Consumption of Food Groups and the Risk of Pancreatic Cancer: A Case–Control Study

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to investigate whether the consumption of specific food groups predicts the risk of pancreatic cancer, a case–control study of nutrition and pancreatic cancer among French-Canadians was carried out in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

Methods

A total of 179 pancreatic cancer cases (97 males and 82 females) and 239 population-based control subjects were interviewed. Dietary intake was evaluated via a validated food frequency questionnaire that gathers information on over 200 different food items and beverages. Odd ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed by unconditional logistic regression.

Results

After adjustment for age, smoking, diabetes status, proxy interview, gender and total energy intake, a reduced risk of pancreatic cancer was related to vegetables and vegetable products [OR?=?0.47; 95%CI: (0.21–1.06) p-trend?=?0.024], while an increased risk was associated with the consumption of lamb, veal and game [OR?=?2.24; 95%CI: (1.11–4.52) p-trend?=?0.026], when the upper and lower quartiles of intake were compared. Changes in dietary intake over the last decade revealed an elevated risk with augmented consumption of soups, sauces and gravies [OR?=?2.32; 95%CI: (1.20–4.49) p-trend=0.03], beef products [OR?=?2.07; 95%CI: (0.95–4.51) p-trend=0.05] as well as fish and shellfish [OR?=?1.48; 95%CI: (0.78–2.80) p-trend=0.05].

Conclusions

These findings suggest that a diet rich in vegetables and vegetable products may decrease the risk of pancreatic cancer.     

饮食与胆囊癌关系的流行病学研究

目的探讨饮食因素与胆囊癌发病的关联,为采取预防措施提供科学依据.方法采用全人群病例对照研究,研究对象为1997年6月～2001年5月期间确诊的、年龄在35～74岁的上海市区368例胆囊癌新发病例以及按性别、年龄(5岁一组)频数配对的895例人群对照.采用非条件logistic回归模型分析饮食各因素与胆囊癌的关系.结果女性中,与最低四分位数组相比,葱属类蔬菜年摄入次数最高四分位组的调整OR为0.55(95%CI:0.31～0.97;Ptrend=0.06);与不吃组比较,大蒜头和洋葱最高摄入组的调整OR分别为0.59(95%CI:0.34～0.99;Ptrend=0.03)和0.52(95%CI:0.30～0.91;Ptrend=0.01).与最低四分位组比较,腌制品摄入其余各组调整OR在女性中依次为1.06、1.88、2.31,Ptrend＜0.001;与不吃乳腐组比较,余三组的调整OR依次为1.19、1.47、1.88,Ptrend＜0.01.男性结果与女性类似,腌制品和葱属类蔬菜摄入的各组OR都有不显著的升高和降低.结论新鲜蔬菜,尤其是葱属类蔬菜对胆囊癌的保护作用在女性比男性明显,而且以大蒜头、洋葱的保护作用较为显著.而腌制品摄入,尤其是乳腐,可能会增加胆囊癌的发病风险.     

Vegetables and fruits consumption and risk of esophageal and gastric cancer subtypes in the Netherlands Cohort Study

Prospective epidemiologic data on vegetables and fruits consumption and risk of subtypes of esophageal and gastric cancer are sparse. We studied the association between vegetables and fruits consumption and risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC), gastric cardia adenocarcinoma (GCA) and gastric noncardia adenocarcinoma (GNCA) in the Netherlands Cohort Study. In 1986, 120,852 Dutch men and women aged 55-69 filled out a questionnaire on diet and other cancer risk factors. After 16.3 years of follow-up, 101 ESCC, 144 EAC, 156 GCA, 460 GNCA cases and 4,035 subcohort members were available for case-cohort analysis using Cox proportional hazards models. Multivariable adjusted incidence rate ratios (RRs) were generally below unity. Total vegetable consumption was nonsignificantly inversely associated with EAC and ESCC risk, but not with GCA and GNCA risk. Significant inverse associations were observed for raw vegetables and EAC risk [RR per 25 g/day: 0.81, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.68-0.98], and Brassica vegetables and GCA risk (RR per 25 g/day: 0.72, 95% CI 0.54-0.95). Total fruit consumption was associated with a nonsignificantly decreased EAC risk. Citrus fruits were inversely associated with EAC and GCA risk (RRs for highest vs. lowest intake: 0.55, 95% CI 0.31-0.98 and 0.38, 95% CI 0.21-0.69, respectively). Specifically for current smokers, vegetables and possibly also fruits intake was inversely associated with ESCC and EAC risk. Consumption of (specific groups of) vegetables and fruits may protect against subtypes of esophageal and gastric cancer.     

