广东省儿童乙型肝炎疫苗纳入计划免疫管理10年后血清学效果分析

为研究广东省乙型肝炎 (乙肝 )疫苗纳入计划免疫管理 10年后儿童血清乙肝病毒感染标志物 (HBVM )的变化 ,采用分层多阶段随机抽样法 ,将全省分 4层 ,共抽取 12个县 2 4个村的 196 3名儿童为研究样本。采血用固相放射免疫法 (SPRIA)检测乙肝病毒表面抗原 (HBsAg)、乙肝病毒核心抗体 (抗 HBc)、乙肝病毒表面抗体 (抗 HBs)。2 0 0 2年调查 1～ 14岁儿童乙肝疫苗接种率为 78 81% ,全程接种率为 74 17%。其中 1～ 9岁儿童乙肝疫苗全程接种率为 81 73% ,10～ 14岁为 6 0 32 %。 1～ 14岁儿童HBsAg携带率、抗 HBc阳性率、HBV感染率分别从 1992年的 19 86 %、5 3 5 9%、71 4 1%降至 2 0 0 2年的 8 5 6 %、2 2 5 7%、31 33%。其中 1～ 9岁儿童的HBsAg携带率、抗 HBc阳性率、HBV感染率分别从 1992年的 17 88%、4 7 0 9%、6 7 4 4 %下降至 2 0 0 2年的 5 75 %、14 4 9%、2 1 81%。乙肝疫苗接种后 ,1～ 3岁儿童抗 HBs阳性率为 5 2 0 2 %～ 6 2 18%。由于实施了加强免疫 ,4～ 14岁儿童的抗 HBs维持在 5 9 32 %～ 6 5 80 %。广东省乙肝疫苗纳入计划免疫管理 10年后 ,全省 1～ 14岁儿童HBV感染率已大幅度下降 ,抗 HBs阳性率大幅度升高 ,取得了良好的经济和社会效益。     

广西壮族自治区乙型肝炎疫苗纳入儿童计划免疫血清流行病学本底调查

为广西壮族自治区将乙型肝炎 (乙肝 )疫苗纳入儿童计划免疫的实施提供本底资料 ,采用多阶段整群系统随机抽样方法 ,于 2 0 0 3年调查了 0～ 3岁儿童 5 6 70人 ,儿童母亲 12 16人。结果显示 :0～ 3岁儿童乙肝疫苗接种率、全程接种率和首针及时接种率分别为 76 16 %、73 4 4 %、32 6 6 % ;乙肝病毒表面抗原 (HBsAg)与抗体 (抗 HBs)、乙肝病毒核心抗体 (抗 HBc)阳性率分别为 3 37%、4 0 18%、5 17%。与 1992年调查结果相比较 ,乙肝疫苗接种率提高了 77 6 1% ,HBsAg携带率由 9 6 8%降至 3 37% ,保护率为 6 5 19%。首针及时接种、全程接种乙肝疫苗儿童的HBsAg、抗 HBc阳性率非常显著地低于未接种的儿童 ,HBsAg阳性母亲儿童的HBsAg、抗 HBc阳性率非常显著地高于其他儿童。提高首针及时接种率、全程接种率 ,降低阳性母亲儿童的HBsAg、抗 HBc阳性率成为今后乙肝控制工作的重点     

上海市某社区中小学及幼儿园乙肝病毒感染率及乙肝疫苗免疫情况调查

目的 调查上海市唐镇社区中小学及幼儿园学生乙肝病毒感染状况及乙肝疫苗免疫效果,为乙肝防控工作提供依据.方法 采用横断面调查的方式,随机抽查本社区幼儿园、小学和中学各一所中所有学生,调查相关影响因素,并以ELISA法定性检测乙肝两对半,观察本社区中小学生及幼儿的乙肝病毒感染状况及乙肝疫苗免疫效果,分析不同影响因素与乙肝病毒感染及免疫成效的关系.结果 中小学生及幼儿儿童的乙肝疫苗接种率及全程乙肝疫苗接种率,以年龄越小,接种率越高;学生的HBsAg、抗HBs、HBeAg、抗HBe和抗HBc的阳性率分别为0.55％、30.85％、0.28％、0.28％和0.83％;HBsAg阳性率与家庭成员乙肝病史、未接种乙肝疫苗相关,3～5岁组抗HBs阳性率要高于其他各年龄组别(P＜0.05).结论 该社区中10岁以上学生乙肝疫苗全程接种率和抗HBs阳性率较低,需要加强乙肝疫苗免疫接种等多种措施来提高乙肝免疫水平.     

