31例主动脉夹层患者诊断及治疗分析

目的:探讨主动脉夹层患者的临床特点及影像学诊断诊断线索,达到尽早诊断及治疗.方法:通过回顾分析31例主动脉夹层患者的临床表现、辅助检查及治疗方法等特点,并结合文献,对主动脉夹层的误诊误治原因、早期诊断、影像学诊断方法及治疗原则做了初步探讨.结果:31例主动夹层临床表现各异,典型撕裂样疼痛24例(77.4%),影像学检查可以确诊.主动夹层的临床表现复杂,误诊率32.2%.结论:主动脉夹层患者病情凶险,病死率高,需仔细完整采集病史,明确鉴别诊断,完善相关检查.急诊超声心动图、CT及MRI对该疾病具有极高诊断价值.     

颈椎前纵韧带及椎间盘损伤的影像学诊断

目的探讨颈椎前纵韧带和椎间盘损伤的影像学诊断。方法2007年1月至2008年8月,35例无颈椎脱位的颈椎椎间结构损伤患者,男30例,女5例;年龄25～73岁,平均46．6岁。其中颈椎过伸伤31例,屈曲伤4例;且均伴有不同程度的颈脊髓损伤。其中部分行CT检查,部分行颈椎过伸、过屈位X线检查。结果35例中31例过伸伤患者与另外4例屈曲伤患者的影像学表现有各自的特点。结论损伤机制、损伤程度和影像学资料能够明确颈椎前纵韧带和椎间盘损伤的诊断,其中MR检查是最为重要的诊断依据,能够准确反映包括韧带和椎间盘的颈椎椎间结构损伤。     

颈椎前纵韧带损伤的诊断与治疗

目的 探讨颈椎前纵韧带损伤的诊断与治疗.方法 2001年3月至2003年7月经影像学证实为前纵韧带损伤的患者46例.患者均在伤后3 h～3 d内摄颈椎正、侧位X线片并行MRI检查.颈椎椎前阴影增宽35例,椎体不稳征象14例.颈椎MRI T<,1>加权像表现为前纵韧带呈灰色或灰白色信号,部分可见连续性中断、增厚;T<,2>加权像表现为椎体前缘增厚的片状纵行不均匀高信号,边界不清晰,部分可见高信号掀起、连续性中断.19例合并脊髓损伤的患者行早期手术治疗.27例单纯颈部疼痛患者中,早期前路手术治疗6例,颈围石膏固定5例,颈托固定16例. 结果 45例患者获6～41个月(平均16.7个月)随访.5例脊髓完全性损伤患者术后有2例转为不完全性损伤,14例脊髓不完全损伤患者术后有10例获得不同程度的好转.21例单纯颈部疼痛患者中,早期手术的6例无神经症状患者随访时未发生颈椎后凸畸形及颈部慢性疼痛症状;21例早期保守治疗的患者中,7例伤后4～6周因存在颈椎不稳征象而行颈椎前路手术,2例伤后2～3年因损伤节段椎间盘退变突出压迫脊髓而行前路减压植骨内固定术,3例有慢性颈部疼痛不适,余8例患者无特殊不适主诉,另1例失访.结论 MRI检查是诊断颈椎前纵韧带损伤最有价值的方法.合并脊髓受压征象或椎间严重不稳的颈椎前纵韧带损伤,可早期行减压融合术;不伴脊髓损伤的颈椎前纵韧带合并椎间盘损伤,可考虑早期行前路椎间盘切除融合术.     

颈椎挥鞭样损伤的致伤机制研究进展

随着人们生活水平的提高,汽车等交通工具已成为日常生活中不可或缺的代步工具。随之而来的交通伤不断增加,挥鞭样损伤的发生率也呈不断增长的趋势。在追尾事故中,颈椎挥鞭样损伤的发生率可达38％。英国因挥鞭样损伤造成的经济损失每年多达36．4亿英镑,     

