三维适形放射治疗局部晚期肺癌所致急性食管损伤相关因素分析

 目的 探讨三维适形放射治疗局部晚期中央型非小细胞肺癌所致急性食管损伤相关因素分析。方法 2002年8月-2005年10月，76例NSCLC患者接受三维适形放射治疗，对三维适形计划及患者临床资料进行单因素、多因素分析，评价食管损伤。结果 76例NSCLC中，共发生急性食管炎27例．Ⅰ级15例、Ⅱ级6例、Ⅲ级6例。相关分析显示与急性食管炎相关的因素有食管V50食管所受平均剂量、同期化疗。Logistic多元回归结果显示急性放射性食管炎发生的影响因素为化疗、食管V50（OR值分别为3．193，1．034）。结论 三维适形放射治疗局部晚期中央型非小细胞肺癌时放射所致急性食管损伤与放化疗同期进行和食管V50明显相关。     

Oral Glutamine Supplementation Reduces Radiotherapyinduced Esophagitis in Lung Cancer Patients

Background: The purpose of this study was to assess the the efficacy of oral glutamine (GLN) in preventionof acute radiation-induced esophagitis in patients with lung cancer and determine the predictive role of clinicaland dosimetric parameters. Materials and Methods: Thirty-two patients diagnosed with lung cancer werestudied prospectively. Sixteen patients (50%) received prophylactic powdered GLN orally in doses of 10g/8h.Patients were treated 2 Gy per fraction daily, 5 days a week. We evaluated the grading of esophagitis daily atthe end of each fraction of each treatment day until a cumulative dose of 50 Gy was reached. The primary endpoint was radiation-induced esophagitis. Results: All patients tolerated GLN well. Toxicity grade, weight loss,serum cytokine levels and esophageal transit times exhibited statistically significant improvement in the GLNreceiving group. GLN suppressed the inflammation related to the disease and treatment and reduced toxicitywith statistical significance. Conclusions: This study suggests a benefical role of oral GLN use in preventionand/or delay of radiation-induced esophagitis, in terms of esophageal transit time and serum immunologicalparameters, as well as weight loss.     

Reduced Fractionation in Lung Cancer Patients Treated with Curative-intent Radiotherapy during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Patients treated with curative-intent lung radiotherapy are in the group at highest risk of severe complications and death from COVID-19. There is therefore an urgent need to reduce the risks associated with multiple hospital visits and their anti-cancer treatment. One recommendation is to consider alternative dose-fractionation schedules or radiotherapy techniques. This would also increase radiotherapy service capacity for operable patients with stage I-III lung cancer, who might be unable to have surgery during the pandemic.Here we identify reduced-fractionation for curative-intent radiotherapy regimes in lung cancer, from a literature search carried out between 20/03/2020 and 30/03/2020 as well as published and unpublished audits of hypofractionated regimes from UK centres. Evidence, practical considerations and limitations are discussed for early-stage NSCLC, stage III NSCLC, early-stage and locally advanced SCLC. We recommend discussion of this guidance document with other specialist lung MDT members to disseminate the potential changes to radiotherapy practices that could be made to reduce pressure on other departments such as thoracic surgery. It is also a crucial part of the consent process to ensure that the risks and benefits of undergoing cancer treatment during the COVID-19 pandemic and the uncertainties surrounding toxicity from reduced fractionation have been adequately discussed with patients. Furthermore, centres should document all deviations from standard protocols, and we urge all colleagues, where possible, to join national/international data collection initiatives (such as COVID-RT Lung) aimed at recording the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on lung cancer treatment and outcomes.     

