从ESMO共识看结直肠癌肝转移的治疗策略

肝脏转移是结直肠癌最常见的远处转移,大多数的结直肠癌肝转移患者为初始不可切除,为了获得最佳的治疗效果,需要在多学科团队的基础上,讨论并确定治疗策略和治疗目标。欧洲临床肿瘤学会指南被广泛用于结直肠癌患者治疗策略的制定,是临床医生需要遵循的标准。     

结直肠癌肝转移的治疗

结直肠癌肝转移是结直肠癌患者最主要的致死原因之一。结直肠癌肝转移的治疗方法很多,手术切除是其中的标准治疗方法,此外还有一些非手术治疗的方法,此文就结直肠癌肝转移的相关治疗方法作一综述。     

结直肠癌肝转移治疗的研究进展

结直肠癌肝转移的发生率和死亡率很高,是影响结直肠癌预后的重要因素.因此,找到合理的治疗方案显得尤为重要.目前手术切除仍被认为是唯一可能有效的治愈手段,但能手术根治的患者仅占少数.因此,随着医疗技术的发展,肝转移癌治疗经验的积累,多学科综合治疗理念逐渐被广泛应用,是确保结直肠癌肝转移患者获得最佳治疗策略的根本,亦是今后结直肠癌肝转移治疗的发展方向.多学科综合治疗方案包括手术切除、新辅助化疗、肝动脉化疗栓塞、放射疗法、射频消融术、冷冻疗法、无水乙醇注射术及中医药治疗等,一种或多种方法联合应用可明显提高患者的生存率并改善生活质量,本文对结直肠癌肝转移的综合治疗进展作一综述.     

结直肠癌肝转移的外科治疗

结直肠癌患者容易出现肝转移,肝转移是影响结直肠癌患者预后的主要原因之一.手术是目前治愈结直肠癌肝转移的唯一方法.本文主要总结了近年来结直肠癌肝转移患者肝转移病灶的手术进展情况:包括通过新辅助化疗或分阶段肝切除等方法提高肝转移病灶的手术切除率、肝转移灶切缘对患者预后的影响、同时性结直肠癌肝转移患者手术时机的选择、腹腔镜下...     

结直肠癌多发肝转移癌的治疗及生存因素分析

目的:探讨结直肠癌多发肝转移的治疗效果及生存因素分析.方法:将60例结直肠癌肝转移癌的患者纳入研究,根据治疗方法为手术组(n=30)非手术组(n=30).进行生存分析及Cox比例风险回归.结果:结直肠癌肝转移癌的手术组及非手术治疗的中位OS时间为30个月及6个月(P<0.05).两组对比1年、2年、3年生存率(P<0....     

结直肠癌肝转移的预后因素

目的:评价结直肠癌肝转移的临床预后因素及治疗方案对预后的影响.方法:收集71例结直肠癌肝转移患者的临床资料及预后情况,用Kaplan-Meier生存分析及Log-rank检验进行单因素分析,将有统计学意义的预后因素纳入Cox回归模型进行多因素分析.结果:Kaplan-Meier单因素分析及Log-rank检验显示,肝转移灶最大直径、有无区域淋巴结转移及诊断肝转移时碱性磷酸酶(ALP)最高值3个因素对其预后影响有显著意义;将这3个预后因素纳入Cox回归多因素分析显示,有无区域淋巴结转移、诊断肝转移时ALP最高值是结直肠癌肝转移的独立预后因素.全组3种治疗方式比较差别无统计学意义,但对手术切除组和化疗组两组进行比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),而局部治疗组和手术组之间,局部治疗组和化疗组之间差别无统计学意义.结论:肝转移灶最大直径、原发病灶有无区域淋巴结转移、诊断肝转移时最高ALP值是结直肠癌肝转移患者的预后因素;肝转移灶最大直径越小、无区域淋巴结转移、诊断肝转移时最高ALP值正常的患者预后越好;手术切除联合化疗目前是结直肠癌肝转移的首选治疗方案,可获得较好的远期生存.     

