浙江省民营医院的现状及发展趋势研究

为了了解浙江省民营医院的现状及其发展趋势，普查了浙江省温州市19家民营医院，采用问卷调查的方式对民营医院的服务能力，经营状况等作了调查，根据调查结果，分析了浙江省民营医院现状，探讨了民营医院与公立医院相比的优势及民营医院存在的主要问题，同时还对浙江省民营医院的发展趋势作了预测；实行医疗机分类管理后，民营医院的发展趋势是营利性医院，在此基础上，提出了若干政策性建议；民营医院介入营利性医疗机构，民营医院在政策方面应享有国民待遇；完善营利性医疗机构配套政策的改革，加强内涵建设，要创专科特色品牌。     

Lipid metabolism of orchiectomised rats was affected by fructose ingestion and the amount of ingested fructose

We examined whether lipid metabolism in orchiectomised (ORX) rats was affected by fructose ingestion and the amount of ingested fructose. Sucrose was used as a fructose source. Sham-operated and ORX rats were fed one of the following three diets for 28 d: a maize starch-based diet without sucrose (SU0), a diet by which half or all of maize starch was replaced by sucrose (SU50 or SU100). Body-weight gain and food intake were increased by sucrose ingestion, but decreased by ORX. Plasma total cholesterol concentration was increased by ORX and dose-dependently by sucrose ingestion. Plasma TAG concentration was decreased by ORX, but was increased dose-dependently by sucrose ingestion. Plasma insulin concentration was decreased by ORX, but was not affected by sucrose ingestion. Liver TAG was increased by sucrose ingestion and ORX; however, liver cholesterol concentration was not affected by sucrose ingestion and ORX. The hepatic activity of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase 1 was not affected by sucrose ingestion and ORX; however, faecal excretion of bile acids was decreased. The mRNA level of microsomal TAG transfer protein, which is the gene related to hepatic VLDL production, was increased by ORX and sucrose ingestion. The mRNA level of uncoupling protein-1 was decreased by ORX, but not by sucrose ingestion. Plasma insulin concentration tended to correlate with the level of sterol-regulatory element-binding protein-1c mRNA (r 0·747, P = 0·088). These results show that lipid metabolism in ORX rats would be affected by the consumption of fructose-rich sweeteners such as sucrose and high-fructose syrup.     

Reshaping the state from above,from within,from below: implications for public health

The modern state is being reshaped by multiple forces acting simultaneously. From above, the state is actively constrained by agreements promoted by international agencies and by the power of multinational corporations. From within, the state is being reshaped by increasing trends toward marketization and by problems of corruption. From below, the state's role is being diminished by the expansion of decentralization and by the rising influence of non-governmental organizations. This article explores these three sets of processes--from above, from within, and from below--and suggests some implications for public health. Public health professionals require an understanding of the changing nature of the state, because of the consequences for thinking about the metaphors, solutions, and strategies for public health.     

酶联免疫吸附法检测HBsAg的假阳性和解决方法

〔目的〕避免酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测HBsAg假阳性报告的发生。〔方法〕对ELISA法检测HBsAg结果为阳性而金标法为阴性的69份血液标本,用ELISA法和Abbott免疫发光法检测乙型肝炎3系5项免疫指标,并对结果进行分析。〔结果〕ELISA法检测HBsAg的假阳性率为1.19%,而用同样方法复检后,其假阳性率降至0.06%。〔结论〕ELISA法检测HBsAg的假阳性大多可通过用同样方法复检并结合乙型肝炎3系的其他免疫指标发现并给予纠正,对少数复检结果仍难以确定者,可用Abbott免疫发光法检测乙肝3系5项免疫指标给予确认。     

不同诱导源诱导家蝇幼虫抗菌蛋白效果的比较

目的比较5种诱导源所诱导产生家蝇幼虫抗菌蛋白的抗菌活性,观察不同诱导源对家蝇幼虫抗菌蛋白产生的诱导效果.方法用金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、大肠埃希菌脂多糖、紫外线及热诱导家蝇幼虫,在诱导后不同时间提取抗菌蛋白进行抑菌实验,观察不同诱导源诱导后抗菌蛋白产生的高峰时间,并比较各诱导组高峰时间产生抗菌蛋白的抗菌活性.结果各诱导组诱导家蝇幼虫产生抗菌蛋白达最大活性时间为诱导后36～48 h（热诱导后家蝇幼虫很快化蛹,未观察抗菌蛋白产生高峰时间）;金黄色葡萄球菌诱导后的抗菌蛋白抗菌活性最佳,热诱导后的抗菌蛋白抗菌活性也较未诱导组好.结论各诱导源诱导后抗菌蛋白产生的高峰时间不同;细菌诱导的抗菌蛋白抑菌效果最好,热诱导也是一种较理想的诱导方法.     

