阿尔茨海默病患者脑液tau蛋白含量的检测

目的 探讨ＣＳＦ中ｔａｕ蛋白浓度对于诊断ＡＤ的意义，同时分析其与载旧白Ｅ（ＡＰＯＥ）的不同等位基因型之间的关系。方法 阿尔茨海默病（ＡＤ）组纳入４５例，多发性梗塞性痴呆（ＭＩＤ）组２９例，精神分裂症组３７例，其它神经系统疾病（ＯＮＤ）组２６例，正常脑脊液（ＣＳＦ）对照组（正常组）１２例。采用酶联免疫吸附分析法检测ｔａｕ蛋白浓度，采用聚合酶链式反应方法检测ＡＰＯＥ４ 基因型。结果 ＡＤ组ＣＳＦ中ｔａ     

精神分裂症患者及其健康同胞注意力研究

目的：探讨精神分裂症患者的健康同胞有无注意力障碍。方法：采用倒行掩蔽测验，评估50例精神分裂症患者(患者组)及其健康同胞50名(同胞组)、正常对照者45名(对照组)的主动注意力和注意的激活度。结果：无掩蔽和有掩蔽刺激时，患者组的测验成绩均明显低于同胞组和对照组；靶刺激呈现后50毫秒出现掩蔽刺激时，患者组及同胞组的测验成绩明显低于正常对照组；其它条件下同胞组与对照组差异不显著。结论：精神分裂症患者有主动注意障碍和注意的激活度下降；精神分裂症患者的健康同胞也有主动注意力障碍，提示精神分裂症患者的同胞也有与精神分裂症患者类似的注意缺陷，主动注意缺陷可能是易患精神分裂症的危险因素之一。     

Alzheimer病患者脑脊液中诊断性生化标志物

迄今,Ａｌｚｈｅｉｍｅｒ病（ＡＤ）的最终确诊仍需靠脑组织病理检查。脑脊液（ＣＳＦ）中的某些生化标志物的检测在一定程度上可以反映脑组织的变化。为此,我们对ＡＤ患者ＣＳＦ中ｔａｕ蛋白（ＣＳＦ－ｔａｕ）、淀粉样β蛋白（Ａβ）、载脂蛋白Ｅ（ａｐｏＥ）、天冬氨酸转氨酶（ＡＳＴ）和糖基化的乙酰胆碱酯酶作一综述。以探讨其对ＡＤ患者的诊断价值。１　ｔａｕ蛋白　　ＣＳＦ中ｔａｕ蛋白有两种形式：一种是正常的ｔａｕ蛋白（未磷酸化）,一种是异常磷酸化的ｔａｕ蛋白（ＰＨＦ－ｔａｕ）。ｔａｕ蛋白被称之为微管相关蛋白,高度磷…     

利培酮和舒必利对认知障碍的影响对照研究

目的：比较利培酮和舒必利对精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响。方法：精神分裂症患者60例随机分为利培酮组和舒必利组进行6周治疗，用阳性症状与阴性症状量表(PANSS)、数字划销测验(CT)、修订韦氏成人记忆量表(WMS—RC)、威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)进行检查，评估药物对认知功能的影响及与精神症状变化的关系。结果：脱落2例。58例患者在治疗6周后PANSS的评分显著下降，CT、WMS—RC、WCST测验成绩均显著提高，利培酮组认知改善主要与阴性症状改善有关；舒必利组认知改善主要与精神症状的阳性症状、一般病理性症状改善有关。结论：利培酮和舒必利均能改善精神分裂症的认知损害，但作用机制可能不同，利培酮对精神分裂症的执行功能疗效更好。     

精神分裂症患者认知功能损害与氧化应激关系的初步研究

目的：探讨精神分裂症患者认知功能缺损与氧化应激的关系。方法：对39例精神分裂症患者（患者组），36名健康对照者（对照组）进行神经心理测验和氧化应激指标的检测.结果：（1）在神经心理测验中，患者组与对照组在总测验数、总错误数、持续错误数、语言流畅、领悟、相似和联想学习的差异有非常显著性（P＜0．01），数字广度的差异有显著性（P＜0．05）；（2）患者组后的一氧化氮（NO）浓度与WCST的总错误数呈显著正相关，与相似测验呈显著性负相关，超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性与相似性测验、数字广度测验呈显著性负相关（r分别为0．409，－0．404，－0．432，－0．420，P＜0．05）。结论：（1）精神分裂症认知功能缺损的生物学基础可能与氧化应激有关；（2）SOD和NO可能是与认知功能密切相关的氧化应激指标。     

