医源性全血尿:动脉造影与栓塞治疗

目的探讨医源性血尿的动脉造影诊断及其血管内介入治疗的价值。资料与方法 24例医源性血尿患者,依据其临床治疗经过,采用Seldering技术行一侧股动脉穿刺插管,选择性行患侧肾动脉或双侧髂内动脉造影,以微导管行超选择性造影,明确出血原因、具体部位,以明胶海绵碎屑或/并微弹簧圈栓塞。最后行栓塞后造影,观察栓塞情况。结果 24例动脉造影均获得明确诊断,其中经皮肾盂穿刺造瘘术后局部肾动脉小分支损伤、局部假性动脉瘤形成、全血尿8例,经皮肾穿刺取石术后肾动脉小分支损伤全血尿6例,超声碎石术后肾实质损伤全血尿2例,前列腺癌、前列腺增生症摘除术后手术区渗血、全血尿7例,男性尿道医源性损伤出血1例。所有病例栓塞治疗后止血效果明显,无并发症发生。结论对于医源性全血尿患者,依据其临床治疗经过,行患侧肾动脉或双侧髂内动脉造影具有定性定位诊断价值,经微导管对所涉动脉分支超选择性栓塞能成功控制出血。     

医源性肾血管损伤的急诊血管内栓塞治疗

目的评价用介入技术治疗医源性肾血管损伤的安全性和疗效。方法对9例医源性肾血管损伤患者进行了超选择性肾动脉栓塞治疗。损伤原因有行肾脏穿刺活检术后5例、血管内介入治疗术后2例、经皮穿刺右肾盂造瘘术后1例、肾脏肿瘤局部切除术后1例。临床表现有失血性休克7例、患侧剧烈腰痛7例、血尿8例;CT和超声波检查发现肾脏周围血肿8例。栓塞材料用微型钢丝圈7例、普通钢丝圈2例,同时用聚乙烯醇微球5例、用明胶海绵碎粒2例。结果选择性肾动脉造影显示肾实质内动静脉瘘6例、假性动脉瘤2例、肾实质血管破裂对比剂外溢1例。本组9例均栓塞成功;治疗结束时复查造影显示异常血管消失,正常分支保留。7例失血症状明显者,栓塞后经给予补充血容量、失血症状迅速改善;7例剧烈腰痛者,术后2～4d腰痛消失;血尿8例,术后2～14d消失。术后原有肾功能不全加重3例、新出现肾功能不全2例,其中2例接受血液透析治疗。超声复查显示肾周围血肿于2～4个月逐渐吸收。随访6～78个月(平均38个月),4例死于原发疾病,5例健在、未再针对肾脏损伤进行外科或介入治疗,未再发生出血,血肌酐、尿素测定属正常范围。结论经导管选择性肾动脉分支栓塞术是治疗医源性肾脏血管损伤的安全、有效方法。     

选择性肾动脉栓塞治疗肾造瘘术后出血

目的评价选择性肾动脉栓塞治疗肾造瘘术后出血的临床价值。方法对12例肾造瘘术后出血患者,使用选择性肾动脉栓塞术,栓塞材料为明胶海绵微粒、聚乙烯醇(PVA)微粒或弹簧圈。结果造影显示肾实质动静脉瘘2例;对比剂外溢4例;假性动脉瘤3例;假性动脉瘤合并动静脉瘘3例。栓塞治疗后异常血管征象消失,12例患者的血尿3～7d内消失,随访期间未出现严重并发症及再次血尿。结论选择性肾动脉栓塞是治疗肾造瘘术后出血的微创、安全、有效的方法。     