新疆北湾地区药物处理蚊帐对蚊虫击倒效果研究

目的通过药物处理蚊帐对蚊虫进行击倒实验,在北湾地区室内环境中通过药物处理蚊帐对蚊虫快速击倒效果进行研究。方法研究中选用经BASF药物处理蚊帐、20次洗涤的BASF药物处理蚊帐、5ml有效成分10％的奋斗呐处理的普通蚊帐（WHO推荐）,普通军用蚊帐作为对照,在野外环境中用吸蚊器采集当地优势蚊种刺扰伊蚊分别放入4种处理蚊帐中,观察4种处理蚊帐对当地蚊虫的首数击倒、半数击倒、全数击倒时间,最后比较分析4种处理蚊帐对当地主要蚊种的快速击倒效果。结果在对当地主要蚊种刺扰伊蚊的快速击倒效果上,经药物处理的BASF蚊帐〉清洗20次药物处理的BASF蚊帐〉WHO推荐的奋斗呐处理的蚊帐。3种处理蚊帐在7min以内都能形成对蚊虫的首数击倒,3种蚊帐在首次击倒时间上差异无统计学意义（F＝2．375,P=0．174）,在17min内形成半数击倒,BASF药物处理蚊帐与奋斗呐处理蚊帐在时间上差异有统计学意义（P=0．036）;BASF2种处理蚊帐在27min内可以全部击倒蚊虫,奋斗呐处理的蚊帐则要54min才能全部击倒蚊虫,BASF2种处理蚊帐与奋斗呐处理蚊帐间差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．001）。结论经过药物处理的蚊帐比不经任何处理的普通蚊帐对蚊虫击倒效果要好,适当选择药物处理蚊帐可以为北湾边防部队提供有效的保护。     

健儿清解液的药效学研究

目的通过动物实验研究健儿清解液(JQOL)的药效学作用。方法采用酵母致热、氨水引咳、二甲苯致耳肿胀、醋酸致腹膜通透性增高等模型,并测定小鼠最大耐受量。结果大鼠灌胃给予JQOL18.14、9.072、4.536g/kg可显著抑制酵母性发热时的体温升高;给予JQOL11.35、7.258、2.835g/kg可明显延长氨水引咳小鼠的咳嗽潜伏期,并能减少其咳嗽次数,能显著拮抗小鼠二甲苯性耳肿胀,降低腹膜通透性。小鼠最大耐受量为人用量的205.2倍。结论健儿清解液具有清热、止咳、抗炎作用,临床用量是安全的。     

Growth retardation induced in rat fetuses by maternal fasting and massive doses of ergocalciferol

The present study was conducted in Wistar rat fetuses to investigate the growth retardation induced by maternal fasting and/or massive doses of ergocalciferol during the third trimester of pregnancy. Growth indices examined in 21-d fetuses were body weight and ossification of sacrococcygeal vertebrae, supraoccipital bone, sternebrae and proximal phalanges in the forepaw stained by alizarin red S. Growth retardation was expressed in hours by comparison with the normal standard development, or in sigma by calculating the relative difference from the control, utilizing the standard variance in normal fetuses. Degrees of growth retardation expressed in the common scales were different among the indices and between fasting and massive doses of ergocalciferol; body weight and ossification of sacrococcygeal vertebrae were most severely retarded by fasting and least by ergocalciferol. Ossification of sternebrae was moderately retarded by fasting and by ergocalciferol, and ossification of supraoccipital bone was moderately retarded by fasting but not by ergocalciferol. Ossification of proximal phalanges in the forepaw was least retarded by fasting and most severely retarded by ergocalciferol. The observed retardations were progressions relatable to the duration of fasting. Combined treatments of fasting and ergocalciferol showed more deleterious effects on growth than fasting only or ergocalciferol only and induced face anomalies, "carnival fetuses." These findings show that growth retardations induced by different nutritional disturbances may vary among indices and that comparisons of various indices are important in the analysis of teratological experiments.     