Dietary Factors and Risk of Pancreatic Cancer: a Multi-Centre Case-Control Study in China

Background: Pancreatic cancer is the sixth leading cause of cancer death with an increasing trend in China.Dietary intake is believed to play an important role in pancreatic cancer carcinogenesis. The aim of this paper wasto evaluate associations between some dietary factors and risk of pancreatic cancer in a multi-centre case-controlstudy conducted in China. Materials and Methods: Cases (n=323) were ascertained from four provincial cancerhospitals. Controls (n=323) were randomly selected from the family members of patients without pancreaticcancer in the same hospitals, 1:1 matched to cases by gender, age and study center. Data were collected with aquestionnaire by personal interview. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were estimatedusing conditional logistic regression. Results: Tea intake (OR =0.49; 95%CI: 0.30-0.80) was associated with a halfreduction in risk of pancreatic cancer. Reduced vegetable consumption (P trend: 0.04) was significant related topancreatic cancer. Although no significant association was found for meat and fruit, ORs were all above or belowthe reference group. A protective effect was found for fruit (OR=1.73 for consumption of 1-2 times/week vs morethan 3 times/week; 95%CI: 1.05-2.86). A high intake of meat was associated to a higher risk of pancreatic cancer(OR=0.59 for consumption of 1-2 times /week vs. more than 3 times /week; 95%CI: 0.35-0.97). Conclusions: Thepresent study supports fruit consumption to reduce pancreatic cancer risk and indicates that high consumptionof meat is related to an elevated risk. Direct inverse relations with tea and vegetable intake were also confirmed.     

Processed food consumption and risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: A case‐control study in a high risk area

This study was conducted to investigate the association between consumption of processed foods and esophageal cancer risk. A population‐based case‐control study was designed. For the present study, 254 patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma with pathological diagnoses were selected from Yanting during 2008 and 2010 and 254 community‐based controls were selected from the same area, individually matched with cases by age and sex. Data on demographic, lifestyle and dietary factors were collected using food frequency questionnaires. A conditional logistic regression model was used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) with adjustments for potential confounders. Compared to the frequency of <1 time/week, the intake frequency of >3 times/week of preserved vegetables had a significant association with esophageal cancer (OR = 5.01, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.07, 12.17). In stratified analyses, the OR of increasing intake of preserved vegetables for esophageal cancer were 2.02 in men (95% CI 1.18, 3.48), 3.15 in women (95% CI 1.28, 7.75), 2.41 (95% CI 1.45 4.01) in the persons <65 years old and 1.28 (95% CI 0.35, 4.65) in persons ≥65 years old. Consumption of pickled vegetables was not associated significantly with esophageal cancer risk. Intake of salted meat with a frequency of ≥1 time/week meant that the OR increased to 2.57 (95%CI 1.02, 6.43), but no significant trend or association in subgroup analysis was observed. Preserved vegetable consumption was associated with increased risk of esophageal cancer, while no association was found with pickled vegetables.     