结直肠癌肝转移的治疗进展

结直肠癌的发病率和死亡率逐年上升,肝转移是主要死因。本文阐述了目前临床上使用较多的治疗方式及进展。分为系统性治疗,包括了新辅助化疗、转化治疗和分子靶向治疗;及局部治疗,包括手术切除、放射治疗、射频消融及介入治疗等。各种治疗手段各有优缺点,多学科综合治疗团队模式的推广,将为结直肠癌肝转移患者制定出较适合的方案,实现个体化治疗。     

结直肠癌肝转移的治疗策略

结直肠癌是消化系统的高发恶性肿瘤，其发病率和死亡率在我国大多数地区排名第3和第6位。也是全球癌症导致死亡的主要原因之一。肝脏是结直肠癌的常见转移部位。在新发的结直肠癌病例中．20％-25％存在肝转移，而在经手术切除的结直肠癌病例中，40％-50％最终会发生肝转移。随着新的强效化疗药物、分子靶向药物的问世、新治疗方法的出现以及外科手术技能的不断提高，结直肠癌肝转移患也获得了更多的治疗选择及更好的生存预后。     

结直肠癌肝转移新辅助治疗研究进展

结直肠癌的发病率及死亡率在全世界范围内逐年上升,其主要的死亡原因是肝转移。现代医学技术快速发展推动了诊治理念不断更新。个体化治疗及多学科综合治疗协作组（MDT）诊治理念的提出,外科技术以及局部治疗的迅速发展,使患者的生存期得以明显延长。结直肠癌肝转移新辅助治疗的应用有助于降低肿瘤分期,提高手术切除率,进而转化为患者生存获益,这一点在其他实体瘤中也已得到证实。但新辅助治疗是否延长所有患者生存期以及患者能否从局部治疗中获益仍存在争议,本文就结直肠癌肝转移新辅助治疗研究进展进行综述。     

Current treatment for colorectal liver metastases

Surgical resection offers the best opportunity for survival in patients with colorectal cancer metastatic to the liver,with five-year survival rates up to 58% in selected cases.However,only a minority are resectable at the time of diagnosis.Continuous research in this field aims at increasing the percentage of patients eligible for resection,refining the indications and contraindications for surgery,and improving overall survival.The use of surgical innovations,such as staged resection,portal vein embolizat...     

Multi-modality treatment of colorectal liver metastases

Liver metastases synchronously or metachronously occur in approximately 50% of colorectal cancer patients. Multimodality comprehensive treatment is the best therapeutic strategy for these patients. However, the optimal pattern of multimodality therapy is still controversial, and it raises several significant concerns. Liver resection is the most important treatment for colorectal liver metastases. The definition of resectability has shifted to focus on the completion of R0 resection and normal liver function maintenance. The role of neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy still needs to be clarified. The management of either progression or complete remission during neoadjuvant chemotherapy is challenging. The optimal sequencing of surgery and chemotherapy in synchronous colorectal liver metastases patients is still unclear. Conversional chemotherapy, portal vein embolization, two-stage resection, and tumor ablation are effective approaches to improve resectability for initially unresectable patients. Several technical issues and concerns related to these methods need to be further explored. For patients with definitely unresectable liver disease, the necessity of resecting the primary tumor is still debatable, and evaluating and predicting the efficacy of targeted therapy deserve further investigation. This review discusses different patterns and important concerns of multidisciplinary treatment of colorectal liver metastases.     

Evaluation of aggressively treated patients with unresectable multiple liver metastases from colorectal cancer

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to assess the value of aggressively treating patients with unresectable liver metastases from colorectal cancer and a poor prognosis. METHODS: From 1988 to 1999, 64 patients with unresectable multiple liver metastases from colorectal cancer who had received hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy were investigated. All patients did not have synchronous extrahepatic metastases at the time of initiating our treatment. When liver metastases were suitable for resection after hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy, we excised them and repeated prophylactic hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy as long as possible. We evaluated the efficacy of hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy by computed tomography and divided these patients into responders and nonresponders. We performed univariate analysis using the log-rank test to calculate predictive factors. In addition, the Cox proportional hazards model was used to perform multivariate analysis of factors related to survival. RESULTS: The survival rate of all patients was 67.8 percent after 1 year and 10 percent after 5 years. However, the survival rate for 16 patients who received hepatectomy after hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy was 35.1 percent after five years. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that the response after hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy was the most indicative prognostic factor. CONCLUSIONS: The prognosis of selected patients who responded to hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy and received hepatectomy was improved. Applying aggressive treatment as outlined in our strategy may improve the chances of long-term survival.     

