Obesity,Diet and Physical Inactivity and Risk of Breast Cancer in Thai Women

To evaluate the relationship between obesity, diet, physical activity and breast cancer in Thai women, weconducted a case control study with 1,130 cases and 1,142 controls. Informed consent was obtained from allparticipants and a structured questionnaire was performed by trained interviewers to collect information ondemographic and anthropometric data, reproductive and medical history, residential history, physical activityand occupation as well as dietary habits. A significant positive association with an increased risk of breast cancerwas observed in women body mass index (BMI) of ≥25 mg/m2 (OR=1.33, 95%CI 1.07-1.65), the risk beinghigher in postmenopausal women (OR=1.67, 95%CI 1.24-2.25). In addition, underweight BMI at ages 10 and 20years showed an inverse association in all women (OR=0.70, 95%CI 0.56-0.88 and OR=0.74, 95%CI 0.59-0.93,respectively) and in those with a premenopausal status (OR=0.69, 95%CI 0.51-0.93 and OR=0.76, 95%CI 0.56-0.99, respectively). Regular exercise was associated with a decreased risk of breast cancer (OR=0.78, 95%CI0.68-0.98). Interestingly, analysis by type of activity revealed significant protective effects for women who reportedthe highest levels of walking for shopping (OR=0.58, 95%CI 0.38-0.88). High consumption of vegetables andfruit were associated with a decreased risk of breast cancer, while high consumption of animal fat showed anincreased risk in postmenopausal women. In conclusion, our results indicate that obesity and high consumptionof animal fat are associated with breast cancer risk, particularly in postmenopausal women, while recreationalphysical activity has protective effects. It seems that primary prevention of breast cancer should be promotedin an integrated manner. Effective strategies need to be identified to engage women in healthy lifestyles.     

女性乳腺癌危险因素的病例对照研究

[目的]探讨江苏女性乳腺癌的危险因素。[方法]用病例对照研究的方法,对经病理确诊的206例乳腺癌患者及经年龄频数匹配（±2．5岁）214例对照资料进行非条件Logistic回归分析。[结果]被动吸烟（OR=2．21,95％CI：1．32～3．701、自然流产史（OR=1．71,95％CI：0．65—4．55）、口服避孕药服用史（OR=3．70,95％CI：2．00～6．82）、有良性乳腺疾病史（OR=2．69,95％CI：1．66～4．36）、肥猪肉（OR=2．39,95％CI：1．34～4．28）及腌制类食品年摄入量高（OR=4．71,95％CI：2．91～7．60）、轻体力活动职业（OR=6．29,95％CI：2．95～13．42）可能是女性乳腺癌发生的危险因素。而经常参加体育锻炼（OR=0．44,95％CI：0．26～0．74）、月经初潮年龄晚（OR=0．19,95％CI：0．06—0．65）、鲜奶（0R=0．32,95％CI：0．20～0．511、新鲜豆类（0R=0．07,95％CI：0．04—0．13）和水果年摄入量高（OR=0．30,95％CI：0．18—0．48）则降低乳腺癌发生的风险。[结论]减少口服避孕药、肥猪肉及腌制类食品的摄入,增加新鲜水果、新鲜豆类摄入,加强体育锻炼,对患有良性乳腺疾病的妇女加强体检。加大乳腺癌预防及健康宣教工作可预防乳腺癌的发生。     

Association between Vegetable,Fruit and Carbohydrate Intake and Breast Cancer Risk in Relation to Physical Activity