腰椎椎间盘多层螺旋CT低剂量扫描方式的改进

目的：探讨多层螺旋CT低剂量扫描在腰椎中的应用及其适宜的低剂量扫描条件。方法：选择60例30-65岁腰椎椎间盘退行性病变患者,随机分成A、B、C、D、E、F 6组,每组10例,采用不同的多层螺旋CT扫描参数进行扫描,并记录随机的容积CT剂量指数（volume CT dose index,CTDIvol）及剂量长度乘积（dose-length product,DLP）。采用自定标准盲式评估方法,对6组获得容积再现（volume rendering,VR）重组及Batch重组图像进行图像质量评分,由2位高年资主治医师依据空间分辨率、噪声、伪影及辐射剂量将图像分为好、中、差3级。结果：通过改变管电流（m A）、螺距及机架旋转速度,各组CTDIvol值、DLP值均存在明显统计学差异（P〈0.05）。相对于A组,B组CTDIvol值下降了14.29%,DLP值下降了12.64%;C组CTDIvol值下降了67.87%,DLP值下降了65%;D组CTDIvol值下降了62.49%,DLP值下降了58.45%;E组CTDIvol值下降了50%,DLP值下降了48%;F组CTDIvol值增加了24.86%,DLP值增加了29.7%。结论：正确调节管电流、螺距,可以在确保图像质量的同时,降低受检者所受辐射剂量。采用管电流350 m A、管电压120 k V、螺距1.375∶1,可降低58.45%的辐射剂量。     

烹调油烟冷凝物对细胞的氧化损伤及DMSO的保护作用

目的观察烹调油烟冷凝物（COFC）诱发细胞产生活性氧（ROS）及二甲基亚砜（DMSO）的保护作用，为烹调油烟致癌机制以及二甲基亚砜可能的防癌作用提供参考依据和线索。方法以人支气管上皮细胞（BEAS-2B）为靶细胞，细胞上清中过氧化氢（H202）、超氧阴离子（O2·）和羟自由基（·OH）含量分别用辣根过氧化物酶介导的酚红氧化法、细胞色素C还原法和番红花红褪色法进行测定；细胞内H2O2和O2·-分别用2，7-二氯荧光黄双乙酸盐（DCFH2-·DA）和氢化乙锭（HE）标记，荧光法测定；自动生化仪测量乳酸脱氢酶。结果BEAS-2B细胞经COFC染毒后，细胞内和细胞上清中ROS含量显著增高，引起细胞内的乳酸脱氢酶溢出；0．5％的DMSO对烹调油烟冷凝物诱发BEAS-2B细胞产生的ROS有明显的抑制作用。结论烹调油烟冷凝物能造成细胞的氧化损伤，可能是烹调油烟致癌机制之一；DMSO对烹调油烟冷凝物所致细胞的氧化损伤具有保护作用，提示DMSO可能通过抑制烹调油烟诱导的氧化损伤，抑制和对抗可能由氧化损伤机制导致的肺癌。     