肾脏穿刺活检术所致肾血管损伤的血管内栓塞治疗

目的 评价介入技术治疗肾脏穿刺活检术所致肾血管损伤的安全性和疗效。资料与方法 对7例因肾脏穿刺活检术所致肾血管损伤患者进行了超选择性肾动脉栓塞治疗。栓塞材料用微型钢丝圈6例,普通钢丝圈1例,同时用聚乙烯醇微球3例。结果 选择性肾动脉造影显示肾实质内动静脉瘘4例,对比剂外溢2例,肾内假性动脉瘤1例。栓塞成功率为100％。治疗结束时复查造影显示异常血管消失,正常分支保留。5例失血明显者,栓塞后经给予补充血容量,失血症状迅速改善;腰痛剧烈患者,术后2～5d腰痛消失;血尿7例,术后2～7d消失。术后原有肾功能不全加重2例,新出现肾功能不全1例,其中1例接受血液透析治疗。超声复查显示肾周围血肿于2～3个月逐渐吸收。随访10～68个月（平均36个月）,2例死于原发疾病（慢性肾功能衰竭和淋巴瘤各1例）,5例健在,未再针对肾脏损伤进行外科或介入治疗,未再发生出血,肾功能测定属正常范围。结论 经导管选择性肾动脉分支栓塞术是治疗肾脏穿刺活检术所致肾血管损伤的安全有效方法。     

创伤性肾动静脉瘘的介入治疗

目的 评价用介入技术治疗创伤性肾动静脉瘘(RAVFs)的安全性和疗效。方法 对8例不适宜做外科治疗的RAVFs患者进行了介入治疗，其中外伤性损伤4例，医源性损伤4例。6例行经导管超选择性肾动脉内钢丝圈栓塞术，2例行被覆膜支架置入患侧肾动脉内封闭瘘口。结果 血管造影显示肾内型动静脉瘘4例，累及肾动脉段-亚段级分支；主干(肾外)型动静脉瘘4例。治疗均获成功，治疗结束时复查血管造影显示瘘口被封闭。轻微并发症1例。医源性RAVFs患者术后失血症状迅速改善，肉眼血尿消失；4例术前存在心脏负荷过度症状患者，闭塞动静脉瘘后症状迅速改善，血管杂音消失。术后肾功能测定均属正常范围，其中2例肾动脉被覆膜支架置入患者，同位素肾扫描显示患侧肾脏形态、功能正常。术后随访10～42个月，2例分别于术后10，18个月死于与RAVFs无关的疾病。6例仍然生存，一般情况良好，未再针对RAVFs进行外科或介入治疗。结论 介入技术，包括经导管超选择性肾动脉内栓塞术和被覆膜支架置入术，是治疗创伤性、复杂型RAVFs的安全、有效的方法。     

超选择性动脉栓塞在医源性肾出血中的应用

目的 探讨超选择性动脉栓塞在医源性损伤导致的肾出血中的应用价值.方法 2009年12月至2012年2月收治11例医源性损伤导致的肾出血患者,其中肾造瘘术后出血3例,经皮肾镜取石术术后出血3例,肾肿瘤部分性肾切除术后出血3例,钬激光术后2例.采用超选择方法将导管置于出血动脉,用聚乙烯醇颗粒及弹簧圈或(和)微弹簧圈栓塞治疗.结果 所有患者均一次性成功进行出血动脉栓塞治疗,造影过程中可见动静脉瘘,对比剂外溢、滞留及假性动脉瘤形成.所有患者在栓塞治疗后出血症状均消失,未观察到明显的肾功能损害,临床随访4 ～ 35个月未再发生出血.结论 超选择性动脉栓塞是治疗医源性肾出血的有效、安全的方法,值得在临床推广应用.     

经皮肾镜取石术后肾动脉损伤造影表现及栓塞治疗

目的：探讨经皮肾镜取石术（PCNL）后肾动脉损伤肾动脉造影表现及超选择性肾动脉栓塞术（SRAE）治疗效果。方法收集2010年1月至2014年6月PCNL术后出现持续性或间歇性肉眼血尿患者共22例,均经肾动脉造影证实为肾动脉损伤,并接受SRAE术治疗,栓塞材料为微弹簧圈。术后随访3个月。结果22例患者中DSA造影表现为肾动脉假性动脉瘤（RAP）14例（63.6%）,肾动静脉瘘（RAVF）5例（22.7%）,RAP伴发RAVF 3例（13.6%）。 SRAE术后肾动脉造影显示病变均达到完全栓塞,所有患者活动性出血停止,技术成功率及有效止血率均为100%。术后随访3个月,22例患者均未见血尿复发及严重并发症。20例患者术后出现不同程度的栓塞综合征。结论 RAP、RAVF是PCNL术后肾动脉损伤的主要类型,采用微弹簧圈行SRAE可作为经保守治疗无效患者的首选治疗方法。     