池州市农村0～2岁儿童乙型肝炎疫苗接种及其免疫效果评价

为了解池州市乙型肝炎 (乙肝 )疫苗接种现况和免疫效果 ,于 2 0 0 2年 12月 2 0日～ 2 0 0 3年 1月 2 0日 ,对所辖4个县 (区 ,下同 )进行了调查。 4个县 2 0个乡 (镇 )按 <1岁、1岁、2岁共抽查 4 2 0名儿童 ,检测乙肝病毒表面抗原(HBsAg)与抗体 (抗 HBs)。结果 :池州市农村儿童乙肝疫苗接种率达 99 2 9% ,首针及时接种率为 73 81% ;池州市农村乙肝疫苗接种主要有 3种方式 ,即分娩医院接种、首针分离接种和接种点接种 ,其中分娩医院接种和首针分离接种符合接种要求 ,其首针及时接种率 >93% ,全程及时接种率 >87% ;HBsAg阳性 3人 ,阳性率 0 71% ,抗 HBs阳性 2 75人 ,阳转率 6 5 4 8% ;另有 14 2名 (33 81% )儿童HBsAg和抗 HBs双阴性。因此加强农村儿童乙肝疫苗接种管理 ,明确分娩医院和接种点各自的职责 ,规范乙肝疫苗接种是确保乙肝疫苗纳入计划免疫后获得高质量、高效果的关键。同时提高农村孕妇住院分娩有助于提高儿童乙肝疫苗接种率。     

广州市部分从业人员乙型肝炎感染情况调查

目的　了解广州市从业人员乙型肝炎 (乙肝 )感染情况及免疫水平 ,探讨从业人员乙肝预防的对策与措施。方法　采用酶联免疫吸附试验 (ELISA)对 130 77名从业人员进行乙肝标志物(HBsAg、抗 HBs、HBeAg、抗 HBe、抗 HBc)检测 ,并对检测结果进行统计分析。结果　共调查 130 77人 ,HBV总感染率为 6 9 6 6 % ,其中HBsAg总阳性率为 6 87% ,抗 HBs总阳性率为 4 1 6 7%。乙肝疫苗接种率为 4 9 5 3% ,已接种乙肝疫苗者HBsAg阳性率为 3 98% ,未接种乙肝疫苗者HBsAg阳性率为9 71% ,差异有显著性 (P <0 0 1)。已接种乙肝疫苗者抗 HBs阳性率为 73 5 8% ,未接种乙肝疫苗者抗 HBs阳性率为 2 1 0 6 % ,差异有显著性 (P <0 0 1)。结论　广州市受检从业人员的乙肝感染率较高 ;接种乙肝疫苗者HBsAg阳性率较低 ,而抗 HBs阳性率较高。建议从业人员就业前进行乙肝“两对半”检测并对乙肝易感者进行乙肝疫苗接种。     

2002年盐都县部分2～10岁儿童乙型肝炎病毒感染状况调查

[目的 ]了解盐都县儿童乙型肝炎病毒感染状况。 [方法 ] 2 0 0 2年 4月对盐都县 4个乡镇 164 6名 2～ 10岁儿童检测HBsAg、抗 HBs、抗 HBc ,对HBsAg阳性儿童检测其父母血清HBsAg、抗 HBs、HBeAg、抗 HBe、抗 HBc ,并进行HBVDNA同源性分析。 [结果 ]儿童HBsAg、抗 HBs、抗 HBc阳性率分别为 0 67%、72 66%、2 19% ,抗 HBs阳性率各年龄组的差异无统计学意义。HBVDNA同源性检测 ,11名HBsAg阳性儿童中 7名的感染来自母亲 ,1名来自父亲。[结论 ]儿童乙肝病毒感染率较低 ,乙肝疫苗全程免疫后抗体持续时间较长。     