Background: Although the nutritional may exert effect on the breast cancer risk, it is not clear whetherthe role diet is the same in sedentary and physically active women. The aim of this study was to evaluate theassociation between fruit, vegetable and carbohydrate intake and the risk of breast cancer among Polish womenconsidering their physical activity level. Materials and Methods: A case-control study was conducted that included858 women with histological confirmed breast cancer and 1,085 controls, free of any cancer diagnosis, aged28-78 years. The study was based on a self-administered questionnaire to ascertain physical activity, dietaryintake, sociodemographic characteristics, reproductive factors, family history of breast cancer, current weightand high, and other lifestyle factors. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimatedin unconditional logistic regression analyses including a broad range of potential confounders. Results: Withcomparison of the highest vs lowest quartile of intake, strong significant associations were observed for totalvegetables (OR=0.37, 95%CI=0.20-0.69 P for trend <0.01 and OR=0.53, 95%CI=0.29-0.96, P for trend <0.02),and total fruits (OR=0.47, 95%CI=0.25-0.87, P for trend <0.05 and OR=0.47, 95%CI=0.24-0.90, P for trend<0.02) among women characterized by the lowest and the highest quartile of physical activity. No associationswere observed for total carbohydrate intake. Additional analysis showed a positive association for sweets anddesert intake among women in the lowest quartile of physical activity (OR=3.49, 95%CI=1.67-7.30, P for trend<0.009) for extreme quartiles of intake comparing to the referent group. Conclusions: The results suggest thata higher consumption of vegetable and fruit may be associated with a decreased risk of breast cancer, especiallyamong women who were low or most physically active throughout their lifetimes. These findings do not supportan association between diet high in carbohydrate and breast cancer. However, a higher intake of sweets anddeserts may by associated with an increased risk of breast cancer among women who were less physically active.     

Body Size,Physical Activity and Risk of Breast Cancer - A Case Control Study in Jangsu Province of China

To evaluate the relationship between body size, physical activity and risk of breast cancer, we conducted acase-control study with 669 cases and 682 population-based controls in Jiangsu Province of China. A structuredquestionnaire was used to elicit detailed information. All subjects completed an in-person interview. The bodymass index (BMI) was calculated based on weights and heights. Unconditional logistic regression analysis wasperformed to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) as measures of risk for breastcancer. Current height, weight and weight at around age 20 years were significantly positively correlated withrisk of breast cancer. Obese women (current BMI ≥25 kg/m2) were at significantly increased risk for developingbreast cancer (adjusted OR=1.35, 95%CI: 1.01-1.81), but, between BMI at around age 20 years and risk ofbreast cancer showed an inverse association (P for trend = 0.001). Women who had middle physical force workwere at significantly lowered OR (0.62, 95%CI: 0.41-0.93) compared with women of headwork. Using womenwho standing or ambulation per day less than one hour as the reference, women who standing or ambulationmore than one hour had a decreased risk of breast cancer. Using women who slept less than 5 hours per day asthe reference, the women who slept 5-8 hours were at significantly decreased risk of breast cancer. Women whohad habit of recreational physical activity were at significantly decreased risk (adjusted OR=0.68, 95%CI: 0.53-0.88), with an inverse association between the exercise times per week and risk of breast cancer (P for trend =0.025). These findings support that breast cancer risk is associated with body size, and that moderate occupationaland recreational physical activity has protective effects on breast cancer.     

High risk mammographic parenchymal patterns and diet: a case-control study

Mammographic parenchymal patterns are related to breast cancer risk and are also thought to be affected by diet. We designed a case-control study comprising 200 cases with high-risk (P2 and DY) mammographic parenchymal pattern and 200 controls with low-risk (N1 and P1) patterns in order to investigate the effect of food and nutrient intake on mammographic patterns. Mammograms were evaluated according to the Wolfe classification system. Dietary data were obtained from 7-day food diaries. Mean daily intake of nutrients was computed from standard UK food tables. The adjusted odds ratio (OR) of having a high-risk pattern in women in the highest tertile of total protein and carbohydrate intake was twice that of women in the lowest tertile (OR = 2.00; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.06-3.77; P = 0.04 and OR = 1.93; 95% CI 1.03-3.59; P = 0.04 respectively). There was no excess risk for fat intake. In addition, there was no association between intake of vitamins and mammographic parenchymal patterns. Total meat intake was strongly and positively associated with high-risk patterns among post-menopausal women (OR = 2.50, 95% CI 1.09-5.69, P = 0.03). Our study suggests that certain macronutrients and foods such as protein, carbohydrate and meat intake influence the risk of breast cancer through their effects on breast tissue morphology, whereas fat and vitamins do not affect mammographic density. It seems that parenchymal pattern acts as an informative biomarker of the effect of some macronutrient and foodstuffs intake on breast cancer risk.     