超选择性肾动脉栓塞治疗创伤性肾出血

目的 探讨超选择性肾动脉栓塞治疗创伤性肾出血的应用价值。方法 20例创伤性肾出血患者在数字减影血管造影下，采用明胶海绵或(和)钢丝圈进行肾动脉栓塞。14例患者损伤在肾动脉一级分支以下，作超选择性肾动脉栓塞；6例患者肾动脉分支主干损伤或无法进行超选择性肾动脉栓塞者，作肾动脉主干或一级分支主干栓塞。结果 所有患者术后3～5d肉眼血尿消失。平均随访29个月，无肾出血复发，血尿素氮、肌酐及血压正常。术后复查：超选择性肾动脉栓塞治疗组，患肾未栓塞部分肾功能恢复，肾外形基本正常；非超选择性肾动脉栓塞治疗组，2例患肾无功能，4例患肾部分肾功能恢复。肾外形明显缩小。结论超选择性肾动脉栓塞术创伤小、疗效好、并发症少，能最大限度保护病肾功能，是治疗Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型闭合性肾损伤出血的安全有效方法。     

DSA在肾动脉栓塞治疗肾损伤出血中的应用价值

目的：探讨数字减影血管造影（DSA）在肾动脉栓塞治疗肾损伤出血的应用价值。方法：对27例肾出血患者行选择性肾动脉、DSA造影，其中肾外伤出血21例，医源性损伤6例。27例中23例行超选择性栓塞治疗，4例经导管局部灌注立止血。结果：DSA影像清晰显示损伤部位位于肾段或段以下肾动脉分支，栓塞治疗快捷、彻底。手术平均用时仅40分钟。术后1-4天出血即停止。经输血，扩容后，血压和血红蛋白回升，随访无复发性血尿。结论：DSA检查为肾动脉出血栓塞治疗提供了，确切、实时的图像，为介入栓塞的操作提供了极大的帮助，客观、及时地评价了介入栓塞的效果，具有较高的应用价值。     

超选择性动脉栓塞术治疗医源性肾出血的临床疗效

目的评价超选择性动脉栓塞术治疗医源性肾出血的临床效果。方法 22例医源性严重血尿患者,均经选择性肾动脉数字减影血管造影(DSA)及超选择性肾动脉栓塞(TAE),其中17例用弹簧圈加明胶海绵栓塞,另5例单用明胶海绵栓塞。结果 DSA清晰地显示了全部患者病侧肾的对比剂外溢,其中4例合并动静脉瘘,主要累及肾中下极动脉分支。22例中的20例(90.9%)是一次TAE获得成功,其余2例起先均是单用明胶海绵栓塞,栓塞后,1例持续有血尿,另1例3 d后再次出现血尿,随后,二次用弹簧圈加明胶海绵栓塞遂使血尿完全消失。平均随访6个月,所有患者均无血尿复发。结论超选择性TAE对于保守治疗无效的医源性肾出血提供了一种安全且有效的治疗方法。     

Percutaneous transcatheter embolization in arterial injuries of the lower limbs

Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of percutaneous transcatheter arterial embolization (PTE) in lower extremity arterial injuries.

Material and Methods: From January 2000 to June 2004, patients who presented with a penetrating trauma of the lower limbs, along with bleeding and with no sign of ischemia or hemodynamic instability, were included in the study. The injuries were embolized by coils and Gelfoam. The efficacy of PTE was defined as its ability to stop bleeding both radiographically and clinically, and its safety was determined by the complication rate.

Results: There were 10 embolizations, which consisted of 5 profundal femoral, 3 superior gluteal, and 2 inferior gluteal artery embolizations. PTE was effective in all patients. There were two inguinal hematomas, which did not require any intervention, and there was a temporary renal function alteration. The mean hospital stay of these patients was 2.67±0.91 days.