非小细胞肺癌三维适形放射治疗对食管损伤的临床和剂量学预测因素

目的:分析非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)在三维适形放射治疗(3D-CRT)时,放射所致3～5级(RTOG标准)食管损伤的临床和剂量学的预测因素.方法:对连续的208例三维适形放射治疗的非小细胞肺癌患者,男146例,女62例,中位年龄64岁(35～87岁)进行了回顾性分析.分析对象为:性别,年龄,一般状态,序贯化疗,同期化疗,隆突下淋巴结,治疗前体重下降,整个食管平均剂量,最大剂量点,食管接受＞55Gy的百分比.依据RTOG标准,分析早期和晚期3～5级食管损伤.结果:208例中,25例(12%)发展为早期和晚期3～5级的食管损伤,其中9例包括早期和晚期损伤,2例死于食管穿孔.同期化疗和食管的最大剂量点≥60Gy与3～5级食管损伤明显有关.其中同期化疗的54例(26%),25例(46%)有3～5级食管损伤.最大剂量点小于60Gy的患者,无3～5级食管损伤(P＜0.01)发生.结论:在NSCLC三维适形放疗时,放化疗同期进行和最大剂量点≥60Gy明显地与3～5级食管损伤有关.     

局部晚期非小细胞肺癌调强放疗与三维适形放疗的剂量学及临床疗效分析

[目的]分析比较局部晚期非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）调强放疗（IMRT）与三维适形放疗（3D-CRT）的临床疗效及对靶区和危及器官的剂量学差异。[方法]回顾性分析局部晚期非小细胞肺癌102例,其中52例采用3D-CRT,50例采用IMRT治疗,处方剂量PTV：56~64Gy/28~33次,比较两组的临床疗效和不良反应。选择其中10例患者的CT定位图像,分别设计IMRT和3D-CRT计划,给予DT：64Gy/32f照射,用剂量体积直方图（DVH）评价2种治疗计划的靶区和危及器官的剂量参数。[结果]10例IMRT计划中肺的V20、V30及肺平均剂量低于3D-CRT,而V5高于3D-CRT计划（P〈0.05）,V10无差异（P〉0.05）。IMRT的靶区适形指数（CI）和靶区均匀指数（HI）均优于3D-CRT（P〈0.05）,IMRT计划中脊髓的最大剂量（Dmax）较3D-CRT低（P〈0.05）。IMRT组与3DCRT组的1、2、3年生存率分别为82.0%、46.0%、28.0%和76.9%、36.5%、19.2%,中位生存期分别为22个月和18个月（P〉0.05）,1、2、3年无进展生存率分别为70.0%、34.0%、16.0%和63.5%、25.0%、9.6%,中位PFS分别为18个月和16个月（P〉0.05）。同步放化疗患者1、2、3年总生存率、无进展生存率分别为90.5%、71.4%、47.6%和85.7%、52.3%、33.3%,与序贯化放疗相比有显著性差异（P〈0.05）。IMRT组与3D-CRT组的近期疗效分别为76.0%、55.8%（P〈0.05）,急性放疗反应发生率两组无显著性差异。[结论]调强放射治疗可提高非小细胞肺癌近期疗效,调强放射治疗的计划可以提高靶区的适形度和均匀性,同时降低危及器官的剂量。     

Compliance with Screening Recommendations According toBreast Cancer Risk Levels in Izmir,Turkey

Early diagnosis has a major role in improving prognosis of breast cancer. The purpose of this study wasto assess the risk status of women 35-69 years of age using risk assessment models and the prevalence ofmammography in a community setting. The sample of this cross sectional study consisted of 227 women, 35-69years of age residing in Izmir, a city located in western region of Turkey. A questionnaire was used to collectdata and the Gail and Cuzick-Tyrer models were applied to assess the risk of breast cancer. In this study, 52.7%of women had mammography at least once, and 41.3% of the women over the age of 40 had mammographyscreening in the last two years. The five years risk for breast cancer was high in 15.8% of women according tothe Gail model and ten years risk was high in 21.7% with the Cuzick-Tyrer model. In the present study, thebreast cancer risk levels were assessed in a population setting for the first time in Turkey using breast cancerrisk level assessment models. Being in 60-69 age group, having low education and not being in menopause weresignificant risk factors for not having mammography according to logistic regression analysis. Mammographyutilization rate was low. Women must be educated about breast cancer screening methods and early diagnosis.The women in the high risk group should be informed on their risk status which may increase their attendanceat breast cancer screening.     

