含人AGM区基质细胞培养体系定向诱导胚胎干细胞为造血干细胞的实验研究

目的： 体外模拟胚胎早期AGM区造血微环境，诱导胚胎干细胞（ESCs）分化为造血干细胞（HSCs）。方法：将小鼠E14 ESCs在含BMP-4及VEGF的半固体培养基中诱导为拟胚体（EB），分别于3、6、9、12、15 d时收获EB，流式细胞术检测Flk-1+细胞含量。取Flk-1+ 细胞处于高峰期的EB细胞，在人AGM区基质细胞饲养层上进一步诱导分化，并设无饲养层对照，分别于3、6、9、12 d时收获细胞计数、流式细胞术检测Sca-1+c-kit+ 细胞含量，并分析造血细胞集落形成能力。结果：诱导E14细胞形成EB过程中添加BMP4+VEGF的因子组Flk-1+细胞在第9 d达峰值（27.53%± 2.84％），与未添加因子组（8.77%± 1.12％）比较差异显著(P<0.05)。将培养9 d的EB细胞在hAGMS3、hAGMS4饲养层上进一步诱导分化，第6 d时Sca-1+c-kit+细胞达峰值，分别为7.31%±1.21％、7.62%±1.52％，其绝对数分别扩增(2.57±0.48)倍、(2.35±0.36)倍，与无饲养层组比较显著差异（P<0.05）。该分化阶段的Sca-1+c-kit+细胞具有形成各系造血细胞集落的能力。结论：人胚早期AGM区基质细胞能促进小鼠ESCs定向分化为HSCs，为研究ESCs分化为HSCs的分子机制提供了实验模型。     

喉上皮细胞条件液诱导胚胎干细胞分化为上皮细胞的实验研究

目的:探讨体外用喉上皮细胞条件培养液诱导胚胎干细胞分化为上皮细胞的方法及诱导条件。方法:将E14小鼠胚胎干细胞体外培养形成拟胚体后，在人喉上皮细胞条件培养液及因子诱导条件下共培养 14 d，形态学观察并采用免疫细胞化学方法检测上皮细胞的角蛋白Ck 4、14、19蛋白质水平的表达情况。结果:在诱导14 d的培养系统中较对照细胞可见更多上皮样细胞出现，免疫细胞化学染色显示上皮样细胞胞浆中可见角蛋白Ck 4、14、19均有表达。结论:胚胎干细胞在喉上皮细胞条件培养液诱导条件下可形成上皮样细胞，为组织工程制作人工喉上皮材料奠定了实验基础。     

Optimizing human embryonic stem cells differentiation efficiency by screening size-tunable homogenous embryoid bodies

Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are generally induced to differentiate by forming spherical structures termed embryoid bodies (EBs) in the presence of soluble growth factors. hEBs are generated by suspending small clumps of hESC colonies; however, the resulting hEBs are heterogeneous because this method lacks the ability to control the number of cells in individual EBs. This heterogeneity affects factors that influence differentiation such as cell–cell contact and the diffusion of soluble factors, and consequently, the differentiation capacity of each EB varies. Here, we fabricated size-tunable concave microwells to control the physical environment, thereby regulating the size of EBs formed from single hESCs. Defined numbers of single hESCs were forced to aggregate and generate uniformly sized EBs with high fidelity, and the size of the EBs was controlled using concave microwells of different diameters. Differentiation patterns in H9- and CHA15-hESCs were affected by EB size in both the absence and presence of growth factors. By screening EB size in the presence of various BMP4 concentrations, a two-fold increase in endothelial cell differentiation was achieved. Because each hESC line has unique characteristics, the findings of this study demonstrate that concave microwells could be used to screen different EB sizes and growth factor concentrations to optimize differentiation for each hESC line.     

