椅旁计算机辅助设计与辅助制作修复体边缘适合性的影响因素及控制对策

牙体缺损修复体的椅旁计算机辅助设计与辅助制作(computer aided design/computer aided manufacturing,CAD/CAM)在临床的工作流程和技工加工环节均与传统间接修复不同,主要表现在数字化印模的获取和应用计算机软件设计修复体并由数控机床切削制作。牙体预备的质量和预备体呈现的参数可直接影响口内扫描获取信息的准确性和效度,修复体自动化的设计和制作也存在一些限制因素,这些影响均可降低修复体对患牙牙体缺损的适合性,尤其是修复体边缘更是敏感的关键部位。本文围绕影响椅旁CAD/CAM修复体边缘适合性的相关因素,梳理并探讨各操作环节中的应对策略和质量控制细节,以促进椅旁CAD/CAM修复临床疗效的进一步提高。     

烧结次数对CAD/CAM可切削陶瓷修复体性能的影响

作为一种新兴的口腔修复技术,计算机辅助设计和计算机辅助制作(computer aided design and computer aided manufacture, CAD/CAM)因其高效、精确的优点,近年来被广泛应用于临床。尽管该修复技术拥有较高的临床成功率,其临床效果还是会受多种因素的影响。除机械和美学等自身性能因素外,材料的加工工艺也会影响其成功率。在加工生产过程中,不同环节会对修复体的性能产生不同程度的影响。临床实践中医生常常会因为改色、邻接等问题增加烧结次数,这使得切削后烧结成为关注点之一。本文针对烧结次数对CAD/CAM可切削材料修复体性能的影响做一综述,以期对技工及临床工作有所帮助。     

数字化口腔修复（7）--CAD／CAM镜像模式的应用（附病例报告）

目的：观察CEREC?椅旁计算机辅助设计和制作（computer aided design／computer aided manufacturing, CAD／CAM）镜像模式全瓷冠修复上颌前牙的临床疗效。方法：临床病例为1颗上前牙牙体缺损的患者,经过完善的根管治疗后,采用CAD前牙镜像模式全瓷冠修复,按照改良的USPHS标准分别进行6个月和1年的临床疗效评价。结果：各个复查阶段结果表明：修复体无脱落,折断、劈裂等不良现象。临床指标均达到A级指标。结论：CAD／CAM镜像修复前牙牙体缺损是一种可行,效果良好的修复方法。     

计算机辅助设计与计算机辅助制作后牙修复体的三年临床观察及失败病例分析

目的评估计算机辅助设计（computer aided design，CAD）与计算机辅助制作（conaputer aided manufacture，CAM）后牙全瓷修复体的3年临床使用效果，分析病例失败的原因。方法使用CAD—CAM系统和可切削瓷块治疗32例后牙大面积牙体缺损患者，共修复14颗前磨牙和18颗磨牙。根据缺损的形态和体积分别制作11个嵌体、10个冠和11个髓腔固位冠，追踪观察3年。结果28个修复体完好，2个修复体折断（磨牙嵌体和冠各1个）并重新制作，2个修复体边缘破损（磨牙和前磨牙嵌体各1个）。结论在正确选择适应证并严格按要求进行牙体预备的前提下，使用CAD．CAM全瓷修复能满足患者对咀嚼功能和美学的要求。     

烤瓷贴面和计算机辅助设计与计算机辅助制作瓷贴面的应用效果比较

目的通过对烤瓷贴面和计算机辅助设计（computer aided design，CAD）与计算机辅助制作（computer aided manufacture，CAM）瓷贴面修复3年后的临床观察和比较，评价CAD—CAM瓷贴面的临床效果。方法选取23例患者制作CAD—CAM瓷贴面65个，25例患者制作烤瓷贴面105个。修复3年后采用改良加利弗尼亚牙科协会一瑞格标准对两种贴面的各项临床指标、存留率及患者满意度进行比较分析。结果烤瓷贴面和CAD—CAM瓷贴面3年存留率分别为96．2％和93．8％；患者满意度分别为92．4％和90．8％。两种贴面在颜色匹配、边缘着色、边缘适合性方面差异无统计学意义。CAD—CAM瓷贴面表面质地优于烤瓷贴面。结论CAD—CAM瓷贴面是一种成功的修复方式。     

数字化口腔修复（19）--激光切龈与CAD／CAM全瓷冠美学修复（附病例报告）

目的：观察二极管激光修整前牙牙龈形态、龈沟深度及CEREC?椅旁计算机辅助设计与制造（ computer aided design／computer aided manufacturing,CAD／CAM）全瓷冠美学修复的临床效果。方法：前牙12、21、22牙体缺损患者1例,二极管激光修整前牙牙龈形态、龈沟深度,并用CEREC?椅旁CAD／CAM行全瓷冠美学修复。6个月后采用改良USPHS标准对其短期的临床疗效进行评估。结果：二极管激光修整牙龈1周后开始呈粉红,质地韧,形态和龈沟深度协调;修复6个月后全瓷冠完整无折裂,未见继发龋;修复体边缘密合,固位、邻接良好,颜色美观。结论：激光切龈方法精确,创伤小,出血少,视野清晰,愈合快,患者容易接受。     