支气管肺癌放疗中的肺部感染临床观察

[目的]探讨支气管肺癌患者在放疗中的肺部感染诊断及治疗。[方法]回顾1995年3月至2000年12月87例肺癌在放疗期间并发肺部感染者的临床表现。[结果]患者在放疗期间绝大竞争并发的是细菌感染，真菌感染少数；血液中白细胞升高者仅有25例，白细胞正常范围有36例，下降者16例。[结论]肺癌患者在放疗期间，应重视肺部感染问题，及时诊断合理使用抗生素尤为重要，粒细胞集落刺激因子在患者白细胞下降时及时应用。     

局限期小细胞肺癌放化疗综合治疗

[目的]研究常规放疗及加速超分割放疗联合化疗治疗局限期小细胞肺癌的近期疗效及生存期.[方法]1998年2月至2000年5月间,局限期小细胞肺癌共72例随机分为2组,常规放疗组34例和加速超分割放疗组38例.两组接受EP方案化疗2个疗程后开始放疗.常规放疗组2Gy/次,每天1次,每周5次,总量(56～60)Gv/(5.6～6)w.加速超分割组放疗1.4Gy/次,每日2次,2次间隔≥6小时,每周5日,总量56Gy/4w.放射野包括原发灶,同侧肺门、纵隔淋巴引流区.2组病人在完成放疗后继续EP方案化疗4个疗程.[结果]全组总有效率77.8%,中位生存期18个月,常规放疗组和加速超分割放疗组两组近期疗效分别为70.6%和84.2%(P＞0.05),两组1、2、3年生存率分别为76.5%、23.3%、10.9%和80.0%、32.6%、11.7%(P＞0.05).[结论]加速超分割放疗组的近期疗效及长期生存率等同于常规分割放疗组.     

三维适形放疗与调强放疗在不同肺叶非小细胞肺癌中的刘量学研究

目的比较不同肺叶非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）的调强放疗（IMRT）和三维适形放疗（3DCRT）的剂量学特点。方法以肿瘤位于上叶（上叶组）及下叶（下叶组）的各10例接受根治性放疗的NSCLC患者为研究对象,分别制定5野IMRT计划及3—5野3DCRT计划,应用剂量体积直方图评估两组治疗计划,分别比较上叶组、下叶组IMRT与3DCRT计划之间的剂量学参数。结果1）上叶组、下叶组的IMRT计划的以下指标优于相应的3DCRT计划,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）：PTV参数、适形指数、异质性指数、平均肺剂量及肺V10～V65、食管Dmean及V55、心脏V40、食管的早晚期正常组织并发症发生率;2）IMRT计划比3DCRT计划平均降低了上叶组约2．7％的肺V5值及下叶组约1．1％的V5值,但差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;3）与3DCRT计划比较,上叶组、下叶组的IMRT计划的食管V35、心脏Dmean均较低,在上叶组的差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,在下叶组的差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论在NSCLC的根治性放疗中,5野IMRT较3DCRT更能提高靶区的剂量分布均匀性,在保护正常组织器官方面也显示出较明显的优势;且IMRT应用于上叶NSCLC的优势有可能大于下叶者。     

三维适形放疗与调强放疗在不同肺叶非小细胞肺癌中的剂量学研究

目的 比较不同肺叶非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)的调强放疗(IMRT)和三维适形放疗(3DCRT)的剂量学特点.方法 以肿瘤位于上叶(上叶组)及下叶(下叶组)的各10例接受根治性放疗的NSCLC患者为研究对象,分别制定5野IMRT计划及3～5野3DCRT计划,应用剂量体积直方图评估两组治疗计划,分别比较上叶组、下叶组IMR...     