Book Reviews

Review article—Restructuring health and welfare: the role of management , by Rosamund Bryar Michael Cahill DPhil Dip Soc Admin BA Principal Lecturer in Social Policy, University of Brighton From margin to mainstream: Developing user- and carer-centered community care , by S. Goss, by C. Miller, by Joseph Rowntree, by Hartley Dean PhD MA BTech Foundation/Community Care, York. 1995, £9.00, 92pp. ISBN 1-872470-99-8. Reader in Social Policy, Department of Social Studies, University of Luton, Luton Task Groups in the Social Services , by Marion Fatout, by Steven Rose. by Julie Slater BA RGN SAGE Publications, Thousand Oaks. 1995, £19.95, 178pp. ISBN 0-8039-5450-6. Research Scientist, Institute of Work Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield Employment for Disabled People (social obligation or individual responsibility?) , by Patricia Thornton, by Neil Lunt, by Ron Iphofen MSc BPhil BA Social Policy Research Unit, York, 1995, £5.00, 57pp. ISBN 1-871713-55-2. Lecturer in Sociology, Faculty of Health Studies, University of Wales, Bangor Mixed Fortunes: the Funding of the Voluntary Sector , by Lynne Russell, by Duncan Scott, by Paul Wilding, by John Lansley MA Department of Social Policy and Social Work, University of Manchester, Manchester. Lecturer in Social Policy, Department of Sociology, Social Policy and Social Work Studies, University of Liverpool, Liverpool Care Management and the Health Care of Older People: the Darlington Community Care Project , by David Challis, by Robin Darton, by Lynne Johnson, by Malcolm Stone, by Karen Traske, by Jill Manthorpe MA PSSRU University of Kent at Canterbury/Arena, Ashgate Publishing Ltd, Aldershot. Lecturer in Community Care, Department of Social Work, University of Hull, Hull Removing Disabling Barriers , by Gerry Zarb, by Gill Chard BSc(Hons), DipCOT, SROT Policy Studies Institute, London. 1995. £9.95. 136 Lecturer in Occupational Therapy, Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Liverpool     

Book Reviews

A Good Death, Conversations with East Londoners , by Rosamund Bryar, by Michael Young, by Lesley Cullen, by Danny Kelly MSc BSc RGN NDN, by Cert One Cert PGCEA RNT Lecturer in Cancer Nursing, Centre for Palliative and Cancer Care Studies, Institute of Cancer Research, Royal Marsden NHS Trust, London The Health Care Policy Process , by Carol Barker SAGE Publications Ltd, London. 1996, £12.95, 187 pp. ISBN 0-8039-7628-3., by Siobhan McClelland BA(Hons), by DipHSM MHSM MBA Lecturer (Health Policy), Department of Nursing, Midwifery and Health Care, University of Wales Swansea, Swansea Work out—or work in? Contributions to the debate on the future of work , by Pamela Meadows. Joseph Rowntree Foundation, York. 1996, £12.95, 164 pp. ISBN 1-899987-11-8, by Dave Middleton Bsc Econ Lecturer in Sociology and Applied Social Studies, London Guildhall University, London Poverty and Child Health , by Nick Spencer Radcliffe Medical Press, Oxford, 1996, £18.50, 240 pp. ISBN 1-85775-068-3, by Bruce Lindsay BA(Hons) RSCN RGN, by Cert Ed Lecturer (Child Care), School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of East Anglia, Norwich Child Welfare Services: Developments in Policy, Practice and Research , by Malcolm Hill, by Jane Aldgate, by Jessica Kingsley London. 1996, £17.95, 278 pp. ISBN 1-85302-3167, by Deborah Williams MSc BA RSCN, by RGN RM RHV Lecturer, Child Branch Coordinator, Department of Nursing and Midwifery Studies, University of Nottingham, Nottingham ‘Race’ and Community Care , by Waqar Ahmad, by Karl Atkin. Open University Press, Buckingham, 1996, £12.99, 187 pp. ISBN 0-335-19462-1, by Patricia Ellis BSc(Hons),PhD Director of Centre for Ethnic Studies, University of Luton, Luton Violence, Neglect and the Elderly, Advances in Bioethics, Volume 1 , by L.B. Cebik, by Glenn C., by Graber, by Frank H. Marsh, by Bridget Penhale, MSc CQSW Lecturer, Social Work Department, University of Hull, Hull JAI Press Inc, London. 1996, £62.50, 250 pp. ISBN 0-76230-096-5. Community Care for Older People: Rights, Remedies and Finances , by Margaret Richards, by Jordans Publishing Ltd, London. 1996, £29.50, 276 pp. ISBN 0-85308-293-6, by Jan Reed PhD RN Reader in Nursing, Department of Nursing, University of Northumbria at Newcastle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne     

病房改造后的效益分析

以病人为中心,实施医院病房改造，将既往8－10人一间的病房改造成中小病房，每个病房有独立卫生间、阳台、空调，满足了病人不同的需求，吸引了更多的患者到院就医，从而使2000年比1999年的同期的门诊人次增加14．4％，出院人次增加16．2％，平均床位开放增加9．0％，床位周转增长6．8％，平均住院日下降7．0％，期内门诊收入增长43．9％，药品收入占业务收入下降10．5％，年业务收入增长18．9％。     