甘肃省乙肝疫苗接种与乙肝病毒感染相关性分析

目的 分析评价乙肝疫苗免疫对甘肃省居民乙肝病毒(HBV)感染变化的影响.方法 采用多阶段整群抽样方法,抽取5个县区1 ～59岁人群共2 200人,进行基本情况调查,采集血清标本,采用ELISA方法检测乙肝病毒表面抗原(HBsAg)、乙肝病毒表面抗体(抗- HBs)、乙肝病毒核心抗体(抗- HBc)等水平.结果 乙肝疫苗接种率由1992年前出生人群的19.37％提高到2002 - 2006年出生人群的89.37％,HBV感染率由43.06％降为6.56％,HBsAg携带率由4.77％下降到1.13％;有乙肝疫苗免疫史人群HBV感染率和HBsAg阳性率均低于无乙肝疫苗免疫史人群,抗- HBs阳性率明显高于无乙肝疫苗免疫史人群;乙肝疫苗保护率为79.45％.结论 随出生年代后移,无论城市和农村人群,乙肝疫苗接种率均不断提高,HBV感染率、HBsAg和抗- HBc阳性率逐渐降低,抗- HBs阳性率上升,呈现高接种率低感染率趋势.     

江苏省儿童乙肝流行及疫苗接种状况调查

目的分析江苏省儿童乙肝疫苗接种和乙肝流行现状,评价乙肝疫苗纳入儿童免疫规划管理后的效果。方法采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样方法,调查城乡监测点1～14岁常住儿童1894名,进行乙肝疫苗接种情况以及乙肝感染主要危险因素问卷调查;采集静脉血,用酶联免疫法(ELISA)检测血清中乙肝病毒表面抗原(HBsAg)乙肝病毒表面抗体(抗-HBs)、乙肝病毒核心抗体(抗-HBc)。结果江苏省1～14岁城市儿童乙肝疫苗接种率、首针及时接种率分别为97.13%,78.43%,农村儿童分别为95.15%,57.96%;1～14岁儿童HBsAg阳性率、抗-HBs阳性率、抗-HBc阳性率、乙肝病毒(HBV)感染流行率经标化调整后分别为1.10%,70.02%,3.40%,5.53%。结论江苏省乙肝疫苗纳入免疫规划效果显著,5岁以下儿童HBsAg阳性率已降至1%以下,乙肝疫苗接种率和首针及时率逐年提高。     

济阳县15～40岁人群乙型肝炎病毒感染标志调查

目的　了解乙型肝炎(乙肝)病毒(HBV)感染标志的分布情况。方法　2 0 0 3年11月在山东省济阳县开展了15～4 0岁人群HBV感染标志分布的横断面调查,共采集合格静脉血1994人份。乙肝病毒表面抗原(HBsAg)、乙肝病毒表面抗体(抗HBs)、乙肝病毒核心抗体(抗HBc)均用固相放射免疫(SPRIA)法检测。结果　15～4 0岁人群HBsAg、抗HBs、抗 HBc和HBV感染率分别为6 5. 2 %、2 4 .77%、30 . 99%和4 3 .6 3%。HBsAg流行率随年龄的增长而升高,男女性别之间HBsAg流行率的差异无显著的统计学意义。结论　该次调查正值我国将乙肝疫苗纳入儿童计划免疫之际,此调查可为之提供本底资料,并为进一步探讨乙肝疫苗扩大免疫策略提供参考     

江西省现阶段儿童乙型肝炎病毒感染状况及影响因素研究

为观察江西省现阶段儿童乙型肝炎 (乙肝 )病毒 (HBV)感染状况及影响因素 ,于 2 0 0 2年 10～ 12月采用多阶段整群抽样法 ,抽取 10个样本 ,10 12名 1994年 1月 1日～ 2 0 0 1年 12月 31日出生 (1～ 8岁 )的儿童 ,用固相放射免疫法 (SPRIA)检测HBV感染的基本指标 :乙肝病毒表面抗原 (HBsAg)与抗体 (抗 HBs)、乙肝病毒核心抗体 (抗 HBc)。结果显示 :HBsAg流行率为 8 89% ,抗 HBs流行率为 74 6 0 % ,抗 HBc流行率为 10 87%。HBsAg和抗 HBc流行率均是农村高于城市 (P <0 0 1) ,抗 HBs流行率城市高于农村 (P <0 0 1)。乙肝疫苗接种、母亲HBsAg阳性的儿童乙肝疫苗首针在 2 4h内接种与HBsAg、抗 HBc流行率成负相关 ,儿童出生前母亲HBsAg阳性则与之呈正相关。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.