非小细胞肺癌单发脑转移瘤放射治疗方法的研究

目的确定立体定向放射外科治疗非小细胞肺癌单发脑转移瘤是否需合并全脑照射.方法41例肺癌单发脑转移的患者前瞻性的分为单纯立体定向放射外科组和全脑照射合并立体定向放射外科组.全脑照射结合立体定向放射外科治疗者,先行全脑放疗,全脑放疗结束后休息7～14 d,再行立体定向放射外科治疗.观察指标包括总生存时间、局部无复发生存时间、颅脑无新病灶生存时间、局部控制率、KPS的改善及死亡原因等.结果单纯立体定向放射外科和全脑照射合并立体定向放射外科治疗后的中位生存时间分别为9.3个月和10.6个月,中位局部无复发生存时间分别为6.9个月和8.6个月,中位颅脑无新病灶生存时间分别为6.7个月和8.6个月,局部控制率分别为87.0%和88.9%,KPS的改善率分别为82.6%和88.9%,死于脑转移瘤复发或新转移灶者分别占50.0%和28.3%.单因素分析显示单纯立体定向放射外科和全脑照射合并立体定向放射外科间,除颅脑无新病灶生存有显著性差异外,其他各项指标差异均无显著性.然而,单纯立体定向放射外科治疗后出现颅脑新病灶的6例患者,予以挽救性治疗,均得到较好地控制.结论在非小细胞肺癌单发脑转移瘤的治疗中,单纯立体定向放射外科与立体定向放射外科合并全脑照射的效果相似.     

肺癌脑转移的放射治疗

目的　分析放射治疗肺癌转移的疗效及与化疗比较。材料与方法　 1980年 1月至 1996年 12月 ,对肺癌脑转移 12 6例进行回顾性研究。化疗采用CCNU ,BCNU ,CTX ,MTX ,DDP ,VP -16。放疗采用60 Co或 6MV X直线加速器 ,全脑DT30～ 40Gy ,并局部追加DT10～ 2 0Gy ,局部放疗DT35～ 5 5Gy。结果　全组 1、2年生存率分别为 16 7% (2 1/12 6 )、3 2 (4/12 6 ) ,中位生存时间为 7 9个月。单纯放疗组 1年生存率为 5 4% (3/86 ) ,中位生存时间为 7 0个月。放疗加化疗综合组 1、2年生存率分别为 2 5 7% (18/70 )、5 7% (4/70 ) ,中位生存时间为 8 6个月。结论　肺癌脑转移化疗加放疗综合治疗为主要治疗手段能提高疗效     

Magnitude of Arsenic Toxicity in Tube-well Drinking Water in Bangladesh and Its Adverse Effects on Human Health Including Cancer: Evidence from a Review of the Literature

Only after a decade from 1993, arsenic contamination of groundwater in Bangladesh has been reported as the ‍biggest arsenic catastrophe in the world. It is a burning public health issue in this country. More than 50 percent of ‍the total population is estimated at risk of contamination. Already thousands of people have been affected by the ‍disease arsenicosis. Many more may be on the way to manifest lesions in future. We conducted a review of previous ‍studies and published articles including MEDLINE database on this issue. We found that 59 districts out of 64 have ‍been already affected by arsenic in underground drinking water, where this particular source of drinking water is ‍the main source for 97 percent of the rural people. The water is unfortunately now a great threat for the human ‍being due to high level of arsenic. Continuous arsenic exposure can lead people to develop arsenicosis, which in turn ‍elevates the risk of cancer. Skin lesions are the most common manifestations in arsenicosis patients. Relatively poor ‍rural people and other socio-economically disadvantaged groups are more affected by this exposure. Until now ‍cancer patients have been relatively limited in Bangladesh. One of the reasons may be that several years are needed ‍to show cancer manifestations from the beginning of arsenic exposure. But it is suspected that after some years a ‍large number of patients will appear with cancer in different sites for arsenic exposure in drinking water. Various ‍studies have been conducted in arsenic affected countries - notably in Argentina, Chile, China, Japan, and Taiwan - ‍to find the potential of arsenic exposure to cause development of cancer. Among the arsenic related cancers, liver, ‍lung, skin, bladder and kidney cancers are reported to be prevalent in these countries. Unfortunately no scientific ‍study has been yet conducted in Bangladesh to find the relationship between arsenic exposure and cancers in different ‍sites of the body. So our aim is to conduct an ecological as well as a case-control study in the country in the future. ‍     