Lifetime Occupational Physical Activity and the Risk of Breast Cancer: a Case-control Study

Objective: Epidemiological studies have shown that physical activity is a protective factor for breast cancer,although research findings are inconsistent regarding menopausal status. To determine the impact of occupationalphysical activity for breast cancer, a hospital-based case-control study was conducted in Poland in 2003-2007.Methods: In total, data on physical activity of 858 invasive breast cancer cases and 1,085 controls were analyzed.Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using unconditional logistic regression .Separate calculations were performed for premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Occupational physicalactivity was measured by sitting time and job titles. The risk estimates were controlled for potential risk factorsand lifetime household and recreational activities. Results: A significantly decreased breast cancer risk wasfound among postmenopausal women declaring physically active jobs (requiring more than 80% of time spentstanding, walking) compared with those with low activity jobs (more than 80% of the working time spent in asitting position, during workhours) (OR=0.66; 95%CI 0.44-0.98, P trend=0.03). A similar inverse associationbetween occupational physical activity and breast cancer risk was also found when activity was evaluatedaccording to job titles provided by subjects. Postmenopausal women with physically demanding jobs, in particular,had a lower risk compared to those in sedentary occupations (OR=0.57; 95%CI 0.36-0.91, P trend=0.02).Conclusion: These findings support observations from previous studies that sufficiently high occupational physicalactivity may reduce breast cancer risk, particularly among postmenopausal women.     

Risk factors of breast cancer in north of Iran: a case-control in Mazandaran Province.

INTRODUCTION: Breast cancer is the most common cancer among Iranian women. This study aimed to determine risk factors for breast cancer in the north of Iran. METHOD: A matched case-control study was conducted in Mazandaran province of Iran in 2004 of 250 biopsy proven cases of breast cancer and 500 neighbor controls that were matched by age within a 3 year period. Statistical analysis was carried out using conditional logistic regression with the backward elimination method and crude and adjusted odds ratios with related 95% CIs were estimated with Stata 8.0 software RESULTS: Multivariate analysis showed that higher education (OR=4.70, 95%CI: 1.71-12.88), late menopause (OR=4.18, 95%CI: 2.54-6.88), history of induced abortion (OR=1.62, 95%CI: 1.13-2.31), positive first-degree family history of breast cancer (OR=3.14, 95%CI: 1.37-7.20), and BMI (OR=1.02, 95%CI: 1.01-1.03) were risk factors for breast cancer. Furthermore, having more episodes of full term pregnancy (OR=0.87, 95%CI: 0.80-0.95), longer duration of breast feeding (OR=0.993, 95%CI: 0.989-0.997) and parity more than 2 were shown to be protective factors. CONCLUSIONS: Our study revealed the role of some modifiable determinants of breast cancer that can be focused by public health intervention in the northern community of Iran. Accordingly, the women who have one or more of the following risk factors should take the special attention to risk of breast cancer: obesity, being menopause, positive family history of breast cancer and history of induced abortion. The protective effect of longer duration of breast feeding should be encouraged too.     

Breast Cancer Risk Factors in Women Participating in a Breast Screening Program: a Study on 11,850 Iranian Females

The incidence rate of breast cancer in developed countries is almost three-fold higher than in developingcountries. Iran has had one of the lowest incidence rates for breast cancer in the world, but during the recentdecades a marked increase has been seen. The purpose of this study was to investigate some established riskfactors of breast cancer in Iranian women. A study of 11,850 women participating in abreast screening programwas conducted. The 197 women diagnosed with breast cancer and 11,653 healthy women were compared. Logisticregression was performed to investigate associations of reproductive and anthropometric factors with breastcancer risk. Family history of breast cancer (OR=1.94 , 95%CI=1.35-2.78), occupation (OR= 1.65,95%CI=1.20-2.25), education level (OR=0.50,95%CI=0.28-0.91), parity (OR=0.27, 95%CI=0.12-0.59), menopausal status(OR=3.15, 95%CI=2.35-4.21), age at menarche (OR=0.33, 95%CI=0.15-0.70), and age at the first pregnancy(OR=4.10 , 95%CI=1.13-14.77) were related to the risk of breast cancer. Decrease in parity may to some extentexplain the rising trend of incidence of breast cancer incidence in Iranian women.     