Conclusion: PTE may be an effective and safe method of treatment in certain cases with lower limb arterial injuries. However, patients should be selected meticulously by both the vascular surgeon and the interventional radiologist, and PTE should be undertaken only in experienced hands.     

Transcatheter embolization of biopsy-related vascular injuries in renal allografts. Long-term technical,clinical and biochemical results

Purpose:
Biopsy-related vascular injuries in renal transplants are rare, but they can lead to dramatic clinical symptoms prompting immediate treatment. Transcatheter embolization is a known minimally invasive technique to treat some form of arterial bleeding. This study evaluated the efficacy of this technique in iatrogenic biopsy-related vascular lesions in renal allografts. Material and Methods:
Between 1993 and 2001, 13 patients were treated by percutaneous transcatheter intervention. Indications for embolization were hypovolemic shock due to perinephric hematoma ( n  = 5), persistent macroscopic hematuria ( n  = 7) and an asymptomatic large intrarenal pseudoaneurysm in 1 patient. Selective angiography revealed an arteriovenous fistula ( n  = 7), a pseudoaneurysm ( n  = 6), and perinephric contrast extravasation ( n  = 4). Results:
In all patients, successful embolization of the feeding artery could be performed; in 11 patients it was performed in one session, in 2 patients an additional session was needed. In 1 patient thrombosis of a segmental artery occurred immediately after embolization, but was successfully treated by short-term in situ thrombolysis. Clinical symptoms disappeared in all patients. Serum creatinine levels (determined 30 and 60 days after embolization, compared to the level before embolization) decreased significantly in 10 patients; a progressive deterioration of the renal function was observed in 3 patients. Conclusions:
Transcatheter embolization is a safe and effective endovascular technique to treat biopsy-related vascular injuries in renal transplants. In the vast majority of cases an immediate clinical success and significant benefit in renal function can be obtained and the longevity of the allograft after successful embolization mainly depends on the natural (medical) outcome.     

Transcatheter embolisation of iatrogenic renal vascular injuries

Purpose

The aim of our study was to review our experience and long-term follow-up in the treatment of iatrogenic renal vascular injuries using transcatheter embolisation.

Materials and methods

Our retrospective analysis of cases collected in two interventional centres consists of a total of 21 patients who underwent renal arterial embolisation (RAE) for iatrogenic arterial kidney bleeding. Biopsy (n = 4), percutaneous nephrolithotomy (n = 4), nephron-sparing surgery (n = 4), guidewire-induced arterial perforation during coronary angiography or renal stenting (n = 3), percutaneous nephrostomy (n = 3), renal endopyelotomy/pyeloplasty (n = 2) and surgical nephrectomy were the iatrogenic causes. Seven patients presented with haemodynamic instability requiring blood transfusion (33.3 %), the remaining were haemodynamically stable (66.7 %). Diagnostic renal angiography revealed 9 actively bleeding vessels, 6 pseudoaneurysms, 4 arteriovenous fistulas and 1 arterio-calyceal fistula. In one patient selective renal arteriography was negative probably because the bleeding observed at CT angiography was self-limited. Twenty-one embolisation procedures were performed in 20 patients; one patient required a second embolisation 3 h after the first one. Embolisation was performed with microcoils, polyvinyl alcohol particles, embospheres, spongostan emulsion and vascular plug.

Results

The technical success rate was 100 %. The overall clinical success rate was 95 %. Apart from a patient who died due to disseminated intravascular coagulation, no major complications requiring intensive care treatment were encountered during or after the procedures. No patient required emergency surgery or subsequent surgical treatment. No statistically significant differences in eGFR or renal function stage appeared after RAE.

Conclusions

Percutaneous treatment can be proposed as a first-line treatment in iatrogenic renal arterial injuries, resulting in a safe and effective procedure.     

Percutaneous embolization of iatrogenic arterial kidney injuries: safety, efficacy, and impact on blood pressure and renal function

Purpose

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of percutaneous renal artery embolization (RAE) of iatrogenic vascular kidney injuries and the effects of RAE on renal function and arterial blood pressure (BP).