Diagnostic Accuracy of 18F-FDG-PET in Patients with Testicular Cancer: a Meta-analysis

Objective: Fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (18F-FDG-PET) is a new techniquefor identifying different malignant tumors using different uptake values between tumor cells and normal tissues.Here we assessed the diagnostic accuracy of 18F-FDG-PET in patients with testicular cancer by pooling data ofexisting trials in a meta-analysis. Methods: PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase and Cochrane Central Trials databaseswere searched and studies published in English relating to the diagnostic value of FDG-PET for testicularcancer were collected. The summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) curve was used to examine theFDG-PET accuracy. Results: A total of 16 studies which included 957 examinations in 807 patients (median age,31.1 years) were analyzed. A meta-analysis was performed to combine the sensitivity and specificity and their95% confidence intervals (CIs), from diagnostic odds ratio (DOR), positive likelihood ratios (PLR), negativelikelihood ratio (NLR). SROC were derived to demonstrate the diagnostic accuracy of FDG-PET for testicularcancer. The pooled sensitivity and specificity were 0.75 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.70-0.80) and 0.87 (95%CI, 0.84-0.89), respectively. The pooled DOR was 35.6 (95% CI, 12.9-98.3). The area under the curve (AUC) was0.88. The pooled PLR and pooled NLR were 7.80 (95% CI, 3.73-16.3) and 0.31 (95% CI, 0.23-0.43), respectively.Conclusion: In patients with testicular cancer, 18F-FDG-PET demonstrated a high SROC area, and could be apotentially useful tool if combined with other imaging methods such as MRI and CT. Nevertheless, the literaturefocusing on the use of 18F-FDG-PET in this setting still remains limited.     

Twice-daily Thoracic Radiotherapy for Limited-stage Small-cell Lung Cancer Does Not Increase the Incidence of Acute Severe Esophagitis

Purpose

Acute esophagitis is common after thoracic radiation therapy (TRT) given with chemotherapy for limited-stage small-cell lung cancer (LS SCLC). Although twice-daily TRT to 45 Gy in 30 fractions is considered standard, some clinicians are reluctant to use this schedule because of its perceived impracticality and risk of severe esophagitis. We reviewed a single-institution experience with severe (grade ≥ 3) esophagitis after TRT with chemotherapy for LS SCLC.