Adulthood consumption of preserved and nonpreserved vegetables and the risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a systematic review

The incidence rates of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) are dramatically higher in certain regions of Asia compared to the rest of the world. Few risk factors for NPC are known; however, in contrast to the hypothesized health benefits of nonpreserved vegetables, it is thought that preserved vegetable intake may play a role in contributing to the higher incidence of NPC in high-risk regions. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to systematically review the epidemiologic evidence on the associations between adulthood intake of preserved and nonpreserved vegetables and NPC risk. A search of the epidemiological literature from 1966 to 2004 was performed using several bibliographic databases, including PubMed and the Chinese Biomedical Literature Database System. There were no language restrictions. Meta-analysis was conducted to obtain pooled odds ratios (ORs) for the highest-versus-lowest categories of preserved and nonpreserved vegetable intake. A total of 16 case-control studies were identified in the search. Results showed that highest-versus-lowest preserved vegetable intake was associated with a 2-fold increase in the risk of NPC (Random Effects Odds Ratio (RE OR) 2.04; 95% Confidence Limits (CL) 1.43, 2.92). Conversely, high nonpreserved vegetable intake was associated with 36% decrease in the risk of NPC (RE OR 0.64; 95% CL 0.48, 0.85). Findings for both preserved and nonpreserved vegetables were consistent across vegetable type and by country of study. Further research in high-risk areas to gain insight into the risk associated with preserved vegetables and protection associated with nonpreserved vegetables may advance understanding of NPC and yield clues for prevention.     

Risk Factors for Esophageal Cancer: a Case-control Study in South-western China

Esophageal cancer is a crucial cancer in China. Yanting in Sichuan Province was a key area with highest esophageal ‍cancer mortality in China, but little evidence on esophageal cancer risk factors has been reported for this area and ‍the etiology remains unclear. To clarify risk factors, a 1:1 matched case-control study was conducted. Totals of 185 ‍eligible esophageal cancer patients and 185 healthy residents matched for sex and age were recruited. Conditional ‍logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for possible risk/ ‍protective factors. All ORs were adjusted by family history of esophageal cancer and occupation, and then further ‍adjusted by other possible confounding factors. Our results showed that smoking and alcohol drinking were risk ‍factors for esophageal cancer with dose-response. The ORs (95% CI) compared with never smokers and drinkers ‍were 4.06 (1.55-10.6) and 2.49 (1.06-5.85), respectively. The OR was further increased to 8.86 (95%CI, 3.82-20.5) for ‍both smoking and drinking in combination. Eating food rapidly (OR=5.84, 95%CI, 2.05-16.7), drinking shallow ‍ground water (OR=4.18, 95%CI, 1.30-13.4) and frequent intake of picked vegetables (OR=2.12, 95%CI, 1.00-4.49) ‍appeared to increase the risk, while frequent intake of fresh fruit (OR=0.42, 95%CI, 0.19-0.89), fresh vegetables ‍(OR= 0.62, 95%CI, 0.32-1.17) and eggs (OR=0.59, 95%CI, 0.25-1.39) decreased the risk. In conclusion, smoking and ‍alcohol drinking are common in Yanting and main contributors to esophageal cancer. Consumption of fresh fruit ‍and eggs are not common and high consumption of these two foods as well as fresh vegetables may decrease the risk ‍of esophageal cancer in this area. In addition, drinking shallow ground water and eating food rapidly, as well as ‍frequent intake of pickled vegetables, are also factors increasing the risk. ‍ ‍     

Association between Low Fruit and Vegetable Consumption and Colorectal Polyps in Thailand

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the association between low fruit and vegetable consumption and colorectal polyps. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted among 1,228 participants aged 50-65 years who completed 2-time colonoscopy exams at the first and the fifth year of a colorectal screening program. Consuming less than one serving of fruit and vegetable daily was rated as low. Colorectal polyps from colonoscopy findings were recognized in 3 types: hyperplastic, low risk and high risk adenomatous polyps. Results: The findings demonstrated high prevalence of low fruit (93.6%) and low vegetable (85.8%) consumption. Exercising individuals were more likely to consume both fruit (OR 2.28, 95%CI 1.42-3.65) and vegetable (OR 1.40, 95%CI 1.00-1.96), while smoking history individuals tended to consume vegetable (OR 2.08, 95%CI 1.22-3.55). Low fruit consumption was strongly associated with high risk adenomatous polyps (OR 4.39, 95%CI 2.40-8.03), while low vegetable consumption was distinctively associated with low risk (OR 6.26, 95%CI 4.11-9.55) and high risk adenomatous polyps (OR 8.64, 95%CI 5.30-14.09). Conclusion: This study provides additional evidence of the association between low fruit and vegetable consumption and colorectal polyps. Enhancing people fiber eating behavior may help preventing colorectal cancer risk.     