Development and differentiation of neural rosettes derived from human embryonic stem cells

Neurons and glia are important targets of human embryonic stem cell research promising a renewable source of these differentiated cells for biomedical research and regenerative medicine. Neurons and glia are derived, in vivo from the neuroepithelium of the neural tube. Concomitant to development along the anterior to posterior axis, gradients of morphogens across the dorsal and ventral axis of the neural tube establish positional codes that generate distinct progenitor domains and ultimately specify subtype identity. The neural rosette is the developmental signature of neuroprogenitors in cultures of differentiating embryonic stem cells; rosettes are radial arrangements of columnar cells that express many of the proteins expressed in neuroepithelial cells in the neural tube. In addition to similar morphology, neuroprogenitors within neural rosettes differentiate into the main classes of progeny of neuroepithelial cells in vivo: neurons, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes. Despite these similarities, important differences exist and the extent to which neural rosettes can model neurogenesis in vivo is not yet clear. Here, the authors review the recent studies on the development and differentiation of neural rosettes from human embryonic stem cells. The authors focus on efforts to generate motor neurons and oligodendrocytes in vitro as representative of the challenges to obtaining the progeny of a single progenitor domain with in vitro methods. Opportunities for further progress are discussed.     

Derivation, characterization and differentiation of human embryonic stem cells: comparing serum-containing versus serum-free media and evidence of germ cell differentiation

BACKGROUND: This study was designed to establish human embryonic stem cell (hESC) lines, to identify the differences when maintained in serum-containing versus serum-free medium and to test their potential of in vitro differentiation. METHODS: Procedures including immunosurgery were performed on 11 donated human blastocysts to establish hESC lines. The cell lines were characterized and maintained using either serum-free or serum-containing media to compare their morphology, Oct-4 expression, apoptosis and growth speed. Differentiation of these lines was evaluated by the morphology and the expression of genes belonging to the three embryonic germ layers and the germ cell lineage. RESULTS: Three hESC lines were established, and they grew at similar speed in both media (serum-containing or serum-free), but hESC cultured in serum-containing medium yielded significantly higher percentages of morphologically good colonies and cells expressing Oct-4. These cell lines differentiated spontaneously in vitro into cells expressing markers belonging to all three embryonic germ layers and germ cell markers, including c-Kit, STELLA, VASA and growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF9), in directly adherent culture. CONCLUSIONS: Three hESC lines with Taiwanese ancestry have been established, and they retain the in vitro differentiation potential with or without embryoid body (EB) formation. The data support that hESC may be capable of differentiation into germ cells although further confirmation is needed. It is also suggested that strategies such as stepwise adaptation will be needed before implementing a serum-free culture condition for hESC lines that have previously been derived in a medium containing serum.     

类胚体中残留胚胎干细胞数量与其致瘤性相关性的初步研究

目的 探讨类胚体(EBs)中残留未分化胚胎干细胞(ESCs)的数量与其致瘤性的相关性.方法 小鼠R1胚胎干细胞株,体外类胚体诱导分化10d,流式细胞仪检测残留未分化ESCs表面标志SSEA-1阳性率.将第10天EBs消化打散后重新给予ESCs常规培养体系培养,观察EBs中残留未分化ESCs形态,流式细胞仪检测残留细胞表面标志物;第10天EBs消化打散后以104～2×106细胞量分别注射至裸鼠四肢肌肉内,观察不同细胞数量与畸胎瘤形成的相关性.结果 ESCs分化为EBs 10 d后有(13.5±0.75)%的细胞表达SSEA-1,提示存在残留未分化ESCs.残留未分化细胞生长形态呈克隆样,高表达SSEA-1等未分化ESCs标志.EBs消化打散后仅在注射2×l06个细胞的部位形成畸胎瘤,瘤体组织中存在成熟的内胚层、中胚层和外胚层组织,其余各组均未见畸胎瘤的形成.结论 胚胎干细胞分化为类胚体后仍存在残留未分化胚胎干细胞,并需要一定细胞数量才具有致瘤性.     

骨髓基质细胞对共培养条件下的脊髓源性神经干细胞分化为胆碱能神经元的诱导

目的：研究骨髓基质细胞对共培养条件下脊髓源性神经干细胞分化为胆碱能神经元的情况。方法：从孕龄13 d的胚胎大鼠脊髓组织中分离神经干细胞,采用含EGF及bFGF的无血清限定性培养基培养,并通过与骨髓基质细胞进行共培养,观察脊髓源神经干细胞向胆碱能神经元分化的情况,用细胞免疫荧光染色鉴定分化结果。结果：从胚胎脊髓中分离得到大量的神经干细胞,通过限定性培养基培养可获得干细胞球,与骨髓基质细胞共培养可被诱导分化,用细胞免疫荧光染色鉴定,可见有胆碱能神经元生成。结论：胚胎大鼠脊髓源神经干细胞在添加EGF与bFGF的限定性培养基中可以增殖并保持稳定的性状,在与骨髓基质细胞共培养时,可以被诱导分化为胆碱能神经元。     