计算机辅助设计和制作磨牙插销式氧化锆桩核的临床研究

目的研究计算机辅助设计和制作（computer aided design and computer aided manufacture，CAD／CAM）磨牙插销式氧化锆桩核的方法和临床效果。方法20颗残冠、残根的磨牙，采用CAD／CAM技术制作插销式氧化锆桩，核栓道中1／3处因存在扫描盲点所致的未穿透部分，用金刚砂车针在喷水状态下调磨至穿通。完成桩核后行全冠修复，对修复效果进行2年的随访评价。结果20件插销式氧化锆桩核均就位顺利，固位良好，与基牙根面密合；全冠修复体随访2年，咀嚼功能正常，无松动或脱落，边缘密合，牙龈正常，修复效果良好。结论CAD／CAM技术结合后期加工的方法可成功制作磨牙插销式氧化锆桩核，临床效果良好。     

CAD/CAM氧化锆全瓷冠桥随访4年的临床分析

目的:回顾分析评价CAD/CAM氧化锆全瓷冠桥的修复效果.方法:为267位患者制做CAD/CAM氧化锆全瓷冠或桥681件,随访了205例患者的562件全瓷冠桥,随访时间2-6年.对修复体的崩瓷、全瓷冠的颜色与修复体的边缘密合度进行评价.结果:CAD/CAM氧化锆全瓷冠的崩瓷率3.31%,与修复体部位有明显相关性(P＜0.01),不同技术员完成的CAD/C氧化锆全瓷冠的颜色效果有明显不同(P＜0.001),不同颜色预备体的修复体后颜色效果没有明显差异(P＞0.05),CAD/CAM全瓷冠颜色达到好以上90.8%,CAD/CAM全瓷修复体的边缘密合度达到好的99.2%,长桥边缘密合度欠佳,修复体松动脱落0.35%,随访期间没有发现CAD/CAM全瓷修复体基底冠或桥支架折断.结论:CAD/CAM全瓷冠颜色接近天然牙,特别是预备体变色时是115床旨选的美学修复体,CAD/CAM全瓷冠边缘密合度好,整体崩瓷率可接受,但长桥边缘密合度需进一步提高,且磨牙的崩瓷率须进一步研究降低.     

CAD/CAM全瓷高嵌体微创修复根管治疗后牙体缺损的效果评价

目的：探讨CEREC计算机辅助设计与制作（computer aided design and computer aided manufacturing , CAD/CAM）全瓷高嵌体微创修复根管治疗后的后牙牙体缺损的临床疗效。方法选择126例大面积缺损的后牙,经过完善的根管治疗后,采用CEREC CAD/CAM全瓷高嵌体修复缺损牙冠,修复后即刻对患者进行满意度调查,术后即刻及1年后随访,均按照改良的美国公共卫生部（United States Public Health Service ,USPHS）标准对修复体进行临床评价。结果患者满意度在91%以上。根据改良USPHS标准,术后即刻及1年后复查时修复体边缘适合性达到A级分别为92.1％和91.3%（c2=0.052,P=0.820）,外形达A级前后两次均为97.6%,表面质地达到A级分别为95.2%和93.7%（c2=0.303,P=0.582）,颜色匹配达到A级分别为80.2%和81.7%（c2=0.103,P=0.748）。仅出现1例瓷破裂。结论 CEREC CAD/CAM全瓷高嵌体修复后牙牙体缺损效果良好,远期效果有待观察。     

计算机辅助设计和制作系统在口腔修复学中应用的现状与展望

计算机辅助设计(computer aided design,CAD)和计算机辅助制作(computer aided maufacture,CAM)技术简称CAD/CAM,已广泛应用于各个领域。口腔CAD/CAM技术融合了计算机科学、设计理论、基础数学、数据处理技术、计算机图形学、图像技术,以及设计人员的专业知识、经验及独创性,是     

Evidence of the validity of a model of determinants of quality of restorative dental care

A model describing the relationship between self-reported quality of restorative dentistry and dentist characteristics for 119 Montana general dentists is presented. The best predictors formed a significant model explaining 22% of the variance of the quality measure. Results are contrasted with a previous estimation of the model for 102 Washington general practitioners. Evidence for the external validity of the model is presented.     