Materials and Methods

Over a 12-year period, 50 consecutive patients with severe hemorrhage after iatrogenic arterial kidney injuries underwent RAE. Technical success was defined as occlusion of the bleeding site, and clinical success was defined as complete bleeding cessation. The effects on renal function and arterial BP were assessed by comparing the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), renal function stage (National Kidney Foundation scale), systolic BP, and BP stage (European Society of Hypertension classification) before and after RAE.

Results

RAE was technically successful in 49 patients (98%). Two patients were lost to follow-up after RAE. Clinical success was obtained in 40 (83%), 45 (94%), and 47 patients (98%), respectively, at 24, 48, and 96 hours after RAE. Three patients (6%) had minor complications, and one patient (2%) died within 30 days after RAE. Follow-up renal function data (mean, 4 mo) were available for 33 patients (66%). No statistically significant differences in eGFR (P = .186) or renal function stage (P = .183) were apparent after RAE. Follow-up BP data (mean, 3 mo) were available for 28 patients (56%). There were no significant differences in systolic BP (P = .233) or BP stage (P = .745) after RAE.

Conclusions

Embolization of iatrogenic renal artery injuries is safe and associated with high technical and clinical success rates. It is not associated with a significant worsening of renal function or increase in BP.     

Stab wounds of the renal artery branches: angiographic diagnosis and treatment by embolization

Renal artery branch injury resulting from stab wounds of iatrogenic origin or street violence is an important cause of renal hemorrhage. Over a period of 10 years we accurately diagnosed the injury and successfully managed the associated hemorrhage in 15 patients by using angiography and percutaneous embolization techniques. Nine branch injuries in eight patients were due to street knifings and seven injuries were complications of invasive medical procedures (four from renal biopsy, two from nephrostolithotomy, and one from nephrostomy). All patients had gross hematuria at the time of angiographic evaluation. False aneurysms were present in six patients (one with associated frank extravasation), false aneurysm/arteriovenous fistula in three, false aneurysm/arteriocaliceal fistula in one, and isolated arteriovenous fistula in two. Frank extravasation without associated false aneurysm/arteriovenous fistula was present in two. One patient had two injuries, an upper-pole false aneurysm and a lower-pole false aneurysm/arteriovenous fistula. In the eight patients injured in street knifings, hematuria recurred after surgical exploration and treatment. None of the 16 injuries involved the main renal artery. Gelfoam was used for embolization of nine lesions and steel coils for four. Three others were treated with Gelfoam plus coils. Hemostasis was achieved in all and none required subsequent surgery. Renal tissue loss was small to moderate (less than 30%) in 12 patients and large (30-50%) in three patients. Transient postembolization hypertension occurred in one of the latter. We consider selective angiography/embolization to be an effective and safe means for diagnosing and treating wounds of the renal artery branches.     

腔内技术治疗医源性血管损伤的临床应用

目的探讨腔内技术在医源性血管损伤（iatrogenic vascular injury,IVI）治疗中的应用价值。 方法回顾性分析2018年12月至2022年6月期间因IVI于我院行腔内治疗11例患者资料,包括静脉性IVI 4例,动脉性IVI 5例,血管内异物2例。IVI治疗方法包括腔内压迫、血管破裂口填塞、经皮血管内支架植入（percutaneous intravascular stent implantation,PISI）及血管缝合器（vascular closure devices,VCDs）腔内缝合。血管内异物治疗方法为导管辅助抓捕器腔内套取。分析腔内治疗的手术方式,统计手术成功率及手术相关并发症。 结果所有患者均顺利完成腔内治疗IVI,技术成功率100%。1例静脉性IVI患者行PISI术后3 d复查示支架内血栓形成;1例动脉性IVI患者予行股动脉腔内封堵联合假性动脉瘤腔内注射促凝血药物治疗后4 d股动脉假性动脉瘤复发,予行外科切开缝合;1例静脉性IVI患者行腔内压迫止血无效后予弹簧圈及明胶海绵栓塞治疗术后4 d死亡,但与腔内治疗髂静脉IVI未存在明确相关性。余所有病例均未出现明显手术相关并发症及围手术期死亡。手术临床成功率81.82%,手术相关并发症发病率9.09%。无手术相关严重并发症发生。 结论腔内技术以微创方式治疗IVI,术中创伤小、术后恢复快,值得临床推广;同时,血管侵入性操作的术前评估及术后观察亦非常重要。     