Septin9甲基化及膳食因素对结直肠癌发病的影响

目的:探讨Septin9甲基化与膳食因素对结直肠癌(colorectal cancer,CRC)发病的影响。方法:采用病例-对照研究分析,收集CRC病例60例,根据年龄进行1∶1匹配收集健康人群60例作为对照组。采用χ2检验比较病例和对照组的基本特征、膳食和Septin9甲基化分布,采用非条件Logistic回归分析比较不同的Septin9基因甲基化和膳食对CRC发病的影响。结果:病例组和对照组的年龄、性别、民族、家庭人均月收入、文化程度和一级亲属肿瘤史,均无显著统计学差异（P＞0.05）;病例组中Septin9基因甲基化阳性24例（40.0%）,显著高于对照组（P＜0.05）,但病例组和对照组的平均每日蔬菜摄入量和家畜肉类摄入量无显著统计学差异（P＞0.05）;通过单因素分析所有变量,并将有统计学意义的变量纳入多因素逻辑回归中,最后确定CRC的独立危险因素包括Septin9甲基化（OR=1.88,95%CI:1.56~2.27）和平均家畜肉摄入量≥300 g/d（OR=1.30,95%CI:1.24~1.37）;以Septin9甲基化阳性且平均蔬菜摄入量<400 g/d（OR=4.650,95%CI:1.393~15.518）为参照组,Septin9甲基化阳性且平均蔬菜摄入量≥400 g/d显著降低CRC的发病风险（OR=4.650,95%CI:1.393~15.518）;以Septin9甲基化阳性且平均家畜肉摄入量<300 g/d（OR=4.500,95%CI:1.463~13.843）为参照组,Septin9甲基化阳性且平均家畜肉摄入量≥300 g/d显著增加CRC的发病风险（OR=7.333,95%CI:2.195~24.501）。结论:Septin9甲基化阳性人群蔬菜摄入量≥400 g/d降低CRC的发病风险,Septin9甲基化阳性且平均家畜肉摄入量≥300 g/d显著增加CRC的发病风险,对此人群减少脂肪肉类摄入并增加蔬菜摄入量具有降低CRC发病风险的可能。     

Fruit and vegetable intakes and prostate cancer risk

BACKGROUND: There is extensive and consistent evidence that high fruit and vegetable intakes are associated with decreased risks of many cancers, but results for prostate cancer risk have been inconsistent. We studied the associations of fruit and vegetable intakes with prostate cancer risk in a population-based, case-control study of men under 65 years of age. METHODS: Case participants were 628 men from King County (Seattle area), WA, who were newly diagnosed with prostate cancer. Control participants were 602 men recruited from the same underlying population and frequency matched to case participants by age. Self-administered food-frequency questionnaires were used to assess diet over the 3- to 5-year period before diagnosis or recruitment. Daily nutrient intakes were calculated by use of a nutrient database with recently updated analytic values for carotenoids. Odds ratios for prostate cancer risk associated with foods and nutrients were calculated by use of unconditional logistic regression. RESULTS: No associations were found between fruit intake and prostate cancer risk. The adjusted odds ratio (ORs) for the comparison of 28 or more servings of vegetables per week with fewer than 14 servings per week was 0.65 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.45-0.94), with a two-sided P for trend =.01. For cruciferous vegetable consumption, adjusted for covariates and total vegetable intake, the OR for comparison of three or more servings per week with less than one serving per week was 0.59 (95% CI = 0.39-0.90), with a two-sided P for trend =.02. The OR for daily intake of 2000 microg or more lutein plus zeaxanthin compared with an intake of less than 800 microg was 0.68 (95% CI = 0.45-1.00). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that high consumption of vegetables, particularly cruciferous vegetables, is associated with a reduced risk of prostate cancer.     