不同剂型玻璃离子水门汀溶解性比较研究

目的:研究、比较不同剂型玻璃离子水门汀的溶解性和表面微观形态改变,为临床使用提供依据.方法:将3M树脂加强型玻璃离子水门汀(水粉剂型)、GC玻璃离子水门汀(水粉剂型)及GC玻璃离子水门汀(双糊剂型)分别在人工唾液中浸泡30 d,冷热循环15000次,烘干测重,比较前后质量变化,计算溶解率,并用扫描电镜观察表面微观改变.结果:不同剂型的玻璃离子水门汀溶解率由高到低分别为3M树脂加强型玻璃离子水门汀(水粉剂型)、GC玻璃离子水门汀(水粉剂型)、GC玻璃离子水门汀(双糊剂型).3种玻璃离子水门汀经浸泡溶解后,SEM扫描表面微观形态可观察到GE玻璃离子水门汀(双糊剂型)表面形态改变较少,其他2组玻璃离子水门汀表面微观改变较多.结论:双糊剂型玻璃离子水门汀理化性能及溶解率均低于传统水粉剂型,是未来临床修复治疗的的良好选择.     

Evaluation of efficacy of chemiluminescence for diagnosis of leukoplakia

ObjectiveLeukoplakia is the most common potentially malignant disorder preceding oral cancer. Chemiluminescence has been developed as an adjunct to conventional examination for the diagnosis of these potentially malignant disorders. This study was conducted to assess the efficacy of chemiluminescence in the diagnosis of leukoplakia and to compare the results with histopathological examination.Study designA total of 50 patients with leukoplakia were included from the outpatients attending the Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Dental Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India. These patients were subjected to conventional oral examination followed by chemiluminescent examination with Vizilite (Zila, Fort Collins, CO, USA) and biopsy for histopathological confirmation.ResultsThe sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of chemiluminescence were 93.75%, 55.56%, 78.95%, and 83.3%, respectively. The overall accuracy of chemiluminescence was 80%. A statistically significant association was observed between histopathology results and chemiluminescence results.ConclusionAlthough it is an easy, safe, minimal time consuming, and noninvasive technique, it has only adjunctive utility and it does not replace biopsy for the diagnosis of leukoplakia.     

正畸患者切牙影像失真发生情况分析

目的研究正畸患者曲面体层片上的切牙影像失真发生情况，并分析其原因。 方法从中山大学附属口腔医院放射科影像数据库中选取500例正畸患者的曲面体层片和头影测量侧位片，所有曲面体层片均采用咬合杆投照，分别从切牙牙体影像放大、缩小、牙根变短、根尖模糊等评价指标分析上下颌切牙影像失真的发生情况，在头影测量侧位片上测量中切牙根尖-对颌切牙切缘的距离，探讨切牙影像失真发生的原因。采用SPSS 19.0统计软件对所得数据进行统计学检验。 结果500例患者中，切牙牙体影像正常者共417例，切牙牙体影像失真者共83例，影像失真发生率16.6%，其中切牙牙体影像放大17例、牙体影像缩小0例、牙根变短30例，牙根影像变短伴模糊36例。影像失真患者的根尖-切缘距离大于影像正常的患者，差异有统计学意义（F = 5 187.18，P = 0）；影像失真患者的覆盖值大于影像正常的患者，差异有统计学意义（F>477，P = 0）。 结论严重牙颌面畸形如反 、深覆盖是导致曲面体层片的切牙影像失真的主要原因之一。     

Design of clinical trials of traditional therapies of periodontitis

The present paper on the design of clinical trials of periodontal therapy first addresses the issue of the etiology of periodontal disease. It is suggested that most if not all forms of destructive periodontal disease are caused by microorganisms and that there are different forms of disease with different microbial etiologies. The progressive nature of destructive periodontal disease is subsequently discussed and it is emphasized that, in a given patient, periodontal sites which show signs of inflammation and attachment loss may not over a period of several months and years show further sign of attachment loss. The present methods of assessing periodontal disease do not allow us to discriminate between potentially active and inactive sites in untreated patients. The significance and variability of indicators of periodontal disease such as bleeding on probing, probing pocket depth and probing attachment level measurements are discussed. The errors inherent in the various measurements are analyzed and suggestions are presented describing how alterations in any of the above parameters could be identified and presented in a clinical trial. Of concern for the statistical analysis of clinical data of periodontal disease is the definition of the "experimental unit". For a number of years, the "experimental unit" in periodontal trials was the patient. It is clear, however, that different sites within the same individual show different patterns of disease progression and lesion morphology and often respond differently to periodontal therapy. Statistical analyses must consequently be designed which recognize differences in site-to-site infection and lesion morphology within a common host. Until such analyses are available, the investigator should be wary of pooling data within the same individual, since such pooling may obscure meaningful alternatives which may take place in individual periodontal sites. Some goals of periodontal therapy are subsequently identified. 4 goals are discussed more in detail, namely: to establish conditions which will allow the patient to maintain a dentition without further breakdown of the periodontium; to reduce pocket depth to establish an anatomy in the dentogingival region which with proper maintainance care will prevent the re-establishment of the subgingival infection; to gain attachment as a result of treatment; to assess the effect of a certain chemotherapeutic agent on periodontal disease.     