A Nested Case-Control Study of Female Breast Cancer in Karunagappally Cohort in Kerala,India

Lifestyle factors related to breast cancer risk were examined in a case-control study nested in a cohort inKarunagappally, Kerala, South India. We sought interviews with all the residents in Karunagappally with thepopulation of 385,103 (191,149 males and 193,954 females) in the 1991 census and established a cohort of 359,619(93% of the population in 1991) in 1990. For analysis 264 breast cancer cases with age ≥20 years were selectedfrom 438 breast cancer cases reported during the period 1990-2004 and for each case 3 non-cancer controlswere randomly selected matched for age, religion and place of residence through the Cancer Registry,Karunagappally. Conditional logistic regression was used for the analysis. In the present study, in addition to alow number of pregnancies (P <0.001 and P for trend <0.001), more frequent intake of roots and tubers excepttapioca (cassava) (OR for ≥ 5 times =1.56, 95% CI=1.09, 3.09, P for trend <0.05), milk drinking (OR=1.78, 95%CI=1.17-2.69, P<0.01) and consumption of chicken meat (OR=1.84, 95%CI=1.09-3.09, P<0.05) were found toincrease breast cancer risk. The present study further showed that consumption of tapioca which is a commonlyused food item in South India, particularly in Kerala, reduced breast cancer risk (OR=0.55, 95%CI=0.37-0.83,P<0.01). Risk analysis was attempted among pre- and post-menopausal women separately and similar oddsratio were obtained. Consumption of tapioca (cassava) decreased risk of developing breast cancer among premenopausalwomen (P<0.001 and OR=0.35, 95%CI=0.18, 0.65) and a low number of pregnancies (P<0.01),consumption of roots & tubers (P<0.05), usage of chicken meat (P=0.05) increased the risk of breast canceramong post-menopausal women. Further studies seem warranted to confirm the possible protective effect oftapioca consumption. There is an increasing need of breast cancer prevention programs responsive to the culturalpractices of the people and the study results should provide leads to cancer control programs especially in ruralareas.     

2q35 rs13387042和8q24 rs13281615单核苷酸多态性与中国东北汉族绝经前妇女乳腺癌风险关系

背景与目的：乳腺癌作为中国女性最常见的恶性肿瘤,每年的新发数量和死亡数量分别占全世界的12.2%和9.6%,但与中国乳腺癌患者明显相关的基因多态位点至今尚不清楚。本研究旨在探讨2q35 rs13387042和8q24 rs13281615单核苷酸多态性与中国北方汉族绝经前妇女乳腺癌风险关系,为预防和治疗乳腺癌提供循证依据。方法：采用多重单碱基延伸单核苷酸多态性分型技术(SNaPshot)分析方法,检测了280例绝经前乳腺癌患者和287例绝经前正常对照者2q35 rs13387042和8q24 rs13281615多态性位点基因型,并比较不同基因型和等位基因与乳腺癌风险的关系。结果：2q35 rs13387042多态性位点基因型频率在乳腺癌和对照样本之间差异有统计学意义(P=0.017);8q24 rs13281615多态性位点基因型频率在乳腺癌和对照样本之间差异无统计学意义(P=0.967)。Logistic回归分析结果显示,对于2q35 rs13387042位点,与GG相比,GA和GA+AA基因型携带者显著增加乳腺癌的患病风险(OR=1.793,95%CI：1.177～2.733,P=0.007;OR=1.691,95%CI：1.122～2.550,P=0.012),而AA携带者与乳腺癌的患病风险无关(OR=0.572,95%CI：0.104～3.153,P=0.521);与G等位基因相比,A等位基因显著增加乳腺癌的患病风险(OR=1.505,95%CI：1.033～2.193,P=0.033)。对于8q24rs13281615位点,与AA相比,AG、GG和AG+GG基因型携带者与乳腺癌的患病风险无关(OR=0.992,95%CI：0.660～1.490,P=0.968;OR=1.047,95%CI：0.642～1.708,P=0.853;OR=1.007,95%CI：0.682～1.487,P=0.971);与A等位基因相比,G等位基因不增加乳腺癌患病风险(OR=1.021,95%CI：0.809～1.288,P=0.863)。结论：本实验证实2q35 rs13387042多态性位点能够增加中国北方汉族绝经前妇女乳腺癌易感风险,而8q24 rs13281615多态性位点与中国北方汉族绝经前妇女乳腺癌易感性无明显相关性。     