土三七致HBsAg阳性患者肝小静脉闭塞病的诊断和治疗

目的 总结乙型肝炎表面抗原（HBsAg）阳性患者服用土三七致肝小静脉闭塞病（hepatic veno-occlusive disease,HVOD）的诊断和治疗经验.方法 对35例HBsAg阳性HVOD患者的临床表现、影像学检查和肝组织活检结果,以及治疗效果进行分析.结果 35例患者均有肝脏肿大、肝功能异常和腹腔积液等临床表现,肝脏CT有地图状密度改变.17例患者进行了肝组织活检,病理表现为肝细胞肿胀伴点状坏死;肝窦明显扩张、淤血;汇管区肝小静脉内皮肿胀,管壁增厚,管腔不完全闭塞.17例肝组织活检确诊的HVOD患者肝脏CT检查均有地图状密度改变.发病4周内且仅有少量腹水的15例患者通过低分子肝素、白蛋白等治疗,13例症状消失或减轻,而其他患者治疗后仅50%能够好转.结论 肝脏CT检查可替代肝组织活检诊断HVOD,在发病早期及时治疗可提高该病的治愈率.     

颈椎挥鞭样损伤预后相关因素的研究进展

<正>颈椎挥鞭样损伤是交通事故中最常见的损伤[1]。瑞典北部地区2000~2009年颈椎挥鞭样损伤的年平均发生率为235/10万,并以1%的速度逐年递增[2]。我国交通事故的发生率高于西方国家,但由于医疗条件及相关法规不足,颈椎挥鞭样损伤有关报道较少,其实际发生率估计高于西方国家,近年来逐渐引起大家的重视[3]。大多数颈椎挥鞭样损伤患者在伤后几周内即恢复,也有相当一部分患者长期     

过伸性颈椎脊髓损伤的影像学特征与临床意义

[目的]探讨过伸性颈椎脊髓伤影像学特点,为临床治疗方法选择提供依据。[方法]对本组78例因不同原因造成的颈椎过伸性损伤的影像学表现,包括X线片、CT、MRI不同的影像特征进行回顾性分析。椎前阴影增宽57例（73.1%）,其中36例损伤节段前间隙增宽或伴颈椎前缘撕脱骨折,局限性增宽占17.5%,弥漫性占82.5%退变性和发育性椎管狭窄63例。CT平扫显示椎体前后缘明显退变骨赘形成37例,椎间盘变性突出21例。MRI的特征性表现为椎间盘和前纵韧带损伤61例（78.2%）。椎体前血肿及水肿57例,64例表现脊髓不同程度受压或损伤。根据影像学变化,提出影像学诊断根据。[结果]过伸性颈椎脊髓损伤影像有明显特征性变化,包括骨和前纵韧带、椎间盘及相应节段的脊髓存在特征性变化;脊髓损伤与影像学表现有明显相关性,临床上可能表现典型急性脊髓中央综合征,但多数表现不同程度神经功能障碍。[结论]影像学变化特征结合临床表现特点,为过伸性颈脊髓损伤诊断及其早期治疗方法选择提供影像学依据。     

颈椎颈髓损伤在复合伤中的诊疗体会

目的:分析38例复合伤中合并颈椎颈髓损伤的特点及防治。方法:报告38例复合伤合并颈椎颈髓损伤的形成机制、影像学特点、临床表现、治疗方法及结果。结果:复合伤中合并颈椎颈髓伤截瘫较轻者,基本治愈率60％,重残率26.6％,死亡率13.4％。合并颈椎颈髓损伤截瘫较重者,基本治愈率21.7％,重残率60.9％,死亡率17.4％。结论:复合伤合并颈椎颈髓损伤预后大都欠佳,重视此合并伤的早期诊断与综合治疗,往往能使部分病例达到较好治疗效果。     

CT检查在急诊颅脑损伤合并休克中的应用

笔者总结本院1992年8月至2000年2月,128例各种原因所致的颅脑损伤合并休克的急诊辅助检查,其中急诊CT1次完成全部可疑损伤脏器的检查45例,对照组进行颅脑CT、胸部X线、腹部B超等检查83例,探讨其优点。1临床资料1.1一般资料:患者128例,男93例,女35例;年龄9～72岁,平均39岁。交通伤89例,高空坠落伤15例,其它致伤24例。伤后至检查时间15分钟～5小显著短于第2组(对照组),结果见表1。第1组胰腺损伤诊断准确率显著高于第2组,其它脏器(部位)诊断准确率两组无显著性差异,结果见表2。3讨论单纯颅脑损伤很少出现休克犤2犦,颅脑损伤合并内脏损伤,往…     