Effects of daily consumption of honey solution on hematological indices and blood levels of minerals and enzymes in normal individuals

Seven men and three women (mean age, 31.2 years; range, 20-45 years) received a strictly controlled regular diet during a 2-week control period, followed by the regular diet supplemented with daily consumption of 1.2 g/kg body weight honey dissolved in 250 ml of water during a 2-week test period. At the end of each period, overnight fasting blood samples were withdrawn for assays of blood glucose, blood minerals, vitamin C, beta-carotene, uric acid, glutathione reductase, immunoglobulin E, hemoglobin, blood indices and cells, serum ferritin, serum iron, and iron-binding capacity. Results showed that honey increased antioxidant agents. It increased blood vitamin C concentration by 47%, beta-carotene by 3%, uric acid by 12%, and glutathione reductase by 7%. Honey increased serum iron by 20% and decreased plasma ferritin by 11%. It increased the percentage of monocytes by 50%, and increased lymphocyte and eosinophil percentages slightly. Honey reduced serum immunoglobulin E by 34% and increased serum copper by 33%. It decreased aspartate transaminase by 22% and alanine transaminase by 18%. Honey markedly reduced lactic acid dehydrogenase by 41%, decreased creatinine kinase by 33%, and reduced fasting blood sugar by 5%. It caused slight elevations in blood zinc and magnesium, hemoglobin, and packed cell volume. It may be concluded that honey increased antioxidant agents, serum iron and blood indices, and trace elements and decreased immunoglobulin E, liver and muscle enzymes, and fasting blood sugar in healthy subjects.     

2008年北京奥运会病媒生物风险识别与评估方法研究

目的通过应用风险识别与评估方法,预测北京奥运会期间病媒生物危害与相关疾病发生的风险指数。及时采取应对措施,有效降低病媒生物带来的危害,避免媒介生物性传染病的发生或流行。方法通过综合分析风险性事件发生的概率和事件发生后造成的后果,对风险进行分级。首先,通过文献综述、经验分析法、头脑风暴及专家咨询法等确定风险类别,形成风险列表;然后,通过风险评价指数矩阵法综合判断风险的严重程度,并为风险排序提供统一的标准。结果北京奥运会期间存在媒介生物性传染病发生和病媒生物造成骚扰的危险。病媒生物引起的公共卫生事件（叮咬、骚扰等）及影响观瞻和环境卫生情况很可能发生,咬坏电缆、破坏电力设施的事件则比较罕见;病媒生物引起的公共卫生事件的严重程度可归纳为：咬坏电缆、破坏电力设施的事件为中等危害,叮咬、骚扰和影响观瞻、环境卫生情况危害则较小。结论通过科学地识别和评估病媒生物可能带来的危害风险、全面监测、综合防制、科学用药、组建应急队伍和推广先进技术等措施,确保实现北京奥运会无重大病媒生物危害事件发生的控制目标。     

三种诊断输卵管末端黏连梗阻方法对比

目的探讨子宫输卵管造影、B型超声（B超）诊断输卵管末端黏连梗阻的准确性。方法回顾分析2002年4月至2005年12月在本院因输卵管造影提示输卵管末端黏连梗阻而行腹腔镜检查治疗的63例病人的临床资料，采用与腹腔镜检查相对照的方法，比较子宫输卵管造影、B超诊断输卵管末端黏连梗阻的准确性。结果子宫输卵管造影诊断输卵管末端黏连梗阻与腹腔镜诊断符合阳性符合率80．2％（89／111），假阳性率19．8％（22／111）。子宫输卵管造影诊断输卵管通畅与腹腔镜诊断阴性符合率86．7％（13／15），假阴性率13．3％（2／15）。B型超声诊断输卵管梗阻积水与腹腔镜诊断阳性符合率95．0％（38／40），假阳性率5．0％（2／40）。B型超声未发现输卵管异常与腹腔镜诊断阴性符合率48.8％（42／86），假阴性率51．2％（44／86）。结论子宫输卵管造影可作为诊断输卵管黏连梗阻的一线方法，B型超声诊断输卵管积水的准确率较高，腹腔镜检查可明确诊断，决定不孕症的治疗方案。     

A pan-Canadian perspective on institutional long-term care

We aggregate long-term care (LTC) facility-level data collected by Statistics Canada to National and regional levels to make observations relating to environmental characteristics--including the age distribution by region, and market share by type of ownership--and organizational characteristics--including ownership, facility size, resident age distribution, and the types of care provided in facilities by ownership. We observe significant differences in ownership by region, in facility size by ownership, and in levels of resident care provided by ownership. Further, we examine some of the classic proxies for quality of care for the LTC sector in this paper, including a variety of staffing intensity levels, observing significant differences in staffing intensities by region. We hope that our observations prompt researchers and policy makers to question the desirability and implications of this variation in the Canadian LTC industry.     