迷宫测验与WCST检测利培酮和氯氮平对精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响

目的应用计算机迷宫测验和WCST评估利培酮和氯氮平对精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响。方法63例精神分裂症患者随机分为利培酮组（32例）和氯氮平组（31例），进行双盲给药治疗6周。阳性和阴性症状量表（PANSS）评定临床疗效，计算机迷宫测验和WCST评定认知功能。结果双盲给药的第2周末迷宫测验与WCST成绩呈显著性相关，第6周末仅复杂迷宫测验成绩与WCST中的完成分类数和持续性错误呈非常显著性相关。氯氮平组和利培酮组患者的认知测验成绩均明显改善。阴性症状与认知测验成绩显著相关，而阳性症状的改善与部分认知测验成绩的改善显著相关。结论计算机迷宫测验是一种较好的认知功能评定工具。利培酮和氯氮平均能明显改善精神分裂症患者的认知功能。     

精神分裂症患者与其健康同胞认知功能比较

目的比较精神分裂症患者、精神分裂症患者健康同胞及健康对照者在认知功能上的差异。方法100例精神分裂症患者（患者组）及其健康同胞100名（同胞组）,以及80名正常对照者（对照组）为研究对象,采用威斯康星卡片分类测验（WCST）、Stroop色词测验（SCWT）和言语流畅性测验（VFTr）来评定认知功能。比较各组在各个认知功能纬度方面差异。结果在WCST中,患者组及其同胞组的持续错误数均高于对照组（F=73．24,P〈0．01）;患者组持续错误数高于同胞组。在V丌中,患者组、同胞组和对照组差异无统计学意义。在SCWT,彩色文字阅读测验（Stroop—C）和彩色文字颜色阅读（Stroop—cw）测验,患者组和同胞组完成时间比对照组长（Stroop—C：F=49．20,P〈0．01;Stroop—CW：F=87．72,P〈0．01）;患者组完成时间比同胞组长。结论精神分裂症患者及其同胞均可能存在执行功能缺陷,精神分裂症患者的执行功能障碍较其同胞更为严重。     

老年精神分裂症患者的认知功能研究

目的 探讨老年精神分裂症患者认知功能损害的范围和特点。方法 采用世界卫生组织老年认知功能评价成套神经心理测验(WHO-BCAI)、简易智能状态检查(MMSE)、日常生活量表(ADL)作为主要工具,对老年精神分裂症患者和正常老人进行测试。结果 老年精神分裂症组35例,男19例,女16例,平均年龄(63.24±6.5)岁。正常对照组83例,男42例,女41例,平均年龄(65.9±5.9)岁。MMSE平均总分,老年精神分裂症组(24.9±4.2)分,正常为(28.7±1.1)分;老年精神分裂症组ADL平均总分(27.1±8.1)分,正常组(20.3±1.2)分;WHO-BCAI测验结果显示,两组在7项听觉词汇学习测验、4项语言能力测验、4项视觉辨认测验、5项注销测验、2项连线测验、分类测验、精神运动测验和空间结构测验分别具有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论 老年精神分裂症患者认知功能有明显障碍,并且范围广泛。     

抗精神病药对精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响

目的：比较利培酮和氯氮平对精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响。方法：对58例精神分裂症患者随机分成两组,分别给予利培酮、氯氮平治疗8周。治疗前和治疗8周末分别进行简明精神病评定量表(BPRS)、韦氏成人记忆量表修订本(WMS-RC)、威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)和数字划销测验(CT)评定,比较利培酮和氯氮平对精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响。结果：两组8周后,各项检查项目均有显著好转。结论：利培酮和氯氮平均能改善精神分裂症患者的认知功能。     

精神分裂症患者的Rorschach测验

本文报道50例精神分裂症遗患者与50例正常人的Rorschach测验的对照资料，结果发现，精神分裂症患者有10项变量与正常人有显著性差异，本文同时比较了两组回答的频率，发现精神分裂症患者有8项变量与正常人显著性差异，本文同时比较了两级回答的频率，发现精神分裂症患者有8项变量与正常人有显著性差异（P＜0．05）,我们初步认为上述Rorschach测验的这些差异变量可能有益于精神分裂症的诊断。     

Symptomatological and cognitive predictors of insight in chronic schizophrenia

Studies of schizophrenia show lack of agreement about the relationship of symptomatological and cognitive factors to insight. In this study, positive and negative symptomatology and cognitive function were assessed by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Revised (WAIS-R) in male chronic schizophrenic patients in relation to level of insight measured with the Japanese version of the Schedule for the Assessment of Insight (SAI-J). Negative symptoms were significantly and negatively associated with overall insight, particularly with treatment compliance and recognition of mental illness. The present findings suggest that aspects of insight such as treatment compliance and recognition of mental illness are negatively associated with negative symptoms.     

Negative symptoms in depressed and schizophrenic patients: how do they differ?