Iatrogenic renal vascular lesions: treatment by arterial catheter embolisation

Five patients, four male and one female aged 17–65 years (mean 41 years), with iatrogenic renal vascular lesions were treated by percutaneous artenial embolisation. Vascular trauma was caused by percutaneous biopsy (two cases), percutaneous nephrolithotomy (one case), partial nephrectomy (one case) and total nephrectomy (one case). Recurrent macroscopic haematuria was present in four cases and congestive cardiac failure due to reno-caval shunt in one case. Selective renal arteriography revealed false aneurysm in all cases, associated with arteriovenous fistula in four cases. Treatment was performed by selective embolisation of the injured artery. Coils and n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate mixed with iodised oil or tantalum powder were used as embolic agents. Two patients required two embolisation procedures for definitive treatment. No complication was observed. Correspondence to: R. F. Dondelinger     

肝动脉栓塞联合瘤体内博莱霉素注射治疗少血供性肝血管瘤

目的 探讨少血供性肝海绵状血管瘤经肝动脉栓塞后进行瘤体内注射博莱霉素治疗的疗效和安全性.方法 前瞻性研究9例少血供性肝海绵状血管瘤患者经肝动脉栓塞结合经皮经肝瘤体内药物注射治疗情况.对于CT/MRI明确诊断的肝海绵状血管瘤(直径＞5 cm),且CT增强扫描时仅有点状或少许斑片状强化而大部分无强化且延迟扫描时仍然如此表现的9例患者,先行肝动脉插管栓塞术,栓塞剂为超液化碘油(10 m1)与博莱霉素(8 mg)混悬剂,实际用量为5～10 ml.栓塞后4 d开始行经皮经肝瘤体内穿刺多点注射博莱霉素8～16 mg,间隔3～4 d再次注射,连续2～3次,1个月后复查CT,以后3、6个月及1年不定期复查CT.结果 9例患者DSA上所见血管瘤染色与CT增强扫描表现一致,碘油沉积呈散在点状分布,治疗后1个月瘤体均明显缩小,以后继续缩小,1年后复查基本稳定不再缩小.2例患者出现急性胆囊炎,对症处理后痊愈.1例出现栓塞后胆汁瘤,随访观察未进一步进展,未作特殊处理.结论 经肝动脉栓塞联合瘤体内博莱霉素注射治疗少血供性肝血管瘤是简便、安全并有效的方法 .     

Transcatheter Arterial Embolization for Hepatic Arterial Injury Related to Percutaneous Transhepatic Portal Intervention

Purpose

To assess the usefulness of transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) for the hepatic arterial injury related to percutaneous transhepatic portal intervention (PTPI).

Materials and Methods

Fifty-four patients, 32 males and 22 females with a median age of 68 years (range 43–82 years), underwent PTPI. The procedures consisted of 33 percutaneous transhepatic portal vein embolizations, 19 percutaneous transhepatic variceal embolizations, and 2 percutaneous transhepatic portal venous stent placements. Two patients with gastric varices underwent percutaneous transhepatic variceal embolization twice because of recurrence. Therefore, the total number of procedures was 56. Among them, hepatic arterial injury occurred in 6 PTPIs in 5 patients, and TAE was performed. We assessed technical success, complications related to TAE, and clinical outcome. Technical success was defined as the disappearance of findings due to hepatic arterial injury on digital subtraction angiography.

Results

As hepatic arterial injuries, 4 extravasations and 2 arterioportal shunts developed. All TAEs were performed successfully. The technical success rate was 100 %. Complication of TAE occurred in 5 of 6 TAEs; 3 were focal liver infarction, not requiring further treatment, and 2 were biloma that required percutaneous drainage. Five TAEs in 4 patients were performed immediately after the PTPI, and these 4 patients were alive. However, one TAE was performed 10 h later, and the patient died due to multiple organ failure 2 months later although TAE was successful.

Conclusion

TAE is a useful treatment for hepatic arterial injury related to PTPI. However, it should be performed at an early stage.