Interplay between dietary inducers of GST and the GSTM-1 genotype in colon cancer

The purpose of this study is to determine if cruciferous vegetables and coffee, two dietary inducers of glutatione-S-transferases, interact with GSTM-1 genotype to alter risk of colon cancer. Data were available on 1579 incident cases of adenocarcinoma of the colon and 1898 population-based controls. Intake of cruciferous vegetables, specific types of cruciferous vegetable, and coffee were not associated with colon cancer; GSTM-1 genotype did not modify these associations. However, age at diagnosis and cigarette smoking appeared to be important effect modifiers of the associations between GSTM-1, cruciferous vegetables and colon cancer. Among GSTM-1 null individuals, <55 years at diagnosis, we observed an inverse association between colon cancer and high levels of cruciferous vegetable intake relative to people who did not eat cruciferous vegetables (ORs 0.23 95% CI 0.10-0.54); broccoli was the cruciferous vegetable associated with the strongest inverse association (OR 0.30 95% CI 0.13-0.70). Among younger individuals who were GSTM-1 present (relative to those with GSTM-1 null), we observed an inverse association with colon cancer regardless of level of cruciferous vegetable intake (OR 0.74 95% CI 0.30-1.79 for no intake; OR 0.44 95% CI 0.21-0.92 for <4 servings/week; and OR 0. 44 95% CI 0.19-0.99 for >/=4 servings/week). These associations were further modified by cigarette smoking. People <65 years of age who smoked had a greater reduction in risk of colon cancer from consumption of cruciferous vegetables than non-smokers at the same age. In summary, although cruciferous vegetables do not appear to modify colon cancer risk in the total population, there are subgroups of the population for whom these vegetables may be important. These subgroups are defined mostly by age and smoking status.     

河南省林州市食管鳞癌及癌前病变的影响因素研究

[目的]探讨河南省林州市食管鳞癌及癌前病变的影响因素。[方法]按照性别、年龄进行1∶1∶1匹配的原则,选取2019年5~10月在林州市食管癌医院就诊的新发食管鳞癌患者、新发中重度食管鳞状上皮异型增生患者和正常对照匹配成33个区组作为研究对象。对入组的研究对象进行问卷调查,收集其人口学、生活方式等信息,采用多元有序Logistic回归对食管鳞癌及癌前病变的影响因素进行统计学分析。[结果]单因素分析结果显示,教育程度,饮用水来源,吸烟,饮酒,饮茶,食用西兰花、大蒜、酸菜、烟熏制品,劳动强度,消化道疾病史,食管癌家族史与食管鳞癌及癌前病变发生有关(P<0.05)。多元有序Logistic回归结果显示,教育程度(小学:OR=2.128,95%CI:1.116~3.187;中学及以上:OR=1.960,95%CI:1.080~2.759),饮用浅层地下水、井水(OR=3.595,95%CI:1.051~7.130),现在吸烟(OR=2.027,95%CI:1.435~5.193),经常食用酸菜(OR=2.520,95%CI:1.030~4.498),经常食用烟熏制品(OR=1.312,95%CI:1.089~1.739),有消化道疾病史(OR=2.277,95%CI:1.038~2.828)是食管鳞癌及癌前病变的独立危险因素,而经常食用西兰花(OR=0.520,95%CI:0.031~0.855)是独立保护因素。[结论]在林州市,生活方式、饮食习惯和消化道病史均可影响食管鳞癌及癌前病变的发生,有其地域特点,应针对相关影响因素采取相应的预防措施。     