Surgical dilemmas in the management of colorectal liver metastases: the role of timing

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is an emerging health problem in the Western World both for its raising tendency as well as for its metastatic potential. Almost half of the patients with CRC will develop liver metastases during the course of their disease. The liver surgeon dealing with colorectal liver metastases faces several surgical dilemmas especially in the setting of the timing of operation. Synchronous resectable metastases should be treated prior or after induction chemotherapy? Furthermore in the case of synchronous colorectal liver metastases which organ should we first deal with, the liver or the colon? All these questions are set in the editorial and impulse for further investigation is put focusing on multidisciplinary approach and individualization of treatment modalities.     

Location of liver metastases reflects the site of the primary colorectal carcinoma

Objective. The present study was designed to investigate whether the different venous return of different locations of colorectal carcinomas affects the lobar distribution of metastases to the liver, due to the “streaming” within the portal vein. Material and methods. The site of the primary colorectal carcinoma was divided into the right- and left hemicolon according to the different venous drainage via the superior and the inferior mesenteric/splenic vein. Both groups were analyzed for the distribution of the metastases in the liver. The anatomic site of the liver metastases was detected by intraoperative exploration and differentiated between the two lobes using the Cantlie line. Results. Out of a total of 178 patients, 109 men and 69 women with 264 metastases were eligible for the study. The ratio of metastases in the right and left hemiliver was 3.6:1 for 35 right-sided primary tumors (p=0.002) compared with 2.1:1 for 143 left-sided primary tumors (p=NS). No significant differences were evident for the sub-analysis of involved liver segments. Conclusions. The results of our study support the existence of the “streaming” effect in the portal vein. Right-sided colon carcinomas predominantly involve the right hemiliver, while left-sided colon carcinomas involve the liver homogeneously, considering the size ratio of the right to left liver lobe, which is about 2:1. Knowledge of streaming may help us to understand the spread of abdominal malignancies and may provide a reference concerning the possible primary site depending on metastatic distribution in the liver.     

Resection margin influences the outcome of patients with bilobar colorectal liver metastases

AIM To evaluate the outcome of patients with bilobar colorectal liver metastases(CRLM) and identify clinicopathological variables that influenced survival.METHODS Patients with bilobar CRLM were identified from a prospectively maintained hepatobiliary database during the study period(January 2010-June 2014). Collated data included demographics, primary tumour treatment, surgical data, histopathology analysis and clinical outcome. Down-staging therapy included Oxaliplatinor Irinotecan- based regimens, and Cetuximab was also used in patients that were K-RAS wild-type. Response to neo-adjuvant therapy was assessed at the multidisciplinary team meeting and considered for surgery if all macroscopic CRLM were resectable with a clear margin while preserving sufficient liver parenchyma.RESULTS Of the 136 patients included, thirty-two(23.5%) patients were considered inoperable and referred for palliative chemotherapy, and thirty-four(25%) patients underwent liver resection. Seventy(51.4%) patients underwent down-staging therapy, of which 37(52.8%) patients responded sufficiently to undergo liver resection. Patients that failed to respond to down-staging therapy(n = 33, 47.1%) were referred for palliative therapy. There was a significant difference in overall survival between the three groups(surgery vs down-staging therapy vs inoperable disease, P 0.001). All patients that underwent hepatic resection, including patients that had down-staging therapy, had a significantly better overall survival compared to patients that were inoperable(P 0.001). On univariate analysis, only resection margin significantly influenced disease-free survival(P = 0.017). On multi-variate analysis, R0 resection(P = 0.030) and female(P = 0.036) gender significantly influenced overall survival. CONCLUSION Patients undergoing liver resection with bilobar CRLM have a significantly better survival outcome. R0 resection is associated with improved disease-free and overall survival in this patient group.     

多学科诊治可切除性结直肠癌肝转移一例报道

如何根据可切除的同时性肝转移患者的具体情况制定个体化治疗策略是当前晚期肠癌研究的热点和难点。本例患者为结肠癌术后可切除性肝转移合并直肠癌,经多学科协作诊疗后达到无瘤生存,本文就此例患者诊治过程中的一些体会和大家来分享。