Risk factors for colorectal cancer in northeast Thailand: lifestyle related.

Background: The incidence of colorectal cancer is variable around the world. Hiroshima, Japan had the highest incidence in men in 1997 with an age-standardized rate of 86.7 per 100,000 and New Zealand had the highest, at 40.6 per 100,000, in women. The incidence of colorectal cancer in Thailand is rather low and the latest figures for Northeast of Thailand are 7.1 per 100,000 for men and 4.7 for women. The reasons for these differences between countries are possibly due to variation in dietary habits, alcohol drinking or other cofactors. Methods: A case-control study was conducted in Khon Kaen, Northeast Thailand during 2002-2006 to study risk factors for colorectal cancer in a low risk area. Totals of 253 colorectal cancer cases (males 135, females 118) and 253 age- and sex-matched controls were recruited. Information on dietary habits, alcohol drinking, smoking and other information were collected by a structured questionnaire. Blood samples were collected for further study. Both univariate and multivariate analyses were carried out. Results: In the final model of multivariate analysis, the significant risk factors for colorectal cancer were a family history of cancer (OR=1.9 95%CI=1.2-2.9) and meat consumption (OR=1.0 95%CI=1.0007-1.0026). For BMI, subjects with higher BMI unexpectedly had a lower risk of colorectal cancer (OR=0.5 95%CI=0.3-0.8). Conclusion: Our study confirmed risk factors for colorectal cancer i.e. meat consumption and cancer in the family (genetic problem). However, the results for BMI are the reverse of expected, underlining one limitation of hospital-based case-control studies, in which cases are ill and admitted to the hospital at late stage.     

Risk factors for breast cancer among women in Bhopal urban agglomerate: a case-control study

Background: Breast cancer is the most common cancer in females worldwide, and the second leading cause of cancer deaths in women. The incidence is on the rise in India, and breast cancer is the second most common malignancy in Indian women. Objective: To assess the risk factors for breast cancer patients living in Bhopal. Study Design and Method: This case-control study was conducted in Bhopal urban agglomerate for a period of a year from October 2008 to August 2009. Demographic data and reproductive risk factor related information was collected using a structured questionnaire with analyses by Epi-info and SPSS 16. Results: A history of oral contraceptive pill use (OR=2.77, 95% CI: 1.15-6.65), history of not having breastfeeding (OR=3.49, 95% CI:1.22-9.97), over weight (OR=0.11, 95%CI:0.02-0.49), obese women ( OR=0.24, 95%CI: 0.06-0.88) and family history of breast cancer (OR=3.89, 95% CI: 1.01-14.92) were associated significantly with the occurrence of breast cancer on multivariate analysis. Conclusions: The findings of the present study suggests that positive family history of breast cancer and history of using OCP may be the epigenetic factors promoting the occurrence of breast cancer while breastfeeding reduces the possibility of acquiring breast cancer.     