Dietary and Lifestyle Factors and Risk of Non-Hodgkin’sLymphoma in Oman

Background: The incidence of various types of cancers including the non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) hasincreased during the recent years. Diet and lifestyle factors have been reported to play an important role inthe etiology of NHL. However, no such data are available from the Middle Eastern countries, including Oman.Materials and Methods: Forty-three histologically confirmed cases of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) diagnosedat the Sultan Qaboos University Hospital (SQUH) and the Royal Hospital (RH), Muscat, Oman and forty-threeage and gender matched controls were the subjects of this study. Frequency matching was used to select thecontrol population. Information on social and demographic data as well as the dietary intake was collected bypersonal interviews, using a 117-items semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Results: A non-significantincreased risk of NHL was observed with higher body mass index (BMI) (OR=1.20, 95%CI: 0.45, 2.93), whereasa significantly decreased risk of NHL was associated with a higher educational level (OR=0.12, 95%CI: 0.03,0.53). A significantly increased risk was observed for higher intake of energy (OR=2.67, 95%CI: 0.94, 7.57),protein (OR=1.49, 95%CI: 0.54, 4.10) and carbohydrates (OR=5.32, 95%CI: 1.78, 15.86). Higher consumptionof daily servings from cereals (OR=3.25, 95%CI: 0.87, 12.09) and meat groups (OR=1.55, 95%CI: 0.58, 4.15)were also found to be associated with risk of NHL, whereas a significantly reduced risk was associated withhigher consumption of vegetables (OR=0.24, 95%CI: 0.07, 0.82). The consumption of fruits, milk and dairyproducts however showed no significant association with the risk of developing NHL. Conclusion: The resultssuggest that obesity, high caloric intake, higher consumption of carbohydrate and protein are associated withincreased risk of NHL, whereas a significantly reduced risk was observed with higher intake of vegetables.     

Association between Vegetable,Fruit and Carbohydrate Intake and Breast Cancer Risk in Relation to Physical Activity

Background: Although the nutritional may exert effect on the breast cancer risk, it is not clear whetherthe role diet is the same in sedentary and physically active women. The aim of this study was to evaluate theassociation between fruit, vegetable and carbohydrate intake and the risk of breast cancer among Polish womenconsidering their physical activity level. Materials and Methods: A case-control study was conducted that included858 women with histological confirmed breast cancer and 1,085 controls, free of any cancer diagnosis, aged28-78 years. The study was based on a self-administered questionnaire to ascertain physical activity, dietaryintake, sociodemographic characteristics, reproductive factors, family history of breast cancer, current weightand high, and other lifestyle factors. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimatedin unconditional logistic regression analyses including a broad range of potential confounders. Results: Withcomparison of the highest vs lowest quartile of intake, strong significant associations were observed for totalvegetables (OR=0.37, 95%CI=0.20-0.69 P for trend <0.01 and OR=0.53, 95%CI=0.29-0.96, P for trend <0.02),and total fruits (OR=0.47, 95%CI=0.25-0.87, P for trend <0.05 and OR=0.47, 95%CI=0.24-0.90, P for trend<0.02) among women characterized by the lowest and the highest quartile of physical activity. No associationswere observed for total carbohydrate intake. Additional analysis showed a positive association for sweets anddesert intake among women in the lowest quartile of physical activity (OR=3.49, 95%CI=1.67-7.30, P for trend<0.009) for extreme quartiles of intake comparing to the referent group. Conclusions: The results suggest thata higher consumption of vegetable and fruit may be associated with a decreased risk of breast cancer, especiallyamong women who were low or most physically active throughout their lifetimes. These findings do not supportan association between diet high in carbohydrate and breast cancer. However, a higher intake of sweets anddeserts may by associated with an increased risk of breast cancer among women who were less physically active.     

Plant foods and risk of gastric cancer: a case-control study in Uruguay.