Experimental evidence of formation of imines in the course of reduction of hydrazones

The reduction of hydrazones is generally suggested to proceed through a reductive cleavage of the nitrogen–nitrogen bond followed by a reduction of the carbon–nitrogen bond. This sequence of reduction processes is here supported for fluorenone (V) and benzophenone (VI) hydrazones as well as by a comparison of the reduction of fluorenone and benzophenone hydrazonium ions (I,III) with corresponding imines (II,IV). Another proof of the presence of imines as intermediates is the splitting of four-electron waves of hydrazones V and VI and hydrazonium ions I and VIII into two waves at pH < 2. This has been interpreted as due to differences in slopes dE_1/2/dpH and pK_a-values of protonated hydrazine derivatives on one side and corresponding imines on the other. In this pH-range imines formed in reductions of VI and VIII are reduced in a single two-electron wave, those of I and V in two one-electron steps. Fluorenone imine (II) is sufficiently stable to allow recording of time-independent current–voltage curves between pH 6 and 11. In this pH-range the imine (II) is reduced in two one-electron steps. Benzophenone imine (IV) has been found stable between pH 4.6 and 12. At pH 4.6–8 the reduction of the imine IV takes place in a single two-electron step, at pH 8–12 in two one-electron steps. Final proof of the initial cleavage of the N–N bond is presented by comparison with the reduction of nitrones.     

《口腔医学》杂志2007年度有关信息的分析

目的通过对《口腔医学》2007年全年文献的回顾和分析,了解我国口腔临床医学的研究现状。方法阅读2007年《口腔医学》全年的文献,对各种信息进行了分类汇总,根据设计类型对临床一次性文献进行了分类,并对其中的试验性研究文章进行质量分析。结果《口腔医学》2007年全年的一次性文献274篇,基础和临床文献分别为108和166篇,以临床文献为主(60.58%)。在临床研究文献中,属于观察性、分析性和试验性的文献分别为97、9和60篇,观察性文献所占比例为36.14%,高于以往的报道。60篇观察性文献中,全都设有对照;统计方法应用得当者44篇;真正做到随机、盲法的分别只有4和2篇。结论我国口腔临床方面的研究水平近年来提高明显,但设计的科学性方面有待提高。     

比色板标准与非标准色标识别差异的初探

目的 测试口腔修复学专业研究生对比色板标准色标与非标准色标颜色识别的差异,评价、分析口腔修复学专业研究生临床实际比色能力,为探讨临床比色教学方法提供客观的基础数据.方法 选择具有1～5年临床工作经验、排除色觉识别障碍、经过色彩学知识培训的口腔修复学专业研究生62名.从比色板A(Lineargnide)的29个标准色标中通过随机数字表抽取7个色标作为标准色标,以比色板B(Vita Bleachadgnide 3D-Master)中的7个色标作为非标准色标,在D55标准光源下,以比色板C(Vita 3D-Master)作为比色工具,对标准色标和非标准色标进行比色测试.计算受试者对两种色标比色的总体准确率;统计比色正确的人数分布,并进行Monte Carlo确切概率法检验;统计比色结果在明度、饱和度、色相上的等级偏差,并进行Wilcoxin符号秩和检验.结果 受试者对标准色标比色的总体正确率为45.9%(199/434),对非标准色标比色的总体正确率为9.0%(39/434);对两种色标比色正确的人数分布的差异有统计学意义(P<0.001);对两种色标比色结果的明度等级偏差[分别为0.2(0.1～0.3)、0.4(0.4～0.5)]、饱和度等级偏差[分别为0.2(0.1～0.4)、0.5(0.4～0.6)]的差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01),色相等级偏差[分别为0.3(0.1～0.4)、0.3(0.1～0.4)]的差异无统计学意义(P=0.079>0.01).结论 口腔修复学专业研究生对比色板非标准色标颜色的识别能力明显低于对标准色标颜色的识别能力.     

正常青年Monson球面半径的测量研究

目的测量正常青年Monson球面半径。方法选择60名(男30名,女30名)正常青年制取全口印模,应用立体摄影成像的原理与方法对Monson球面半径进行测量和统计学处理。结果Monson球面的半径平均为10.173 cm,大于理论值10.160 cm,差异有显著性(P<0.01);男、女性球面半径差异无显著性。结论本实验所得到的数据可作为全口义齿修复中记录颌位关系的一个参量。