Potential Risk Factors for Breast Cancer in Pakistani Women

Background: Breast cancer is the most common female malignancy worldwide and its incidence is on the rise in Pakistan. The aim of this case-control study was to quantify the association of various risk factors with breast cancer risk among Pakistani women. Materials and Methods: A total of 2,246 women were studied, including 1,238 women with histologically confirmed breast cancer patients and age matched control subjects (N1008) without breast cancer and other chronic diseases. Subjects were interviewed using a specifically designed questionnaire. Unconditional logistic regression was applied. Subsequent disease-specific mortality was also measured. Results: In this study, majority of the breast cancer patients (69.59%) were in age ranges of 40s and 50s. BMI greater than 25kg/m2 (OR1.57; 95%CI, 1.26-1.90 and OR1.60; 95%CI, 1.26-2.03), marital status of unmarried (OR2.03; 95%CI, 1.69-2.44), lack of breast feeding, smoking (current or ever), lack of physical activity and post-menopausal status were found to have significant positive associations with breast cancer. It was also observed that increased parity reduced the disease risk. A larger number of cases (58.1%) had their right breast affected while 22.8% had other complications as well. Conclusions: This exploratory analysis indicated a number of risk factors to be associated with increased risk of breast cancer. It was also observed that mean age at diagnosis is a decade earlier than in western countries. It is hoped that our findings will facilitate establishment of adequate evidence-based awareness and preventive measures for Pakistani women.     

Physical activity and breast cancer risk in women aged 20-54 years

BACKGROUND/METHODS: Although several studies have suggested that physical activity is associated with a decreased risk of breast cancer, such a decrease has not been found consistently, perhaps because physical activity was assessed in different ways and for restricted periods. Few studies have assessed the risk of breast cancer in relation to lifetime physical activity. We used data from a population-based, case-control study, including 918 case subjects (aged 20-54 years) and 918 age-matched population control subjects, to examine associations between breast cancer risk and physical activity at ages 10-12 years and 13-15 years, lifetime recreational activity, and title of longest held job. RESULTS: Women who were more active than their peers at ages 10-12 years had a lower risk of breast cancer (odds ratio [OR] = 0.68; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.49-0.94). Women who had ever engaged in recreational physical activity had a reduced risk of breast cancer compared with inactive women (OR = 0.70; 95% CI = 0.56-0.88). Neither very early recreational activity (before age 20 years) nor recent activity (last 5 years) was associated with a greater reduction in risk than recreational activity in the intermediate period. Furthermore, women who started recreational activities after age 20 years and women who started earlier and continued their activities throughout adult life experienced a similar reduction in risk. Lean women, i.e., women with a body mass index (weight in kg/[height in m](2)) less than 21. 8 kg/m(2), appeared to have a lower risk associated with recreational physical activity than women with a body mass index greater than 24.5 kg/m(2) (OR = 0.57 [95% CI = 0.40-0.82] and OR = 0. 92 [95% CI = 0.65-1.29], respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings support the hypothesis that recreational physical activity is associated with a decreased risk of breast cancer. Physical activity in early or recent life does not appear to be associated with additional beneficial effects.     

Induced Abortion and Breast Cancer: Results from a Population-Based Case Control Study in China

Aim: To determine whether induced abortion (IA) increases breast cancer (BC) risk. Materials and Methods: Apopulation-based case-control study was performed from Dec, 2000 to November, 2004 in Shanghai, China, whereIA could be verified through the family planning network and client medical records. Structured questionnaireswere completed by 1,517 cases with primary invasive epithelial breast cancer and 1,573 controls frequencymatchedto cases for age group. The information was supplemented and verified by the family planning records.Statistical analysis was conducted with SAS 9.0. Results: After adjusting for potential confounders, inducedabortions were not found to be associated with breast cancer with OR=0.94 (95%CI= 0.79-1.11). Comparedto parous women without induced abortion, parous women with 3 or more times induced abortion (OR=0.66,95%CI=0.46 to 0.95) and women with 3 or more times induced abortion after the first live birth (OR=0.66,95%CI =0.45 to 0.97) showed a lower risk of breast cancer, after adjustment for age, level of education, annualincome per capita, age at menarche, menopause, parity times, spontaneous abortion, age at first live birth,breast-feeding, oral contraceptives, hormones drug, breast disease, BMI, drinking alcohol, drinking tea, takingvitamin/calcium tablet, physical activity, vocation, history of breast cancer, eating the bean. Conclusions: Theresults suggest that a history of induced abortions may not increase the risk of breast cancer.     