The association between plant foods intake and gastric cancer risk was investigated in a Uruguayan study on environmental factors and cancer. The study included 160 newly diagnosed and histologically verified cases of gastric carcinoma and 320 hospitalized controls. These controls were frequency-matched to the cases on age, sex, residence and urban/rural status. Total vegetable intake was associated with a reduction in risk (odds ratio (OR) 0.64, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.38-1.08), which was markedly attenuated after adjustment for total fruit intake. The only group of vegetables that persisted as significantly protective after controlling for total energy and total fruit consumption were allium vegetables (OR 0.56, 95% CI 0.34-0.92). On the other hand, total fruit consumption displayed a strong inverse association after controlling for total vegetable intake (OR 0.35, 95% CI 0.21-0.59). Neither tubers nor pulses were associated with gastric cancer risk. Finally, total plant foods were strongly associated with a reduced risk of stomach cancer (OR 0.31, 95% CI 0.18-0.54). It is suggested that vitamins (vitamin C and carotenoids) and bioactive substances (diallyl sulfide) could be involved in the mechanisms of action of plant foods.     

Lifestyle-related risk factors for stomach cancer in northeast Thailand.

Background: Stomach cancer is not common in Thailand but the life styles of the Thai population are changingto become more Western so that information for planning control programme of stomach cancer is necessary.The highest incidence rates of this neoplasm are found in Eastern Asia, ranging from age-standardized rates of95.5/105 (men) and 40.1/105 (women) in Yamagata, Japan to 4.1/105 (men) and 2.1/105 (women) in Khon Kaen,Northeast of Thailand. In Thailand, the estimated age-standardized incidence rates in 1993, 1996 were 4.9/105,4.1/105 in men and 3.0/105 , 2.6/105 in women. Risk factors for stomach cancer in Thai population are unclear,but possibly include low intake of vegetables and fruits, alcohol drinking, tobacco smoking and high intake ofsalt. Objective: To investigate various aspects of dietary factors, smoking, and alcohol drinking in determiningrisk of stomach cancer in Thai population. Methods: A case-control study was conducted in Khon Kaen, Thailandduring 2002-2006, to study the role of these factors in stomach cancer. 101 stomach cancer cases and 202 matchedcontrols (case : control = 1:2) by sex, age (± 3 years) and region were recruited from Srinagarind Hospital andKhon Kaen Regional Hospital, in Khon Kaen Province. All of cases were histologically confirmed. Controls hada variety of diseases, the main ones being disease of the eye. Information on dietary habits, alcohol drinking andsmoking were collected by a structured questionnaire, blood samples were collected for further study. Results:The distribution of the general characteristics by case-control status, the distribution of age and sex were similarin cases and controls. In the final analysis, the factors that found to be higher risk but not statistically significantwere long-term filter cigarette smoking (OR=1.9, 95%CI: 0.85-4.50), long-term alcohol consumption (OR=1.2,95%CI: 0.51-2.60) and low intake of vegetables and fruits (OR=1.2, 95%CI: 0.74-1.96). A high intake of vegetableoil (OR=4.5, 95%CI: 1.00.-20.17) was found to be associated with increased risk, and similar tendencies werenoted for pork oil (OR=1.4, 95%CI: 0.63-3.01) and jeaw prik (mainly chilly with plara broth) (OR=1.2, 95%CI:0 .76- 2.01). Conclusion: Our study confirmed protective effects of a high intake of fruits and vegetables againststomach cancer development and showed a high intake of sauces to increase risk of stomach cancer as in othercountries in Asia.     

Allium Vegetables and Risk of Prostate Cancer: Evidence from 132,192 Subjects

Objective: To evaluate the relationship between allium vegetable intake and risk of prostate cancer. Methods:A systematic literature search up to May 2013 was carried out in PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science,Cochrane register, and Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) databases, and the references ofretrieved articles were also screened. The summary relative risks with 95% confidence interval for the highestversus the lowest intake of allium vegetables were calculated. Heterogeneity and publication bias were alsoevaluated. Results: A total of nine epidemiological studies consisting of six case–control and three prospectivecohort studies were included. We found a significantly decreased risk of prostate cancer for intake of alliumvegetables (OR = 0.82, 95% CI 0.70, 0.97). Moreover, in the subgroup analysis stratified by allium vegetable types,significant associations were observed for garlic (OR = 0.77, 95% CI 0.64–0.91) but not onions (OR = 0.84, 95%CI 0.62–1.13). Conclusions: Allium vegetables, especially garlic intake, are related to decreased risk of prostatecancer. Because of the limited number of studies, further well-designed prospective studies are warranted toconfirm the findings of our study.     

