重症急性胰腺炎并发全身炎症反应综合征的临床特征及处理

目的探讨重症急性胰腺炎（Severe acute pancreatitis,SAP）全身炎症反应综合征（Systemic inflammatory response syndrome,SIRS）的临床特征及治疗方案的选择与预后的关系。方法 2007年1月至2010年12月本院收治的49例重症急性胰腺炎患者,分为两组：治疗组27例,采用乌司他丁2×106U静脉滴注,每天2次,连续6天,病情改善后减半量给药2天,病情重则延长使用时间;对照组22例,除不予乌司他丁外其余措施如禁食、胃肠减压、抗感染等与治疗组相同。对比分析两组全身炎症反应综合征和多器官功能障碍综合征（Multiple organdysfunction syndrome,MODS）以及死亡率。结果治疗组全身炎症反应综合征和多器官功能障碍综合征发生率分别为66.7%（18/27）和37.0%（10/27）,显著低于对照组的和95.5%（21/22）和72.7%（16/22）（P〈0.05）,有统计学意义。两组的死亡率分别为11.1%（3/27）和22.7%（5/22）,无显著差别。结论全身炎症反应综合征持续进展将导致多器官功能障碍综合征的发生;多器官功能障碍综合征是导致重症急性胰腺炎患者死亡的主要原因;乌司他丁能显著降低重症急性胰腺炎全身炎症反应综合征和多器官功能障碍综合征等并发症的发生率。     

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目的　阐述中性粒细胞凋亡在重症急性胰腺炎 (SAP)的发生以及进展为多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS)中的作用机制。方法　 2 0 0 0～ 2 0 0 2年采用流式细胞仪分别测定SAP组、轻症急性胰腺炎 (MAP)组和健康对照组各 2 0例外周血中性粒细胞凋亡 ,并分析急性胰腺炎发生系统性炎性反应综合征 (SIRS)、MODS与中性粒细胞凋亡的关系。结果　SAP组、MAP组和对照组中性粒细胞凋亡分别为 (2 2 6± 0 76 ) %、(3 0 7± 1 10 ) %、(3 88± 1 2 0 ) %。各组间比较差异均有显著性 (P <0 0 5 )。未发生SIRS组、SIRS组与MODS组胰腺炎病人中性粒细胞调亡分别为 (3 35± 1 0 2 ) % ,(2 6 9± 0 84 ) % ,(1 80± 0 6 7) % ,各组间差异均有显著性 (P <0 0 5 )。结论　外周血延缓的中性粒细胞凋亡在急性胰腺炎发病机制中具有重要作用 ,是胰腺炎病人发生SIRS并进展为MODS的重要环节。     

乌司他丁对急性胰腺炎相关性急性肺损伤的预防和治疗作用

目的 探讨乌司他丁在治疗重症急性胰腺炎(severe acute pancreatitis,SAP)时对急性胰腺炎相关性急性肺损伤(acute pancreatitis associatedlung injury,APALI)的预防和治疗作用.方法 对我院205例急性胰腺炎患者进行回顾性分析,对照组112例行常规治疗;治疗组93例行常规 乌司他丁治疗.分别于治疗后第0,3,6,9天分析患者动脉血气,以血PaO2与吸氧浓度比值(PaO2/FiO2)、呼吸频率和肺部X线检查等为观测指标,观察乌司他丁治疗组和对照组之间肺损伤发生率和对肺损伤疗效的差异.结果 治疗组中急性胰腺炎相关性肺损伤的发生率为35.6%,对照组为67.9%,两者差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),并且,发病24 h以内使用乌司他丁预防效果最佳.各治疗阶段乌司他丁治疗组较对照组肺损伤程度显著减轻(P＜0.01).结论 乌司他丁在治疗急性胰腺炎时可以显著减少急性肺损伤的发生,并能促进急性肺损伤的好转,对急性胰腺炎相关性肺损伤有显著预防和治疗作用.     