Fat intake and its relationship with pre- and post-menopausal breast cancer risk: a case-control study in Malaysia

Background: Fat intake has been shown to play a role in the etiology of breast cancer, but the findings have been inconsistent. Objective: To assess the association of premenopausal and postmenopausal breast cancer risk with fat and fat subtypes intake. Methodology: This is a population based case-control study conducted in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia from January 2006 to December 2007. Food intake pattern was collected from 382 breast cancer patients and 382 control group via an interviewer-administered food frequency questionnaire. Logistic regression was used to compute odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) and a broad range of potential confounders was included in analysis. Results: This study showed that both premenopausal and postmenopausal breast cancer risk did not increase significantly with greater intake of total fat [quartile (Q) 4 versus Q1 OR=0.76, 95% CI, 0.23-2.45 and OR=1.36, 95% CI, 0.30-3.12], saturated fat (ORQ4 to Q1=1.43, 95% CI, 0.51-3.98 and ORQ4 to Q1=1.75, 95% CI, 0.62-3.40), monounsaturated fat (ORQ4 to Q1=0.96, 95% CI, 0.34-1.72 and ORQ4 to Q1=1.74, 95% CI, 0.22-2.79), polyunsaturated fat (ORQ4 to Q1=0.64, 95% CI, 0.23-1.73 and ORQ4 to Q1=0.74, 95% CI, 0.39-1.81), n-3 polyunsaturated fat (ORQ4 to Q1=1.10, 95% CI, 0.49-2.48 and ORQ4 to Q1=0.78, 95% CI, 0.28-2.18), n-6 polyunsaturated fat (ORQ4 to Q1=0.67, 95% CI, 0.24-1.84 and ORQ4 to Q1=0.71, 95% CI, 0.29-1.04) or energy intake (ORQ4 to Q1=1.52, 95% CI, 0.68-3.38 and ORQ4 to Q1=2.21, 95% CI, 0.93-3.36). Conclusion: Total fat and fat subtypes were not associated with pre- and postmenopausal breast cancer risk after controlling for age, other breast cancer risk factors and energy intake. Despite the lack of association, the effects of total fat and fat subtypes intake during premenopausal years towards postmenopausal breast cancer risk still warrant investigation.     

Relationship between soy food intake and breast cancer in China

Aims: Soy food intake may be associated with reduced risk of breast cancer, by far the most frequent cancer among women, but the results are inconsistent. We aimed to investigate the relationship further in Chinese population and to assess the importance of hormone receptor status. Methods: A case-control study was conducted with totals of 183 cases and 192 controls recruited from January 2008 to January 2011 among patients admitted to the General Hospital of PLA and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, China. Trained interviewers conducted face-to-face interviews using a structured questionnaire to collect information on dietary habits and potential confounding factors. Results: The highest relative to lowest soy isoflavone intake was associated with a 58% decrease risk of breast cancer (OR=0.42, 95% CI=0.22-0.80). Higher consumption of soy protein also decreased breast cancer risk, and the highest consumption reduced 54% cancer risk compared with the lowest (OR=0.46, 95%CI=0.24-0.88). The inverse association between highest intake of soy isoflavone and soy protein with the risk of breast cancer was statistically in postmenpausal women (OR=0.57, 95%CI=0.29-0.83; OR=0.50, 95%CI=0.38-0.95). In the ER/PR status stratified analysis, a significantly reduced risk was observed for ER+/PR+ breast cancer among highest intake of soy isoflavone and soy protein, with ORs of 0.47 and 0.63, respectively. Conclusion: Our study suggested that a high intake of soy food is inversely associated with breast cancer risk, the effect depending to some extent on the hormone receptor status.     