A case-control study in Shanghai of fruit and vegetable intake and endometrial cancer

In a population-based case-control study of 832 incident endometrial cancer cases and 846 frequency-matched controls among Chinese women in Shanghai, using a validated food-frequency questionnaire, dietary habits were estimated by in-person interviews. Total vegetable consumption was inversely associated with endometrial cancer risk (highest quartile vs lowest: OR=0.69, 95% CI 0.50-0.96). The risk was reduced with increasing intake of dark green/dark yellow vegetables (trend test, P=0.02), fresh legumes (trend test, P<0.01), and allium vegetables (trend test, P=0.04). Fruit consumption was unrelated to risk. These results suggest that high consumption of certain vegetables may reduce the risk of endometrial cancer.     

Correlates between vegetable consumption and gallbladder cancer.

The results of several studies indicate that a diet rich in fresh vegetables protects against several common epithelial neoplasms. This probable effect has been related to specific micronutrients contained in vegetables. In the present case-control study a systematic assessment of the relationship between vegetable intake and the risk of gallbladder cancer has been undertaken. The study is of particular interest in order to better understand the quantifying effect of vegetable consumption with regard to gallbladder cancer. One hundred and fifty-three patients with gallbladder cancer and 153 controls with gallstone disease were included. Each patient's consumption of vegetables was assessed by using a food frequency questionnaire. The frequency of vegetable consumption was divided into three levels: > or =3 days/week, 1-2 days/week and no or rare consumption. Participants were divided into three groups according to the level of vegetable intake. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were computed for subsequent levels of vegetable consumption compared with the high level of consumption. A low consumption of vegetables showed an increase in odds ratio for gallbladder cancer for almost all the vegetables studied. A significant inverse trend was observed for green leafy vegetables and gallbladder cancer. An inverse association was observed for amaranth with an OR of 3.45 for the low vs. high level of consumption. Corresponding values were 2.14 for spinach, 1.86 for bathua, 1.02 for bengalgram leaves, 2.26 for cabbage, 3.06 for fenugreek leaves, 1.95 for mustard leaves and 1.44 for radish leaves. An inverse relationship between the risk of gallbladder cancer and the level of vegetable consumption was observed.     

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and ALDH2 and ADH1B polymorphisms in Chinese females

Aim: Alcohol dehydrogenase-IB (ADH1B) and aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (ALDH2) are the key enzymes for elimination of ethanol and acetaldehyde, the latter being an established animal carcinogen produced after drinking. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the contribution of ADH1B and ALDH2 polymorphisms to the risk of esophageal squamous cell (ESCC) in Chinese females. Methods: A total of 81 pathologically-proven female ESCC cases and 162 female controls were recruited from the Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Armed Police Forces of PRC in China. ADH1B and ALDH2 polymorphisms were genotyped using PCR-CTPP. Results: Compared with those with ADH1B*2/*2, individuals with ADH2*1/*2 and ADH2*1/*1 had 1.47 and 2.36-fold, respectively, increased risk of developing ESCC (95%CI=0.84-2.58, 95%CI=1.14-5.79) after adjusting for alcohol consumption and other covariates. Significantly increased risk was also noted among subjects with ALDH2*1/*2 (adjusted OR=3.24, 95%CI=1.45-5.36), when compared to those with ALDH2*1/*1. Risk was greater in heavy drinking females carrying ADH1B *1/*1 or ALDH2*1/*2 genotypes compared to those with ADH1B*2 and ALDH2*1/*1. Moreover, we found a significant trend of ESCC risk with alcoholic consumption in women with ALDH2*1/*2. Conclusion: Chinese women with ADH1B *1/*1 or ALDH2*1/*2 have elevated risk of ESCC similarly to men. Women with inactive ADH1B and ALDH2 should reduce drinking and increase their intake of vegetable and fruit to prevent development of esophageal cancer.