非小细胞肺癌调强放疗与螺旋断层放疗剂量学的比较研究

目的 比较螺旋断层放射治疗(Tomo Therapy治疗计划系统)和常规加速器静态调强放射治疗(Precise Plan治疗计划系统)非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)患者的剂量分布特点及差异.方法 回顾性分析并设计Tomo Therapy和IMRT治疗计划,计划分别传输至Tomo Therapy治疗计划系统(Tomo组)和Precise Plan治疗计划系统(IMRT组),肿瘤靶区给予70 Gy/33 F照射剂量,临床靶区给予60 Gy/33F照射剂量,正常器官全肺<30%、脊髓<45 Gy、心脏<30%、食管<30%,根据剂量分布、剂量体积直方图(DVH)等指标,比较两组剂量分布特点.结果 Tomo组的GTV放射剂量参数HI(1.047±0.015)cGy、Dmax(7406.2±137.1)cGy,均显著低于IMRT组(P<0.05),Tomo组HI值更接近于1.两组CI、Dmini、Dmean比较差异不显著(P>0.05).Tomo组的PTV放射剂量参数Dmax(7306.4±151.4)cGy、Dmean(6603.8±143.7)cGy,均显著低于IMRT组(P<0.05),两组的CI、Dmini、HI比较差异不显著(P>0.05).Tomo组的患侧肺脏放射剂量参数Dmax、Dmini、Dmean值与IMRT组比较具有统计学意义(P<0.05).Tomo组的健侧肺脏放射剂量参数Dmax、Dmini、值与IMRT组比较具有统计学意义(P<0.05),Dmean值比较差异不显著(P>0.05).Tomo组的脊髓放射剂量参数Dmean、Dmini值与IMRT组比较具有统计学意义(P<0.05),Dmax值比较差异不显著(P>0.05).Tomo组的心脏放射剂量参数Dmax、Dmean、Dmini值与IMRT组比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).Tomo组的食管放射剂量参数Dmi-ni值显著高于IMRT组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),两组患者的Dmax、Dmean值差异不显著(P>0.05).结论 研究表明螺旋断层放射治疗肺癌较常规加速器静态调强放射治疗具有更好的放射均匀性,同时对邻近器官组织的放射性伤害更小.     

Clinical Observation of Whole Brain Radiotherapy Concomitant with Targeted Therapy for Brain Metastasis in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Patients with Chemotherapy Failure

Objective: To investigate the clinical effects of whole brain radiotherapy concomitant with targeted therapyfor brain metastasis in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with chemotherapy failure. Materials andMethods: Of the 157 NSCLC patients with chemotherapy failure followed by brain metastasis admitted in ourhospital from January 2009 to August 2012, the combination group (65 cases) were treated with EGFR-TKIcombined with whole brain radiotherapy while the radiotherapy group (92 cases) were given whole brainradiotherapy only. Short-term effects were evaluated based on the increased MRI in brain 1 month after wholebrain radiotherapy. Intracranial hypertension responses, hematological toxicity reactions and clinical effectsof both groups were observed. Results: There were more adverse reactions in the combination group than inradiotherapy group, but no significant differences were observed between the two groups in response rate (RR)and disease control rate (DCR) (P>0.05). Medium progression free survival (PFS), medium overall survival(OS) and 1-year survival rate in combination group were 6.0 months, 10.6 months and 42.3%, while in theradiotherapy group they were 3.4 months, 7.7 months and 28.0%, respectively, which indicated that there weresignificant differences in PFS and OS between the two groups (P<0.05). Additionally, RPA grading of each factorin the combination group was a risk factor closely related with survival, with medium PFS in EGFR and KRASmutation patients being 8.2 months and 11.2 months, and OS being 3.6 months and 6.3 months, respectively.Conclusions: Whole brain radiotherapy concomitant with target therapy is favorable for adverse reactiontolerance and clinical effects, being superior in treating brain metastasis in NSCLC patients with chemotherapyfailure and thus deserves to be widely applied in the clinic.     

体部立体定向放射治疗112例非小细胞肺癌近期疗效观察

目的观察立体定向放射治疗（SBRT）非小细胞肺癌的近期疗效和放射副反应。方法 112例非小细胞肺癌患者行伽玛刀放疗,50%的处方剂量线完全覆盖PTV,60%～70%剂量线包裹95%以上GTV,照射剂量以50%剂量线作为处方剂量,3～12 Gy/次,总剂量40～60 Gy,1～3周完成治疗。结果治疗后3～16个月所有患者得到随访,中位随访时间11个月,其中完全缓解（CR）率29.5%（33/112）,部分缓解（PR）率为60.7%（68/112）,总有效率为90.2%（101/112）。6个月和1年的局控率分别为98.8%（80/81）、92.3%（36/39）,生存率分别为100%（81/81）、94.9%（37/39）;放射性肺炎为其主要并发症,发生率为9.8%（11/112）。结论 LUNATM-260型伽玛刀作为1种新的SBRT设备,能够有效地提高非小细胞肺癌的局部控制率和生存率,且并发症发生率低。