Association of PON1-L55M Genetic Variation and Breast Cancer Risk: A Case-Control Trial

Background: Paraoxonase 1 (PON1), a multifactorial antioxidant enzyme, has a defensive role against oxidative stress, which is believed to contribute to cancer development. This study aimed to investigate the association of PON1-L55M functional polymorphism with breast cancer risk. Material and methods: In the experimental study, blood samples were collected from 150 healthy women controls and 150 breast cancer subjects. The L55M genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Results: Our analysis showed that the genotypes distribution is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for both case and control groups. Our data revealed that there are significant associations between PON1-L55M polymorphism and breast cancer risk in homozygote (OR= 2.13, 95%CI= 1.14-4.00, p= 0.018), dominant (OR= 1.72, 95%CI= 1.07-2.76, p= 0.024), and allelic (OR= 1.55, 95%CI= 1.12-2.15, p= 0.008) models. Conclusions: Our results suggest that the PON1-L55M genetic variation could be a genetic risk factor for breast cancer risk and it could be considered as a molecular biomarker for screening of susceptible women.     

Modifiable (Sleeping Pattern and Stress) and Non-Modifiable Risk Factors Associated with Breast Cancer: A Matched Case-Control Study in Delhi,India

Background: An utmost increase of breast cancer burden during the last several decades was reported in Asian countries. Findings from literature confirm that risk factors of breast cancers can be modifiable and non-modifiable in nature. Objective: The present study is designed to identify specific modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors associated with breast cancer. Methods: A matched case-control study was conducted considering 187 cases as women diagnosed with breast cancer and 187 hospital-controls as women without having breast cancer visiting the hospital. Other than standard risk factors, stress is measured using Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and stress is measured using Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Several modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors were assessed using conditional logistic regression to find out significant association with breast cancer. Results: Regular multi-vitamin uptake (OR = 3.38; 95%CI = 1.69 – 6.77; p-value = 0.001), poor sleep (OR = 11.29; 95%CI = 4.36 – 29.25; p-value < 0.001), irregular sleep (OR = 34.11; 95%CI = 10.03 – 115.92; p-value < 0.001) and severe stress (OR = 6.74; 95%CI = 3.06 – 14.81; p-value < 0.001) were found to be the highest odds ratio among all modifiable risk factor of breast cancer. Also, age at first childbirth less than 30 years (OR = 0.44; 95%CI = 0.25 – 0.78; p-value = 0.005) was found protective against breast cancer. Conclusion: In our study, stress, sleeping pattern, and regular multi-vitamin uptake were found to be significant modifiable risk factors of breast cancer. None of the non-modifiable risk factors were found to be significantly associated with the risk of breast cancer.     

Risk Factors for Breast Cancer in Iranian Women Aged Less than 40 Years

This case-control study was carried out in a university-affiliated teaching hospital, Tehran city, Iran. A total of312 newly diagnosed cases aged less than 40 years old participated and were matched for age and ethnicity with312 controls. The results showed that in women who never married (OR=2.42 95%CI=1.51-3.88) (P<0.001), hada family history of breast cancer (OR=7.07 95%CI=2.95-16.99) (P<0.001), a low age of menarche (OR=0.1 95%CI=0.04-0.23) (P<0.001)), lower parity (OR=13.3 95% CI=3.89-45.66) (P<0.001) and took oral contraceptive pills(OR= 2.83 95% CI=1.87-4.24) (P<0.000) were at increased risk. A direct association with age at first birth wasalso evident(P=0.041), with a significantly inverse association between duration of lactation and breast cancer risk(p=0.016). On multivariate logistic regression, parity, family history of breast cancer, use of oral contraceptivepills, and age at first birth remained significant. In women lower than 40 years of age, breast cancer risk wassignificantly higher in women with parity ≥4 compared with nulliparity but no association emerged with historyof breast-feeding. Other risk factors were similar to those described in breast cancer epidemiology at any age.