重症急性胰腺炎的液体治疗

<正>重症急性胰腺炎(severe acute pancreatitis,SAP)占整个急性胰腺炎的10%～20%,病情凶险、并发症多、病情进展迅速、病死率高。SAP自发病至2周左右为急性反应期[1],以全身炎性反应综合征(systemic inflammatory responsesyndrome,SIRS)并发多脏器功能不全综合征(multipleorgan dysfunction syndrome,MODS)为特点,构成临床第一个死亡高峰。     

重症急性胰腺炎与全身炎症反应综合征

重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)是引起全身性炎症反应综合征(SIRS)的常见原因,从SIRS到多器官功能不全综合征(MODS)是一个渐进的过程,早期评估SAP的预后在SAP的诊治过程中具有指导性意义,早期积极有效地阻断SIRS向MODS的进程、保护重要脏器,则可提高SAP的治愈率。     

重症急性胰腺炎与全身炎症反应综合征

重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)是引起全身性炎症反应综合征(SIRS)的常见原因，从SIRS到多器官功能不全综合征(MODS)是一个渐进的过程，早期评估SAP的预后在SAP的诊治过程中具有指导性意义，早期积极有效地阻断SIRS向MODS的进程、保护重要脏器，则可提高SAP的治愈率。     

急性上尿路梗阻全身炎症反应综合征76例临床分析

目的：提高对急性上尿路梗阻全身炎症反应综合征（SIRS）与多器官功能障碍综合征（MODS）关系的认识，探讨MODS的防治策略。方法：分析76例急性上尿路梗阻患者SIRS的临床资料及MODS发生率。结果：入院时出现SIRS者21例，发生率27.6%，其中8例发生MODS（38.1%），MODS中3例死亡。结论：MODS中急性肾功能衰竭最常见，随着符合SIRS标准项目的增加，病死率比例也增加（P＜0.05）。早期诊断SIRS，积极治疗机体炎症反应，及时解除上尿路梗阻，是改善上尿路梗阻患者预后的关键。     

重症急性胰腺炎液体治疗推荐方案

重症急性胰腺炎(severe acute pancreatitis,SAP)的病程早期即急性反应期(发病2周内),以全身炎症反应综合征(systemic inflammatory response syndrome,SIRS)为特点,SIRS导致多器官功能障碍综合征(multiple organ dysfunction syndrome,MODS)为此期主要死因。     

重症急性胰腺炎合并急性肾功能衰竭的临床特点及治疗体会

目的 分析重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)合并急性肾功能衰竭(ARF)的临床特点,并总结治疗体会.方法 ①回顾分析南京军区南京总医院近9年63例SAP合并ARF临床资料,用多元直线回归方法分析影响ARF发生率的相关因素;②63例病人均行肠内营养支持(62.4±20.6d)和连续性肾脏替代治疗(CRRT)(15.6±8.7 d),51例行机械通气(21.7±12.4 d),54例早期腹腔穿刺,34例置鼻胆管或经皮经肝胆囊穿刺引流,18例行腹膜后脓肿穿刺引流,50例手术治疗.结果 SAP合并ARF的死亡率为31.7%,发生率为10.6%,SIRS持续时间、病情严重程度、ARDS、MODS、腹腔间室综合征等是SAP合并ARF的重要影响因素.结论 SIRS持续时间、病情严重程度、ARDS、MODS、腹腔间室综合征等是SAP合并ARF的重要影响因素;早期液体复苏、CRRT、有效维护脏器功能和局部引流是治疗成功的重要环节.     

重症急性胰腺炎与全身炎性反应综合征的临床探讨

目的　加强对重症急性胰腺炎 (SAP)中全身炎性反应综合征 (SIRS)的认识。方法　回顾 1 991～ 2 0 0 0年 60例SAP住院患者SIRS的发生及其全病程 ,并对其治疗和死亡原因进行分析。结果　 (1 )SAP患者 96 .7%出现SIRS ,持续时间平均 5 .6± 3 .5d。 (2 )SAP并发脓毒症后死亡率明显增高 (P <0 .0 5)。 (3)未手术组并发脓毒症、多脏器功能障碍综合征 (MODS) ,多脏器系统功能衰竭 (MSOF)及死亡率明显高于手术组 ,分别为P <0 .0 5、P <0 .0 1、P <0 .0 1、P <0 .0 5。 (4)近期手术组与延期手术组死亡率无明显差异 (P >0 .0 5)。结论　SAP一旦其SIRS的诱因未及时控制或消除 ,最终会发展为MODS。应在代谢支持的前提下 ,在抗感染的基础上 ,选择适当的手术时机 ,防止SIRS发展为MODS。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.