挥鞭样损伤的诊断和治疗

挥鞭样损伤(whiplash iniury)也称颈椎屈曲／伸展损伤(flexion／extension injury)或加速／减速损伤(acceleration／deceleration injury)，其定义为由后方或侧方车辆撞击所致的颈部加速减速机制所造成的骨或软组织损伤^[1,2]，由此所导致的其他临床表现则被称作挥鞭相关性疾患(whiplash-associated disorders)。据估计在美国每年发生的挥鞭样损伤超过100万例^[3]。作者重点对挥鞭样损伤诊断和治疗的有关文献作一简要综述。     

Whiplash injury of the shoulder: is it a distinct clinical entity?

The pathophysiology of shoulder pain after whiplash injury remains uncertain. Patients with shoulder pain after a whiplash injury were recruited from the accident and emergency department in a prospective study to determine the nature of indirect shoulder trauma after a whiplash injury. Twenty patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was obtained in 18 patients. Three MRI scans confirmed acute shoulder injuries. Two patients underwent arthroscopic subacromial decompression after failure of non- operative treatment. In conclusion, whiplash injuries can result in indirect acute shoulder trauma, possibly through an acceleration-deceleration mechanism, and may be a distinct entity.     

Akute neurologische Notfälle als Ursache von Verkehrsunfällen

The present cases are examples of an acute neurological disease as the cause of traffic accidents.Exact data for such events are available only for epilepsy so far;we can assume, however, that the first manifestations of other neurological diseases, such as stroke or subarachnoid haemorrhage, lead to accidents more often than suspected. Therefore, acute neurological diseases should be considered by emergency physicians in the differential diagnosis and taken account of in their therapeutic decisions, especially when the course of the accident is not clear though there has obviously been no external influence and when there are persisting neurological symptoms but without head injury. The emergency physician must therefore perform a basic neurological diagnosis to assess whether the symptoms are the consequence of the traffic accident or signs of an acute neurological disease. In principle, the treatment given should be based on the usual tenets of emergency medicine.     

Whiplash injury--a retrospective study on patients seeking compensation

The purpose of this cohort study is to evaluate the objective long-term findings and the final outcome of a population suffering from whiplash-associated disorders (WAD) after rear-end car collision and claiming legal compensation. Eight hundred and sixty-six patients after whiplash injury were followed up on average 32 months post-trauma. All patients had clinical examination and radiographs performed on the day of the accident and at follow up. MRI, CT scan, bone scan, electromyographic (EMG) tests were performed upon request of the treating physician and correlated by the authors with the clinical findings. Cervical pain was the most common complaint (96%). Radiating pain to one side of the upper limbs or the shoulder was also very common (36 and 24%, respectively). Chin to chest test was found to be a strong indicator in differentiating between the less severe (grades 1 and 2) to more severe (grades 3 and 4) WAD patients. In 10% of the patients with normal radiographic findings, degenerative changes were found at follow up. CT scan and MRI did not add to patient diagnosis, except for those patients suffering from degenerative changes and decreased range of motion (RoM). Based on our findings the initial radiograph taken in the emergency room was the best imaging modality and probably the only one needed routinely following whiplash injury. Although this is a special subgroup of patient seeking compensation, the overall prognosis is favorable in all grades of WAD injury and there is no need for further diagnostic expenditures.     