Potential public health hazards of biosynthetic milk hormones

The use of biosynthetic milk hormones raises fundamental ethical, social, and economic considerations, including the continued viability of the small family dairy farm and adverse veterinary effects. The past and expanding use of synthetic bovine growth hormone manufactured by the Agricultural Chemicals Division of Elanco (Eli Lilly and Co.) in conjunction with Dow Chemical Co. and Upjohn Co., and its methionyl analog, manufactured by American Cyanamid Co. and Monsanto Co., also poses significant potential public health hazards which have not so far been investigated. These concerns are exacerbated by the domination of synthetic hormone research by industry and its indentured academics, by failure of the industries concerned to disclose their unpublished data, by their manipulation of published data, and by refusal to label milk and meat from cows treated with biosynthetic hormones, and by denial of consumers' rights to know. These concerns are further exacerbated by the abdication of regulatory responsibility by the Food and Drug Administration and U.S. Department of Agriculture.     

Branched-chain amino acid interactions in skeletal muscle: isoleucine and L-alloisoleucine

Parenteral administration of a mixture of branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) solutions is known to alter plasma levels of the BCAA (ILE, LEU, VAL), their corresponding alpha-ketoacids (KMV, KIC, KIV) and L-alloisoleucine (ALLO), a stereoisomer of ILE. Although variously formulated mixtures of BCAA are administered, the metabolic implications of individual BCAA interactions have been only partially elucidated. Using the incubated, isolated, and intact rat epitrochlearis muscle, we measured the effect of graded increases (0.05, 0.10, 0.5, and 1.0 mM) in media concentrations of a single BCAA or ALLO on (1) the rate of decarboxylation of the other BCAA, and (2) the release of branched chain ketoacids from muscle. A graded increase of media ILE concentration to 1.0 mM changed the decarboxylation of LEU by -28%, and the release of KIC by +23%, but VAL decarboxylation increased by +25%, and the release of KIV declined by -56%. A graded increase of media LEU to 1.0 mM increased ILE decarboxylation by +146%, and its corresponding ketoacid (KMV) by +61%. However, VAL decarboxylation changed by only +25% and KIV release declined by -65%. A graded increase in media VAL to 1.0 mM accelerated ILE decarboxylation by +37%, but KMV release was unchanged. Similarly, LEU decarboxylation fell by -26%, and the release of KIC by only +6%. ALLO 0.025 mM increased ILE release by +55% but had an inconsistent effect on ILE decarboxylation and did not alter protein synthesis or degradation (estimated by phenylalanine incorporation and tyrosine release, respectively). Increasing ILE did not affect ALLO release.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Ability of essential oil candles to repel biting insects in high and low biting pressure environments

The first goal of this study was to compare the degree of personal protection against biting insects provided by geraniol, linalool, and citronella candle (5%) vapors outdoors, where such products are commonly used. At a distance of 1.0 m, citronella candles reduced the number of female mosquitoes caught in Centers for Disease Control and Prevention traps by 35.4% and sand flies by 15.4%, linalool candles reduced female mosquitoes by 64.9% and sand flies by 48.5%, while geraniol candles reduced female mosquitoes by 81.5% and sand flies by 69.8%. By increasing the distance to 2 m and 3 m, the repellency dropped significantly. The second goal was to compare the degree of personal protection provided by the best performing candle, geraniol, under conditions of high and low biting pressure. The introduction of geraniol candles to protect volunteers in a high biting pressure environment reduced the mosquito pressure by an average of 56% and the sand fly pressure by 62% over a distance of 1.0 m. In the low biting pressure environment, geraniol reduced the mosquito pressure by an average of 62%. No sand flies were present at this site.