百蕊草总黄酮的含量测定

目的建立百蕊草总黄酮中黄酮类成分含量测定的方法.方法以百蕊草素Ⅰ为对照品,三氯化铝显色,选择波长401nm,分光光度法测定.结果回归方程y=～6.45×103+2.04x(r=0.999 9),总黄酮含量为61.8%,RSD为1.23%,加样回收率为101.3%,RSD为1.64%.结论测定方法简便易行,结果较满意,可作为百蕊草总黄酮质量控制的方法.     

分光光度法测定田基黄中总黄酮的含量

目的建立紫外分光光度法测定田基黄药材中总黄酮含量的方法。方法利用黄酮类化合物母核上的酚羟基能与铝离子络合而显色,采用分光光度法,以槲皮苷为对照品,以10%三氯化铝醇溶液为显色剂,在波长273nm处对样品中的总黄酮进行含量测定。结果总黄酮在3.20～16.0μg.mL-1范围内线性良好(r=0.9999);该法的平均加样回收率为98.25%,RSD为2.21%(n=9);且该法稳定性较好,24.0h内吸光度基本无变化,RSD为0.40%(n=6)。结论该方法稳定、简便、快速,适用于田基黄药材中总黄酮的含量测定。     

分光光度法测定红树秋茄中总黄酮含量

目的：建立红树秋茄中总黄酮含量的测定方法。方法：采用紫外分光光度法,通过单因素试验优选显色方法和显色条件,建立总黄酮含量的测定方法。结果：采用NaNO2-Al（NO3）3-NaOH法,以芦丁作为对照品,在0.02～0.1mg/mL浓度范围内线性关系良好, r2=0.9999,平均回收率为103.02%（RSD=2.2%.n=8）。结论：该方法准确、灵敏、重现性好,可用于秋茄总黄酮含量的测定。     

马齿苋合剂中总黄酮的含量测定

目的:测定马齿苋合剂中总黄酮的含量。方法:采用金属铝盐反应以芦丁为对照品用分光光度法测定马齿苋合剂中总黄酮的含量。结果:试验的精密度、重复性良好,在0.014~0.060 g/L的范围内,样品浓度与吸收度有良好的线性关系,线性回归方程为A=0.248 4 c-0.089 7(r=0.999),加样回收率为96.32%(n=6,RSD为1.17%),马齿苋合剂总黄酮平均含量分别为0.140 g/L。结论:本方法简便、快速、准确、灵敏,可作为马齿苋合剂中总黄酮的含量测定的方法。     

分光光度法测定甘草中总黄酮的含量

目的:建立分光光度法测定甘草中总黄酮含量。方法:利用二氢黄酮类在碱性条件下易转化为它的相应异构体-查尔酮类化合物特性,采用分光光度法,以甘草苷为对照品,以10%氢氧化钾为显色剂,在波长为400nm 处对样品中的总黄酮进行含量测定。结果:总黄酮在2.05-41.13μg·mL~(-1)范围内呈良好的线性关系(r=0.9992);该法的平均加样回收率分别为97.6%,RSD 分别为2.0%(n=3)。结论:该方法稳定、简便、快速,适用于甘草中总黄酮含量的测定。     

蜂胶中总黄酮的含量测定

目的建立测定蜂胶中总黄酮含量的紫外分光光度法。方法以芦丁为对照品,采用紫外分光光度法测定蜂胶中总黄酮含量,检测波长为528nm。结果芦丁质量浓度在7.952～39.76μg/mL范围内与吸光度呈良好线性关系,线性回归方程为Y=8.3124X＋0.0217（r=0.9996）,平均回收率为101.85%,RSD为2.31%（n=6）。结论该方法简便、灵敏、准确,可用于蜂胶中总黄酮的含量测定。     

UV法测定广西不同产地龙眼花药材中的总黄酮

目的 测定广西不同产地龙眼花药材中的总黄酮.方法 以总黄酮含量为考查指标,采用正交试验优选提取工艺;以芦丁为对照品,采用紫外可见分光光度法(UV)测定,测定波长505 nm.结果 总黄酮的线性范围为9.904～59.424 μg·mL-1(r =0.9995),平均加样回收率为101.0%,RSD=1.76%(n=6).广西不同产地的龙眼花药材中,以大新的龙眼花总黄酮的含量最高,其余各地龙眼花总黄酮含量各有差异.结论 所用方法快速、准确、灵敏,可用于龙眼花药材的质量控制.     

不同产地菝葜中总黄酮的含量考察

目的：比较不同产地菝葜中总黄酮的含量，为评价菝葜的资源品质提供依据。方法：以芦丁为对照品，采用比色法测定我国13个省区总黄酮的含量。结果：不同产地菝葜中总黄酮的含量差异明显。结论：菝葜的质量与生长环境具有相关性。     

葫芦茶的质量研究

目的　建立葫芦茶的质量控制方法。 方法 　用薄层色谱法对葫芦茶中的芦丁进行定性鉴别 ;用紫外分光光度法测定葫芦茶中总黄酮的含量。结果 　薄层色谱中斑点清晰 ,易于识别 ;紫外分光光度法精密度、重现性良好 ;芦丁在 9.2μg· m L- 1 ～ 5 5 .2μg· m L- 1 范围内呈线性关系 ,r= 0 .9998。平均加样回收率 98.86%,RSD=2 .2 1%( n=9)。 结论 　本法可有效地控制葫芦茶的质量     

紫外分光光度法测定复方银杏胶囊中总黄酮含量

目的 　测定复方银杏胶囊中总黄酮的含量 ,从而对本品质量进行控制。 方法 　采用紫外分光光度法测定。 结果 　芦丁的线性范围为0 .0 12～ 0 .0 60 m g· m L- 1 ,回归方程为 Y=12 .4x-0 .0 13 ,相关系数 r=0 .9998,加样回收率为 99.3 7% ,RSD为 0 .8161%。 结论 　该法简便易行、快速、准确、可以用于本品的质量控制方法之一。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.