Persistent chronic pain following traffic accident

Persistent chronic pain in victims injured in traffic accident often results from psychological factors to punish the person who caused the accident. Patients with whiplash associated disorders sometimes have fear that they can not make full recovery from various symptoms including acute or chronic pain. Such a fear deteriorates prognosis of the patients as well. Therefore, doctors in charge of those patients in emergency room should make effort to subside fear. They should not exaggerate seriousness of the injury by overdiagnosis and/or overtreatments, but to give correct and adequate information. In addition, in patients with complex regional pain syndrome I, psychological dispositions have serious effect on prognosis. Although various treatments in pain clinics might be ultimate, they are not radical therapeutic procedures that ensure full recovery to daily living and social activities. To the patients with CRPS-I, correct diagnosis based on the newly established criteria and appropriate treatments in the early stage, such as medication of steroids and/or active-passive exercise of extremities in alternating hot and cold baths to prevent worsening of chronic symptoms are the most essential elements for favorable outcome.     

Unilateral borderzone infarction in a young polytrauma patient

Although post-traumatic cerebral infarction is a known complication of craniocerebral trauma, borderzone infarction (BZI) after multiple traumas in young adults are uncommon and published data on this are extremely scant. We present an unusual occurrence of unilateral borderzone infarction in a 21-year-old male who sustained multiple traumas in a traffic accident, which included mild head injury, blunt cardiac injury, right traumatic hemopneumothorax, and three long bone open fractures. Initial head scan revealed mild brain edema, and the BZI was uncovered by a repeated brain CT scan since the patient had a delayed neurological deficit which was incompatible for the injury severity of the head. Comprehensive work-up was performed and a narrowed right internal carotid artery was disclosed by CT angiography. Although unilateral BZI is extremely rare in young patients, emergency physicians should still keep in mind to warrant serial examinations for BZI and early recognition to provide appropriate treatment.     

十例腹主动脉损伤的诊疗体会

目的探讨腹主动脉损伤发生的原因及诊疗方法。方法回顾性分析1995-2004年间收治的10例腹主动脉损伤的临床资料。本组10例,男6例,女4例。病因主要包括医源性损伤5例、刀刺伤3例、火器伤1例、交通肇事1例。仅3例术前行腹主动脉造影、增强CT等影像学检查;7例经综合临床判断直接手术治疗。结果10例患者分别采取单纯修补、人工血管移植等术式。存活8例,死亡2例,均死于延误诊断,休克过重而持久。1例因合并髂静脉损伤,虽经血管重建,术后遗留轻度患肢水肿。结论快速诊断、迅速建立有效静脉通路输血补液,紧急剖腹止血是抢救成功的关键。术中应注意全面探查,视伤情尽量采用简单而合理的术式。     

Neither the WAD-classification nor the Quebec Task Force follow-up regimen seems to be important for the outcome after a whiplash injury. A prospective study on 186 consecutive patients

A classification of injury and a follow-up schedule were proposed by the Quebec Task Force (QTF) in 1995. No general agreement about the clinical usefulness of the WAD-classification or of the suggested follow-up regimen exists. A series of 186 consecutive cases seen in the emergency room during the acute phase after a whiplash injury was prospectively studied for 1 year. All findings including history and physical findings were recorded using standardized QTF protocols. In one group follow-up visits were done according to the QTF regimen: at 1, 3, 6, 12 weeks and 1 year after the accident; in a control group no visit was scheduled. The outcome variable was neck pain at 1 year after the accident. After 1 year, 18% of the total number of patients had significant neck pain. Risk factors for chronic neck pain at 1 year after whiplash injury were: neck pain before the accident and a high degree of emotional distress at the time of the accident; both factors independently associated with a tenfold increased risk of developing chronic neck pain. Neither the WAD classification nor the QTF follow-up regimen could be linked to a better outcome. In this study the outcome was associated with patient-specific characteristics and not with physical signs of injury, the depth of the initial evaluation or the follow-up regimen.     

