but differed from them in size. It should be noted that full maturation of the cerebellum occurs during metamorphosis, which in this species remains some 2 years away.     

Cells in the pretectal olivary nucleus are in the pathway for the direct light reflex of the pupil in the rat

Extracellular microelectrode recordings from 148 single cells in the pretectum of the hooded rat were classified according to their temporal response properties to light stimulation of their retinal receptive fields. Fifty-six cells were classified as tonic-on cells, 22 cells were classified as tonic-off cells, and 53 cells were classified as phasic cells. Seventeen cells could not be assigned to one of these 3 groups. The diameters of the receptive field centers of the tonic-on pretectal cell were clustered about a mean of 31° and the temporal response of these cells was sustained. Constriction of the contralateral pupil was produced by electrical stimulation through the recording electrode at sites containing tonic-on pretectal cells, but not at sites containing tonic-off pretectal cells or phasic pretectal cells. For this reason, we argue that tonic-on cells are likely to mediate constriction in the light reflex of the rat's pupil. Receptive field maps together with electrolytic marking lesions at recording and stimulation sites showed that tonic-on pretectal cells are retinotopically organized and are aggregated in a strip running from the dorso-medial tip of the pretectum to the ventro-lateral boundary. The anatomical distribution of these cells is coextensive with the region known as the pretectal olivary nucleus (PO) in the rat^26,27.Using fine microelectrodes, recordings were obtained from 27 axons presumed origin (fibers). Of these, 14 were tonic-on, 10 were phasic, 2 were tonic-off, and 2 were unclassified. Recordings from tonic-on fibers were obtained near tonic-on pretectal cells, typically in the most dorsal light-responsiveness region of the pretectum. These fibers were activated by single pulse electrical stimulation of the optic chiasm. The mean receptive field center diameter of 6 tonic-on fibers was 10.1°, or about a factor of 3 less than that of pretectal tonic-on cells. The mean conduction velocity of 14 tonic-on fibers was 3.1 m/s.We argue that the tonic-on cells of the PO serve to integrate signals from tonic-on center retinal ganglion cells with adjacent receptive fields to provide signals for constriction of the pupil to neurons in the oculomotor nucleus.     

Organization in the descending tracts of the dorsolateral funiculus in the cat

Organization of the fibers in the descending tracts of the dorsolateral funiculus of the cervical spinal cord was investigated in cats. The spinal cord was penetrated with microelectrodes at 400 mum intervals in the medio-lateral direction at the c5/c6 and c6/c7 segmental borders. Silicon substrate microelectrodes with a linear arrangement of activated iridium contacts were used. The stimulus consisted of a 20 ms train of charge balanced biphasic current pulses at 330 Hz. The evoked activities from selected forelimb muscles were acquired into computer. Only the data points with an activation threshold of less than 35 muA were considered in the analysis. Muscle contractions were mostly in the form of short twitches. In both spinal segments, an area of high threshold was found in the middle of the dorsolateral funiculus. Majority of the muscles studied had a dorsal or ventral concentration of activation points. The distal muscles were mostly activated in the ventro-lateral aspect of the funiculus, while the elbow muscle maps spread to both dorsal and ventral sides. These results show a functional organization in both cervical segments studied, with overlapping regions between the areas dedicated for each forelimb muscle.     

Dysthymic disorder in the aged in the community

Summary The prevalence of dysthymic disorder and and its relationship to social and health variables were investigated in a Finnish population aged 60 years or over. The prevalence was lower in men (17.2 per 100) than in women (22.9 per 100). In the total population the occurrence was higher in the widowed (24.9 per 100) than in the married (18.3 per 100). In men, dysthymic disorder was more common in those with a lower educational level (22.6 per 100) than with a higher educational level (15.1 per 100), and more common in persons receiving long-term institutional care or home nursing or home help (28.7 per 100) than in persons living independently at home (14.6 per 100). The rate was not related to age, marital status or occupation. In women, the occurrence was not related to age, marital status, education, occupation or form of social and health care. The female rate was higher than the male in the older group (70 yrs. +), in married persons, in those with a higher educational level and in those living independently at home. Underdiagnosing was evident. The occurrence of dysthymic disorder was related to poor health and poor functional status and to the occurrence of social and health stressors. No differences were found in the occurrence of the related factors between persons with dysthymic disorder and persons with major depression. Our results support the conclusion that the majority of cases of dysthymic disorders in the elderly are affective illnesses and not personality disorders.     

Issues in the assessment of outcome in depressive illness in the elderly

Different approaches to assessment of outcome of psychiatric illness generally are critically appraised. The article examines research design, outcome criteria and statistical analysis, including newer statistical approaches. Measurement of outcome is complex and a more detailed and sophisticated approach needs to be adopted than in the past. Some of the special problems associated with outcome studies of depressive illness in the elderly are discussed. Specific recommendations are suggested for future outcome studies of depression in the elderly. Such studies should be prospective, recruit a wide range of patient severity and make greater use of newer statistical analyses, eg survival analysis and proportional hazards model. Outcome criteria should be precisely defined, measured using standardized instruments and be comprehensive (clinical, physical health, psychosocial, etc.). Attention should be given to inter-episode symptomatology.     

Changes in the mitochondria in the initial part of the axon during regeneration

Summary The initial part of the axon including the axon hillock, the initial unmyelinated segment and the beginning of myelinated axon was studied electron microscopically during regeneration, 1–30 days following a crush lesion of the rat hypoglossal nerve. Large mitochondria reaching 1.1 m in diameter, with abundant cristae and dense granules in the matrix were observed between days 3–21. They formed clusters in the initial myelinated segment of the axon. End-to-end contacts and ribosomes around them were very often visible.The large mitochondria exhibited strong succinate dehydrogenase and NAD · H₂ diaphorase activities.The relationship between the appearance of large and active mitochondria in the initial part of the axon and the elevated axonal transport during regeneration of the peripheral nerve is also discussed.     

Experiences in the United States--a difference in the status in the United States and that in Japan]

Child and adolescent psychiatry has been established as a subspecialty in the United States. The systematic education, training and research opportunities are currently available and child and adolescent psychiatry is a major part of psychiatric practice in the US. However, there are many burdens to overcome to provide adequate child mental health care. Several important focus on child mental health care in US are to 1) improve the assessment of and recognition of mental health needs in children, 2) promote scientifically-proven and evidence based interventions and 3) increase access to and coordination of quality mental health care services. To understand the current status and problems in child and adolescent psychiatry in US may help the Japanese psychiatrists to develop and establish child and adolescent psychiatry in Japan.     

Apoplexy in the everyday practice in the eighteenth century

We report the original recipes applied to treat apoplexy in the eighteenth century, as written in the personal notes of doctor of that century.