老年肺结核并肺腺癌诊断过程反思

目的分析老年肺结核并肺腺癌误诊原因,探讨误诊防范措施。方法回顾性分析肺结核并肺腺癌1例的临床资料。结果患者因右上肺占位7年,活动后气促半个月入院。7年前CT检查发现右上肺阴影,痰培养有结核分枝杆菌生长,予抗结核治疗后好转,但病情反复。右上肺病灶逐渐增大,予纤维支气管镜检查病理提示为机化性肺炎,予以糖皮质激素治疗好转后反复。经CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检,诊断为右上肺腺癌。予以吉非替尼靶向治疗,2个月后复查CT见病灶缩小。结论对合理抗结核化疗下,初期有效,其后症状加重,肺部阴影扩大或大部分病灶吸收而某处阴影反而增大的情况,应高度怀疑合并肺癌的可能性。     

误诊为肺癌的肺隐球菌病CT影像分析

目的探讨肺隐球菌病(pulmonary cryptococcosis,PC)CT影像表现及误诊原因,以提高诊断正确率。方法回顾性分析9例误诊为肺癌的PC临床资料。结果本组3例轻度咳嗽,6例无症状体检发现肺部占位,3例有基础疾病。9例均经CT检查发现肺部占位,其中5例单发结节型,4例多发结节或伴斑片型,均误诊为肺癌。2例经皮肺穿刺活检术病理检查确诊PC,7例经手术病理证实为PC。结论 PC的CT影像表现不典型,应注意与肺癌鉴别,怀疑PC时应首先行经皮肺穿刺活检术以取得病理诊断。     

韦格肉芽肿的肺部CT表现

目的 探讨韦格肉芽肿肺部CT表现及鉴别诊断.方法 回顾分析7例经皮穿刺活检或术后病理确诊韦格肉芽肿,经CT平扫加增强检查、层厚、层距、5 mm全肺扫描,兴趣区加1~2 mm薄层扫描.结果 所有病例均显示肺内散在分布多发大小不等的扁圆形结节、小空洞、厚壁边缘不规则.主要典型征并楔形病灶增强可见一支"供养血管征".对不典型征应提高认识.结论 对多发性肺内结节,结节空洞,应及时确诊,减少延误诊治.CT诊断以及结合临床穿刺病理检查具有重要意义.     

肺炎性假瘤误诊为肺癌病例分析并文献复习

目的探讨以孤立性肺结节(solitary pulmonary nodule,SPN)为表现的肺炎性假瘤的临床特点及鉴别诊断要点,以防范误诊。方法对1例肺炎性假瘤的临床资料进行回顾性分析并复习相关文献。结果本例以发热、咳嗽、胸痛为首发症状就诊,外院肺部CT及我院(PET)/CT检查均考虑左肺上叶前段肺癌(结节灶)可能性大,临床拟诊为肺癌,进一步行肺穿刺活检考虑为渗出性病变,予抗感染治疗后左肺结节灶明显缩小,临床明确诊断为炎性假瘤(良性SPN)。出院后继续抗感染治疗,2个月后复查CT示病灶基本消失。结论影像学鉴别诊断SPN良恶性困难,最终确诊需依靠病理及免疫组织化学染色检查,临床应加强对SPN的影像学认识,以期早诊断、早治疗。     

肝脏多发局灶性脂肪变性误诊一例

目的 探讨肝脏多发局灶性脂肪变性的误诊原因,以提高临床诊断率.方法 报告1例肝脏多发局灶性脂肪变性,分析误诊原因.结果 患者因间断性右下腹部胀痛伴便血1个月入院.B超检查示肝内多发强回声结节,CT诊断考虑局灶性脂肪肝,全身PET-CT检查示肝脏转移瘤,经超声引导下肝结节穿刺病理活检确诊为肝脏多发局灶性脂肪变性.予重组人干扰素α1b治疗后病情稳定,半年后复查肝脏B超恢复正常.结论 当影像学发现肝脏多发占位时应考虑到肝脏多发局灶性脂肪变性的可能,及时行肝组织病理活检以确诊.     