人羊膜定向诱导胚胎干细胞分化为表皮样细胞机理的初步探讨

目的:初步探讨人羊膜诱导小鼠胚胎干细胞向表皮样细胞定向分化的机理。方法: 小鼠胚胎干细胞与人羊膜在双层6孔培养板中共培养4-5 d,对照组未加羊膜,观察其形态学分化。分别用β₁整合素、角蛋白19/15和套膜蛋白免疫组化检测胚胎干细胞向表皮样细胞的分化。结果: 共培养4-5 d后,小鼠胚胎干细胞分化为表皮细胞样的单层细胞,细胞排列紧密,呈多边形,免疫组织化学染色显示,大部分细胞呈现β₁整合素阳性,少数细胞呈角蛋白19和角蛋白15阳性,未见套膜蛋白阳性细胞,对照组大部分细胞死亡,存活细胞形态各异,未见β₁整合素、角蛋白19/15和套膜蛋白免疫组化染色阳性细胞。结论: 人羊膜分泌的可溶性物质可能对小鼠胚胎干细胞向表皮样细胞分化起重要作用。     

胚胎干细胞分化为肝细胞的研究进展

急性肝衰竭和晚期肝病严重危害人类的健康,原位肝移植是目前治疗这类疾病惟一有效的治疗方法,却受到了供肝缺乏的限制.肝细胞移植、生物人工肝以及组织工程肝是潜在的解决办法,而获取足量有功能的肝细胞是成功的关键.鉴于其强大的自我更新能力及多向分化潜能,胚胎干细胞可能成为一种无限的肝细胞来源.胚胎干细胞在临床肝病应用前需首先在体外进行有效的严格控制的分化、鉴定及纯化.主要对目前研究胚胎干细胞分化为肝细胞的各种诱导体系及存在的问题作一概述.     

丁酸钠、激活素A和地塞米松诱导小鼠胚胎干细胞分化为胰腺外分泌细胞

目的： 探讨丁酸钠、激活素A （activin A）和地塞米松诱导小鼠胚胎干细胞（ES细胞）分化为胰腺外分泌细胞的可行性,并对诱导作用进行比较。方法： 小鼠 ES细胞悬浮培养为拟胚体后,以不同浓度的丁酸钠（1 mmol/L,2 mmol/L,3 mmol/L）诱导分化,通过RT-PCR检测不同时点胰腺特异性外分泌基因的表达水平,确定丁酸钠诱导ES细胞向胰腺外分泌细胞分化的最佳浓度和作用时间。进一步单独或联合应用丁酸钠、activin A、地塞米松诱导ES细胞分化,并通过细胞形态学变化、RT-PCR和免疫荧光检测观察不同诱导方案对胰腺外分泌基因和蛋白表达的影响,确定最佳诱导方案。结果：1 mmol/L丁酸钠能明显促进胰腺外分泌基因amylase、chymotrypsinogen、elastase1、elastase2和carboxypeptidase的表达,随着丁酸钠浓度的增加,丁酸钠的诱导作用逐渐减弱;1 mmol/L丁酸钠诱导第3 d后可检测到amylase、chymotrypsinogen、elastase1、elastase2和carboxypeptidase的表达,在第5 d外分泌基因mRNA表达水平达到高峰,随后逐渐下降。与自发对照组相比,单独应用丁酸钠、activin A、地塞米松诱导ES细胞分化,均能提高amylase、chymotrypsinogen、elastase1、elastase2和carboxypeptidase的表达水平。但联合应用丁酸钠、activin A、地塞米松诱导后,ES细胞形态更为均一,上述胰腺外分泌基因的表达进一步增强;免疫荧光结果显示amylase表达为阳性。结论： 低浓度的丁酸钠、activin A以及地塞米松均可以诱导小鼠ES细胞胰腺外分泌基因的表达,多种诱导因子的联合作用能明显提高胰腺外分泌细胞的诱导效率。     

