多段原料气冷激型甲醇合成塔的定态模拟——优化设计及优化操作

以CO、CO_2平行加H_2为甲醇合成的关键反应,以CO、CO_2作为关健反应组分,建立了多段原料气冷激型甲醇合成塔催化床的一维拟均相数学模型。应用C301铜基催化剂甲醇合成的宏观动力学方程,采用Powell直接搜索法,给出达到一定产量、反应器体积最小的优化设计;同时也给出在反应器体积一定的情况下,取催化剂不同的寿命因子时,使产量达到最大的优化操作的模拟计算。由此提供了多段原料气冷激型反应器的优化设计和优化操作的方法。     

三相床甲醇合成过程：Ⅱ.C302催化剂甲醇反应本征动力学

研究了 C30 2型铜基催化剂上由 CO、CO2 与 H2 合成 CH3OH的本征反应动力学。为使本征动力学模型能应用于三相床甲醇合成过程 ,实验所用原料气中 CO浓度较高 ,范围为 y CO=0 .0 8～ 0 .2 6 ,压力和温度均在合成甲醇工业操作的范围内。选用双速率的 Langmuir- Hinshelwood方程来描述系统的本征反应速率 ,该模型的计算值与实验结果相吻合。     

甲醇合成系统中二氧化碳的作用

常压下研究了二氧化碳在甲醇合成系统中的作用和H_2-CO-CO_2-H_2O-CH_3OH混合物的动力学特性。认为二氧化碳的存在能保持催化剂表面的活性状态,促进甲醇分解与合成的速率。在有二氧化碳存在的甲醇分解与合成反应系统中,变换反应接近平衡。     

三相床甲醇合成过程：I.富CO合成气甲醇合成宏观反应动力学

以液体石蜡为液相介质 ,在富 CO合成气条件下研究了 C30 2铜基催化剂上 CO、CO2 加氢合成甲醇的宏观反应动力学 ,得到了相应的动力学模型 ,通过对模型进行比较 ,认为在 CO浓度较高的情况下 ,幂函数模型优于 Langmuir- Hinshelwood模型。实验结果表明 ,催化剂和液相介质在富 CO合成气条件下表现出良好的适应性。     

超临界CO2与甲醇直接合成碳酸二甲酯

以碳酸钾和碘甲烷为催化剂 ,在 CO2 的临界点附近研究了由 CO2 与甲醇直接合成碳酸二甲酯 ( DMC)的新工艺 ,考察了反应温度及反应压力对合成 DMC的影响 ;根据超临界 CO2 所具有的性质 ,讨论了该反应的机理。     

瞬变应答法研究CO_2甲烷化的反应过程机理

本文以瞬变应答法研究了CO_2在镍催化剂上甲烷化反应过程的机理。通过对响应曲线的分析指出H_2和CO_2在催化剂活性中心上发生竞争吸附。CO_2的甲烷化存在着两条平行路径,一是解离吸附的H_2与气相CO_2反应生成CO,再进一步加氢生成CH_4;另一路径是吸附的H_2和吸附的CO_2发生反应,生成中间化合物,进一步加氢生成CH_4,它不经由生成CO。这两步平行的基元反应也是总反应的控制步骤。     

CO2加H2在三相床中一步法制二甲醚

采用甲醇合成 C30 2催化剂与甲醇脱水 CM- 3- 1催化剂组成的复合催化剂 ,在高压机械搅拌反应釜中进行了 CO2 加 H2 一步法合成二甲醚的研究 ,使用 CO2 ∶ H2 =1∶ 3(V∶ V)的原料气考察了温度、压力对反应转化率与各产物选择性的影响。     

CuO-ZnO-ZrO_2催化剂上CO_2/H_2低压合成CH_3OH反应的研究

研完了在2MPa压力下,CuO-ZnO-ZrO_2催化剂对CO_2/H_2合成甲醇反应的催化活性。用BET、XRD、SEM、TPR等测试方法对催化剂表面性质、晶相组成、活性规律及ZrO_2的作用进行了探讨。加入ZrO_2有助于提高活性组分的分散度和催化剂的表面积;可以大大提高催化剂的活性和CH_3OH的选择性。活性组分CuO存在表面和体相两种分散形式,且ZrO_2的含量和焙烧温度直接影响着CuO的分散量及催化剂活性以及孔容的分布。     

中温变换反应动力学模型参数估值序贯实验设计

本文根据中温变换B109催化剂在常压下反应CO H_2O(?)CO_2 H_2动力学实验所得到的二十套测定数据,应用参数估计序贯实验设计的原理优选实验点位置,并进行幂函数型本征动力学方程的参数估值。应用上法求得的中温变换幂函数型动力学方程为Rate=0.1380×10~7exp(-0.2312×10~5/RT)y_(CO)~(0.7701)y_(H_2O)~(-0.0700)y_(CO_2)~(-0.4415)y_(H_2)~(-0.0247)(1-y_(CO_2)y_(H_2)/K_yy_(CO)y_(H_2O))mol/g·h 其中:y_(CO)、y_(H_2O)、y_(CO_2)、y_(H_2)分别为CO、H_2O,CO_2、H_2的湿基摩尔分率;K_y为以组分摩尔分率表示的反应平衡常数。本文提供了一个应用序贯实验设计的方法进行动力学模型参数估值、参数置信区域的估计及其实验点位置优选的动力学研究方法的实例。     

新型催化剂C302-2作用下的三相床甲醇合成过程Ⅲ.本征反应动力学

在等温积分反应器中，压力2．5～5．6MPa，温度210～255℃，空速6000～20000h^-1的实验条件下，对西南化工研究院研制的新型低温低压甲醇合成催化剂C302—2的CO、CO2加氢合成甲醇的本征动力学进行了研究。用改进的单纯形法和改进的高斯-牛顿法相结合对所采用的Langmuir—Hinshelwood型动力学模型进行参数估值，得到本征动力学方程。残差分析和统计检验结果表明，得到的本征动力学模型是适定的，可良好地适合于反应条件。实验结果可以为采用细颗粒催化剂的三相淤浆床甲醇合成反应器设计提供本征动力学数据。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.