炎症型肺浸润性黏液腺癌的动态CT特征及其病理基础分析

目的：探讨炎症型肺浸润性黏液腺癌（PIMA）动态CT变化特征及其病理基础。方法：回顾性分析经手术病理或穿刺活检证实的24例炎症型PIMA患者的系列CT影像征象及病灶动态变化特点，并观察镜下病理切片有无气腔播散（STAS）现象。结果：24例患者中位年龄67岁，男16例（66.7%），主要临床表现有咳嗽、咳痰，其中11例咳白色泡沫痰；18例为单发病灶，6例为双肺多发病灶。CT均表现为片状实变影伴周围磨玻璃密度影（GGO），并见支气管充气征、肺叶膨隆征及血管造影征。动态CT观察病灶实性成分周围可出现游走性GGO及结节影，且随病程进展其数目增多、体积增大。12例病理切片中均观察到STAS现象。结论 ：炎症型PIMA临床症状无特异性，CT表现为大片实变影，病灶周围出现结节影或远处肺组织出现新发病灶时，应考虑到STAS现象的存在。     

薄壁空洞性肺腺癌误诊为肺囊肿

目的：分析薄壁空洞性肺腺癌的临床特点及误诊原因。方法回顾分析我院1例薄壁空洞性肺腺癌误诊病例的临床资料。结果患者因阵发性咳嗽,咳黄痰1年余,偶伴发热就诊。外院胸部 CT 检查示左肺上叶空洞性病变,纤维支气管镜检查未见异常,血清肿瘤标志物及痰涂片结核菌检测均未见明显异常,诊断肺囊肿,予对症处理后出院。后因病变无明显改变,来我院诊治,怀疑恶性肿瘤行胸腔镜下肺活检病理检查示肺腺癌,遂行胸腔镜下左肺上叶切除术加纵隔淋巴结清扫术。术后病理诊断：左肺上叶周围型薄壁空洞性腺癌(T2aN0M0 Ib 期,EGFR 阳性)。术后予化疗,随访1年未见复发及转移。结论薄壁空洞性肺癌易与肺囊肿混淆,需注意鉴别,胸腔镜下肺活检病理检查有助于避免误诊。     

空洞性磨玻璃结节的CT表现与病理对照研究

目的探讨病理诊断为肺腺癌的空洞性磨玻璃结节的薄层CT表现与病理特征的相关性和空洞形成的病理基础。方法回顾性分析34例均经过手术治疗的空洞性磨玻璃结节患者影像和病理资料,CT图像分析包括磨玻璃结节和空洞的影像特征,病理切片分析包括病理亚型、空洞壁特征及空洞形成的病理基础,并对这些影像特征和组织病理特征进行对照分析。结果 34例空洞型磨玻璃结节患者中,6例为原位腺癌,10例为微浸润腺癌,18例为浸润性腺癌。混合磨玻璃结节、空洞内分隔、壁结节、瘤肺界面、毛刺征、胸膜凹陷征发生率与病理类型有关(P<0.05)。磨玻璃结节及空洞大小与病灶的恶性度呈正相关(r=0.455,P<0.05;r=0.668,P<0.05),且空洞大小与磨玻璃结节大小亦呈正相关(r=0.642,P<0.05)。18例患者的病理切片上可见空洞,表现为扩张的细支气管。结论恶性空洞性磨玻璃结节的CT征象与其病理类型有一定的相关性,空洞形成的病理基础是单向阀门引起的支气管扩张。     

肺部真菌感染的CT影像学特点

目的:探讨肺部真菌感染的CT影像学特点,提高对该病的认识.方法:回顾性分析26例经病理、真菌培养、临床治疗随访证实的肺部真菌感染的cT表现.结果:26例病变均累及多个肺段、肺叶和/或两侧肺,而且多种病变形态共存,其中肺炎性浸润实变、结节型12例,炎性浸润实变、肿块型3例,炎性浸润实变、结节、肿块型5例,多发结节型11例,结节、肿块型5例;13例出现"晕征",3例有"空气半月征";12例合并空洞,5例曲菌球,7例有楔形实变影,4例胸腔积液.结论:肺部真菌感染CT表现为病变呈多灶性、多态性,真菌感染的"晕征"及楔形实变影是早期肺部真菌感染的较特征性CT表现.     

肺鳞状细胞癌多形性肺内转移误诊为侵袭性肺真菌感染一例

目的 探讨肺鳞状细胞癌肺内转移的特殊临床表现及影像学特点,以提高诊治水平.方法 对我院收治的肺鳞状细胞癌多形性肺内转移误诊为侵袭性真菌感染1例的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 本例因咳嗽伴胸闷、气短2月余入院.入院后胸部CT检查示两肺多发结节、空洞、磨玻璃影,考虑肺炎.予亚胺培南西司他丁钠、丁胺卡那、伊曲康唑抗感染治疗,症状无缓解,查鳞状上皮细胞癌相关抗原明显升高,行CT引导下肺穿刺活检确诊为低分化鳞状细胞癌,患者自动出院后死亡.结论 短期内出现多发肺内转移的肺鳞状细胞癌病情进展快,临床需和肺部感染性疾病等进行鉴别,以减少误诊的发生.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.