视网膜干细胞培养上清液诱导骨髓间充质干细胞的分化

背景：骨髓间充质干细胞向神经细胞诱导分化可为神经系统受损伤后的修复和再生带来了新的希望。 目的：探讨骨髓间充质干细胞在视网膜干细胞培养上清液诱导条件下向神经元细胞分化。 方法：采用全骨髓培养方法,用视网膜干细胞培养上清液诱导骨髓间充质干细胞,通过免疫荧光染色鉴定其分化的结果。 结果与结论：诱导72 h,骨髓间充质干细胞表达神经干细胞的特异性抗体巢蛋白和神经元中的标志性微管相关蛋白微管相关蛋白2。视网膜干细胞培养上清液能够促进骨髓间充质干细胞向神经元样细胞分化,提示视网膜干细胞可能分泌神经生长因子。     

肝细胞生长因子促进人胚胎干细胞向神经前体细胞分化

目的:研究肝细胞生长因子(HGF)诱导人胚胎干细胞(hESCs)定向分化为神经前体细胞(NPs)的作用。方法:诱导拟胚体(EBs)生成,随机将EBs分为正常对照组、G5 supplement组、HGF组和HGF+G5 supple-ment组,悬浮培养诱导7d,转移至多聚赖氨酸/层黏连蛋白(20mg/L)包被的24孔培养板中继续培养7-10d。免疫荧光染色鉴定NPs和体外分化能力,流式细胞仪检测各组巢蛋白(nestin)阳性细胞的比例,RT-PCR检测音猥因子(Shh)对NPs的脑区标记基因表达的影响。结果:HGF+G5可诱导hESCs定向分化为NPs,HGF+G5组的nestin阳性的NPs比例(87.3%±3.9%)显著高于其它组(P0.05),NPs具有分化成神经元、少突和星形胶质细胞的能力;HGF+G5诱导时间对于NPs的分化有影响,7d时nestin+细胞比例达到最大;Shh可使NPs表达腹侧化基因,后脑标记表达上调,而前脑标记表达下调。结论:含HGF和G5的无血清神经分化体系可有效诱导hESCs神经分化,是研究神经诱导的良好体系。     

骨髓基质细胞促进人胚神经干细胞向神经元的分化

目的:探讨骨髓基质细胞(BMSCs)对人胚神经干细胞(NSCs)分化的影响。方法:采用机械法分离人胚NSCs,成球法进行传代培养,采用免疫荧光染色检测神经上皮干细胞蛋白(Nestin)的表达鉴定NSCs。按培养方式不同,分为NSCs自然分化组、BMSCs和NSCs直接接触共培养组及Transwell共培养组,采用免疫细胞荧光法及免疫印迹法检测各组神经元和星形胶质细胞标志物的表达。结果:在直接接触共培养组和transwell共培养组中,免疫荧光染色显示神经元标志物NSE阳性细胞率明显高于自然分化组,而星形胶质细胞标志物GFAP阳性细胞率低于自然分化组。免疫印迹检测显示Transwell共培养组中NSE表达量显著高于自然分化组,而GFAP表达量低于自然分化组。结论:BMSCs具有促进NSCs向神经元分化的作用。     

Engraftable neural crest stem cells derived from cynomolgus monkey embryonic stem cells

Neural crest stem cells (NCSCs), a population of multipotent cells that migrate extensively and give rise to diverse derivatives, including peripheral and enteric neurons and glia, craniofacial cartilage and bone, melanocytes and smooth muscle, have great potential for regenerative medicine. Non-human primates provide optimal models for the development of stem cell therapies. Here, we describe the first derivation of NCSCs from cynomolgus monkey embryonic stem cells (CmESCs) at the neural rosette stage. CmESC-derived neurospheres replated on polyornithine/laminin-coated dishes migrated onto the substrate and showed characteristic expression of NCSC markers, including Sox10, AP2α, Slug, Nestin, p75, and HNK1. CmNCSCs were capable of propagating in an undifferentiated state in vitro as adherent or suspension cultures, and could be subsequently induced to differentiate towards peripheral nervous system lineages (peripheral sympathetic neurons, sensory neurons, and Schwann cells) and mesenchymal lineages (osteoblasts, adipocytes, chondrocytes, and smooth muscle cells). CmNCSCs transplanted into developing chick embryos or fetal brains of cynomolgus macaques survived, migrated, and differentiated into progeny consistent with a neural crest identity. Our studies demonstrate that CmNCSCs offer a new tool for investigating neural crest development and neural crest-associated human disease and suggest that this non-human primate model may facilitate tissue engineering and regenerative medicine efforts.     