BACKGROUND: The present study evaluated differences in negative symptoms between schizophrenic and depressive patients and investigated whether a consideration of the nature of negative symptoms (enduring vs. nonenduring) can help to improve their specificity for schizophrenia. METHOD: Patients enrolled in the study were consecutively hospitalized with an acute exacerbation of schizophrenia (N = 33) or major depressive disorder (N = 43) (DSM-IV). Negative and depressive symptoms were assessed with the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) and the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale, respectively. Duration of negative symptoms was assessed through a semistructured interview with the patients and their closest relatives. On the basis of the assessed duration of symptoms, negative symptoms were categorized as enduring or nonenduring. RESULTS: Analyses revealed high SANS ratings for both diagnostic groups. Negative symptoms in depressive patients (p =.01), but not in schizophrenic patients, were significantly associated with the presence or the emergence of depressive symptoms. The prevalence of enduring negative symptoms was significantly higher in schizophrenic patients than in depressive patients (p <.01). A consideration of enduring negative symptoms significantly increased the discriminative power of negative symptoms for schizophrenia (p =.02). CONCLUSION: The present findings suggest that negative symptoms in most depressive patients are just an epiphenomenon of depressive symptoms and can be distinguished from schizophrenic negative symptoms.     

神经心理测验预测首发精神分裂症的近期预后

目的：筛选与首发精神分裂症近期预后有关的神经心理测查指标。方法：对１６４例首发精神分裂症患者随机给予氯丙嗪或氯氮平治疗,于治疗前分别作韦氏成人智力量表、韦氏记忆量表、铁槽铁钉测验、手指敲击测验、利手测验、动作功能测验、手功能协调测验、连线测验、连线测验Ｂ、威期康辛卡片分类测验（ＷＣＳＴ）及语言流畅性测验等１１项刘经心理测查各１次,并作ＢＰＲＳ、ＳＡＮＳ、功能总体评定量表（ＧＡＦ）各１次,治疗１２周     

以阴、阳性症状为主的精神分裂症患者威斯康星卡片分类测验的比较研究

目的探讨精神分裂症患者认知功能障碍的特点。方法对２３例以阴性症状为主的精神分裂症、３０例以阳性症状为主的精神分裂症和２８名正常人进行了威斯康星卡片分类测验（ＷＣＳＴ）。结果显示以阴性症状为主的精神分裂症患者的总测验次数、持续错误数和非持续错误数明显高于以阳性症状为主的精神分裂症患者和正常人，差异有显著性（Ｐ＜０．０５）。同时发现，ＷＣＳＴ的以上测验指标在两组患者之间差异亦有显著性（Ｐ＜０．０５）。相关分析显示，以阴性症状为主的精神分裂症患者的Ａｎｄｒｅａｓｅｎ阴性症状量表总分与简明精神病评定量表的迟滞因子分和持续错误数呈显著正相关（ｒ分别为０．４３７２和０．４５５１）。结论提示精神分裂症患者存在执行功能障碍，其中阴性症状可能与额叶功能缺陷有关。     

稳定期精神分裂症患者认知功能的相关临床因素分析

目的探讨精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响因素。方法127例病情稳定的精神分裂症患者分别予威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)、连续操作测验(CPT),连线测验(TMT)和韦氏智力测验(WAIS-RC),使用阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS),Montgom ery-Asberg抑郁量表(MADRS)评定临床症状。结果认知功能与患者的临床症状相关,不同发病年龄、受教育程度及使用不同种第二代抗精神病药治疗患者的认知功能不全相同。结论认知功能受临床症状、发病年龄、受教育程度及服用不同种抗精神病药的影响。有待进一步研究证实。     

Perception of facial emotions in chronic schizophrenia does not correlate with negative symptoms but correlates with cognitive and motor dysfunction.

BACKGROUND: Appropriate expression of emotions and correct perception of emotional expression in others are important social skills which may be impaired in schizophrenia and contribute to poor social adjustment. We examined the relationship between expression of emotions as measured by affective flattening and other negative symptoms and their perception. We compared performance on tests of perception of facial emotions with that in other cognitive areas. METHODS: 36 chronic schizophrenic patients on stable doses of atypical antipsychotics were assessed using tests of identification (FID) and discrimination (FDIS) of facial emotional expressions, visual retention (BVRT) and general cognitive function (Mini Mental State Examination, MMSE). Clinical symptoms were assessed with scales for the assessment of negative symptoms (SANS) and positive symptoms (SAPS). Motor symptoms were assessed with side effects (SA) and AIMS scales and Finger Tapping Test. RESULTS: Negative symptoms showed no relation to FID or FDIS. FID showed significant correlation with Visual Retention and Finger Tapping but not MMSE. CONCLUSION: The ability to identify facial emotional expressions is not related to negative symptoms in chronic schizophrenia and shares common mechanisms with visual reproduction and ability to make rapid motor movements. This suggests common defects in perceptual, timed processes consistent with postulated dysfunction of cortico-subcortical circuits.     