胸锁钩钢板内固定治疗创伤性胸锁关节前脱位的疗效观察

目的 探讨胸锁钩钢板内固定治疗创伤性胸锁关节前脱位的作用及临床疗效.方法 2002年5月至2009年10月,采用自行设计制造的胸锁钩钢板内固定治疗创伤性胸锁关节前脱位患者66例,男47例,女19例;年龄21～68岁,平均32.6岁;左侧25例,右侧41例.受伤原因:交通伤40例,压砸伤21例,摔伤5例.根据Allman分型:Ⅲ型31例,Ⅱ型35例;其中胸锁关节前脱位合并锁骨胸骨端骨折41例.受伤至手术时间3～62 d,平均7.5 d.Rockwood等胸锁关节评分标准对患者术后功能进行评价.结果 手术时间20～48 min,平均33 min;术中出血20～90ml,平均60 ml;术后无一例发生神经、血管损伤;切口均一期愈合.术后X线片及CT扫描示胸锁关节复位满意.66例患者均得到随访,随访时间12～37个月,平均17个月.末次随访时无一例患者发生胸锁关节再脱位和内固定失效.胸锁钩钢板均于术后12个月取出.Rockwood等胸锁关节评分为8～15分,平均为13.2分,其中优50例、良15例、可1例,优良率为98.5%.结论 胸锁钩钢板治疗创伤性胸锁关节前脱位手术安全,固定可靠,术后能允许肩胛带早期进行功能锻炼.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the clinical outcomes of sternoclavicular hook plate in treatment of the anterior sternoclavicular joint dislocation. Methods A new device named sternoclavicular hook plate was devised by our team. Between May 2002 and Octorber 2009, 66 patients with sternoclavicular joint anterior dislocation were treated with the new device, among whom there were 47 males and 19 females,aged 21-68 years old (average, 32.6 years old). Twenty-one cases were caused by crush injury, 5 cases by falling and 40 cases by traffic accident. Anterior fracture-dislocation was found in 41 cases. According to the Allman system, there were 35 cases of type Ⅱ and 31 cases of type Ⅲ. Patients were evaluated with serial clinical and radiographic examinations. Rockwood score were used after the operation to assess the curative effect. Results The average operative time was 33 min (range, 20-48 min). The mean blood loss was 60 ml (range, 20-90 ml). There were no vascular or peripheral nerve injuries in the patients. All incisions healed smoothly. The X-ray and CT showed that the reduction of sternoclavicular joint and the location of internal fixation were satisfactory. All the 66 patients were followed up for 12-37 months (average, 17 months). There was no internal fixation failure, redislocation or other complications. The sternoclavicular hook plate was removed 12 months after operation. The mean Rockwood's score was 13.2 (8 to 15). There were excellent in 50cases, good in 15 cases, and fair in 1 case. Conclusion The sternoclavicular hook plate is a new, safe and liable technique for sternoclavicular fracture-dislocation. This new technique is helpful for early functional exercises.     

Fragliche nosologische Validit?t des chronischen Halswirbelschleudertraumasyndroms

Background

Since the 1980s, victims of traffic accidents in western countries increasingly report chronic symptoms which they attribute to a whiplash injury of the cervical spine. In an extensive review article published in 1996, it was, however, concluded that this so-called chronic whiplash syndrome has little nosological validity. It was now investigated whether this conclusion could be upheld by the results of later published studies.

Methods

Extensive evaluation was carried out of all the whiplash literature listed in Pubmed since 1996 with the question whether research over the last 15 years has achieved a better validation of this syndrome.

Results

Of the over 1,600 publications about whiplash since 1996, no study could be identified which confirmed the nosological validity of the chronic whiplash syndrome.

Conclusion

As a positive consequence of the results of this study, accident victims suffering whiplash can be informed about the very good prognosis after whiplash in a more trustworthy way. Many iatrogenic injuries can thus be avoided. The expert opinion after whiplash without radiologically documented and/or neurologically confirmed significant acute traumatic injury which can cause chronic symptoms, should generally not be in favor of insurance benefits. The authors propose that all of a set of minimal criteria should be fulfilled if in exceptional cases a probable relationship between the trauma and chronic symptoms can be assumed.     

脊髓胸腰段迟发性损伤的治疗

目的探讨胸腰段脊髓迟发性损伤的治疗方式及疗效。方法 对伤后３个月－６年发生迟发性脊髓损伤１２例病人进行椎管造影和ＣＴ，ＭＲＩ检查，出现症状时用侧前方减压术治疗。结果 证实损伤原因来自前方的压迫。１１例完全恢复，１例恢复不明显。结论胸腰段脊髓迟发性损伤及时诊断，治疗可获满意的疗效。