骨髓基质细胞促进神经干细胞增殖分化

目的：探讨骨髓基质细胞（BMSCs）对神经干细胞（NSCs）增殖分化的影响。 方法:在体外比较NSCs在单独培养和在BMSCs条件培养液中培养下的分化和增殖情况。 结果:应用BMSCs条件培养液培养NSCs，分化的神经元比例较显著高于NSCs单独培养（41.1%±3.2% vs 23.3%±16.5%，P<0.05），而分化的星形胶质细胞所占比例显著降低（33.8%±4.9% vs 65.0%±10.4%，P<0.01），同时增殖细胞所占比例也显著增高（74.7％±4.7％ vs 51.4％±12.3％，P<0.01）。 结论:BMSCs对NSCs有促进其增殖和向神经元分化的作用。NSCs与BMSCs联合移植可能会增强NSCs移植的抗脑损伤作用。     

Influence of scaffold physical properties and stromal cell coculture on hematopoietic differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells

Recent studies have suggested that three-dimensional (3D) biomaterial-based scaffolds and dynamic culture conditions could provide significant enhancement in the differentiation efficiency of embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Here we report that scaffold physical properties, like pore size, polymer concentration and compression modulus as well as specific culture conditions, e.g. cell seeding density and coculture with stromal cells can significantly influence hematopoietic differentiation of ESCs. PLLA scaffolds of various polymer concentrations (7.5%, 10% and 20% w/v) and pore size distributions (<150 μm, 150–425 μm, >425 μm) were fabricated using a standard solvent casting-salt leaching method. Mouse R1 ESCs were allowed to differentiate on these scaffolds either alone or in coculture with OP9 cells, a bone-marrow derived murine stromal cell line. Following one week of culture, cells were detached and analyzed using flow cytometry to evaluate the frequency of hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPC). Our results indicate that decreasing scaffold pore size increases hematopoietic differentiation of ESCs. In addition, increasing polymer concentration which resulted in increased scaffold compression modulus also provided significantly enhanced hematopoiesis. Furthermore, higher cell seeding densities as well as coculture with marrow-derived stromal cells increased HPC generation. Collectively, these results indicate that physical and mechanical properties of the 3D microenvironment as well as cell–cell and cell–stromal interactions might play a significant role in ESC differentiation and therefore warrants further investigation to elucidate the molecular mechanisms.     

表观遗传修饰调控胚胎干细胞定向分化的研究进展

胚胎干细胞(embryonic stem cells,ES)来源于囊胚内胚层细胞团,是一种能分化为各种组织细胞的全能细胞,它们具有自我复制并保持多向分化的潜能;基因分析显示[1],ES 细胞有强的转录活性,其分化时伴随着不同数目不同类型的转录因子变化,一些基因转录活性上调或下调会影响其它基因的表达,进而影响其增殖分化;近年来,ES 细胞的研究主要集中在表观遗传机制对其分化的调控上.     

血管内皮生长因子促进小鼠胚胎干细胞的造血分化

目的：研究血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)体外促进小鼠胚胎干细胞系ES-D3向造血分化的能力。方法：先将ES-D3形成拟胚体，将拟胚体细胞转入含不同浓度的VEGF和VEGF+SCF的培养基中。实验分6组，分别为VEGF 5 μg/L组、VEGF 10 μg/L组、VEGF 20 μg/L组、VEGF 5 μg/L＋SCF组、VEGF 10 μg/L＋SCF组、VEGF 20 μg/L＋SCF组，同时设不加因子的自发分化对照组。RT-PCR检测造血转录基因GATA-2和早期造血细胞基因c-kit和β-H1的表达，流式细胞仪检测CD34+细胞，甲基纤维素半固体培养法检测生成造血集落的能力。结果：经过1周的诱导培养，实验组生成的细胞可以表达GATA-2、c-kit和β-H1，CD34＋细胞的比例也升高，并可形成造血祖细胞的集落。从诱导生成CD34＋细胞的比例和生成的集落数量看，VEGF联合SCF组的诱导效率要高于VEGF单用组和对照组，其中以VEGF 20 μg/L＋SCF组和VEGF 10 μg/L＋SCF组的诱导效率最高。结论：VEGF能够促进ESC的早期造血分化，尤以与SCF合用时，其诱导效率更高。