Deficit of executive functions in schizophrenia: relationship to neurological soft signs and psychopathology

Cognitive deficits and neurological soft signs (NSS) have frequently been reported in schizophrenic patients and they both appear related to prominent negative symptoms. The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between deficit of executive functioning, assessed by the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), NSS and psychopathological dimensions of schizophrenia in order to address the issue of whether a typology of schizophrenic patients may be identifiable by clinical, neurological and neuropsychological features. A sample of 26 male schizophrenic patients was divided, on the basis of the performance on the WCST, into two subgroups ('good performers' and 'poor performers') that were compared for the prevalence and severity of NSS, assessed by the Neurological Evaluation Scale (NES), and for the psychopathological features, assessed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). To test for between-group differences, ANOVA was conducted. The 'poor performers' group showed greater severity of NSS: significant differences emerged for the NES total score and for the 'sequencing of complex motor acts' score. However, no significant differences between the groups emerged for any PANSS score. These findings seem to indicate that a common neurobiological abnormality could underlie cognitive deficits, especially concerning executive functioning, and subtle neurological abnormalities often present in schizophrenia, but they appear to deny that such dysfunctional correlates of schizophrenia are related to a prominent negative symptomatology.     

精神分裂症症状与认知功能损害的关系

目的：探讨精神分裂症症状与认知功能损害的关系。方法：对１８例阴性精神分裂症和１５例阳性精神分裂症采用氯氮平治疗;对１１例阴性精神分裂症和１３例阳性精神分裂症采用利培酮治疗。并分别评估其治疗前和治疗８周后的阳性症状,阳性症状记忆,注意及执行功能。结果：精神分裂症的记忆损害与阴性症状和阳性症状都呈显著性相关,注意及执行功能损害与阴性症状显著相关,与阳性症状无明显相关;记忆随思维贫乏的改善而改善,注意和执行功能损害的改善与症状的改善无明显相关。结论：精神分裂症认知功能损害主要与阴性症状相关,但精神分裂症的大部分认知功能并不随阴性症状改善而改善。     

Several neuropsychological tests to assist dementia diagnosis in low education elderly population

Objective: ScnsitMty and specificity of several psychometric tests were evaluated to provide practical instruments tor dementia diagnosis in low educational population. Method: A total of 3244 residents aged 55 ycars and over were drawn through a stratified multiple cluster sampling, 62 percent were illiterate or have elementary education. Door to door screening to all participants were conducted in phase 1 using Chinese version of Mini-Mental State Examination (CMMSE), then followed up and identified dementia through a set of diagnostic examination in phase Il . Cases were ascertained by DSM-Ⅳ criteria for dementia. 457 subjects1 had competed more than one of these psychometric tests, including Fuld Object-Memory Evaluation (FOM), Rapid Verbal Retreve(RVR), Block Design (BD), and Digit Span (DS). 145 cases were divided into 3 subgroup, illiterate group (48.28%), elementary education group (26.2 l%), and high education group (25.54%). Result: Specificity of FOM and RVR were more than 94% in all groups while Sensitivity were between 52-78%. Specificity of BD and DS were between 72-85% and 78-98% respectively. Specificity of BD and DS have tendency to increasing while sensitivity of BD and DS declined obviously with increasing of educationievel. Specificity of series test was more than 97% except for BD and DS. Conclusion: Sensitivity and specificity of FOM amd RVR were good in different education group. BD and DS were good in low educational group. So the four psychometric tests were suitable instruments tor low education level population in our country.     

Perseveration and over-switching in schizophrenia

Perseveration and switching in positive and negative schizophrenic patients are usually seen as manifestations of attention disorders. They may be closely related to each other, but have not been investigated in an integrated fashion. Such integrated investigation could contribute to the neurophysiological understanding of the relationship between the regional and the pharmacological deficit in schizophrenia. This study has developed a new tool-the Combined Attention Test (CAT)-for the simultaneous measuring of perseveration and switching. Forty-one unmedicated schizophrenic patients were tested. Using the Positive and Negative Sorting Scale (PANSS), subjects were classified into the two experimental groups: positive and negative schizophrenics. The control group consisted of 24 healthy subjects. Schizophrenic patients with positive symptoms tended to switch more than schizophrenic patients with negative symptoms and normal subjects; schizophrenic patients with negative symptoms tended to perseverate more than schizophrenic patients with positive symptoms and normal subjects. Over-switching is discussed as a specific symptom related to positive schizophrenia.