健康促进视角下的我国新冠肺炎疫情应对

新冠肺炎疫情是新中国成立以来传播速度最快、感染范围最广、防控难度最大的一次重大突发公共卫生事件。疫情发生以后,党和政府采取了强有力的防控救治措施,疫情防控阻击战取得重大战略成果。我国疫情防控工作得到世界卫生组织和许多国家的认同,本文尝试从健康促进视角分析我国新冠肺炎应对经验,提出工作建议。     

临床医学博士后岗位胜任力培养的新思考

新冠肺炎疫情是新中国成立以来发生的传播速度最快、感染范围最广、防控难度最大的一次重大突发公共卫生事件.面对严峻的新冠肺炎疫情挑战,我国医疗和公共卫生体系发挥了重大作用,为守护人民健康作出了重要贡献.作为国家援鄂抗疫医疗队的中坚力量,北京协和医院一直战斗在抗击疫情的前沿,承担的医疗救治任务风险高、难度大,在危重症患者的医...     

重大突发公共卫生事件社会治理的国际比较

新冠肺炎疫情的出现是对各个国家社会治理体系和治理能力的一次大考.以社会治理为视角,从社会治理方式、组织管理体系建设、法律体系建设3个角度总结了日本、韩国、德国应对重大突发公共卫生事件的部分经验,结合我国社会治理的实际情况,提出在重大突发公共卫生事件社会治理中要完善早期预警监测机制;加强各方力量应对突发卫生危机的协调配合...     

结合新冠肺炎疫情防控检视国内外心理应急管理

突发公共卫生事件易造成公众的心理和行为变化，甚至通过引发一定的社会问题给社会发展以及公众健康与安全带来极大损害。新型冠状病毒肺炎（简称“新冠肺炎”）疫情就是一场典型的突发公共卫生事件，检视突发公共卫生事件下的心理应急管理能力对维护社会稳定至关重要。通过对国内外心理应急管理进行综述，认为我国尚未建立完善的心理应急管理机制，此次新冠肺炎疫情为检视国内外心理应急管理提供了机会窗口。在比对国内外突发公共卫生事件心理应急管理模式和实践经验的基础上，分析当前国内心理应急管理存在的问题与不足，从法律法规和政策、体制机制以及心理应对策略三个方面，为构建心理应急管理体系提出建议和对策。     

超大城市公共卫生社会治理体系之群防群控机制探索研究

动员公众参与疫情防控,发挥群众力量来应对重大公共卫生事件是我国社会治理能力提升的重要标志之一。对于如何有效动员和整合社会公众力量防范化解重大突发公共卫生事件风险,尚缺乏一套明确完整的群防群控机制。此次新冠肺炎疫情防控,暴露出了重大突发公共卫生事件应对缺乏管理协调机制,公众参与疫情防控缺乏有效的途径和机制以及社会组织公信力危机等问题。通过总结国外理论基础和经验,为构建超大城市公共卫生社会治理群防群控机制,以及公共卫生社会治理体系的建立提供参考。     

突发重大公共卫生事件中应急物资保障体系现状分析与对策探讨

新冠肺炎疫情是新中国成立以来发生的重大突发公共卫生事件,疫情暴露出公共卫生应急管理体系存在的短板和不足.本文分析目前应急物资保障体系现状,探讨主要存在问题的应对措施.     

高校教职工突发公共卫生事件相关知识知晓率的调查* ——以高校新冠肺炎疫情防控为例

目的:了解高校教职工新冠肺炎疫情防控相关知识知晓情况,为加强高校教职工突发公共卫生事件应急处理综合能力培养提供依据。方法:于2020年5月13日—6月13日,采用"问卷星"制作电子问卷并通过微信推送,随机抽取全国165所高校的438名高校教职工突发公共卫生事件相关知识知晓情况。结果:研究发现,新冠肺炎疫情发生前有49.54%的高校教职工从没学习过《突发公共卫生事件应急条例》《传染病防治法》等相关法律法规;对新冠肺炎防控相关知识总体知晓率为79.59%;高校突发公共卫生事件健康教育开展情况不容乐观;有医学专业的高校或有医学专业背景的教职工相关调查项目反应结果较好。结论:高校教职工传染病及突发公共卫生事件相关知识水平不高,应加强学习,并做到学以致用,培养人才,服务社会。     

高校教职工新冠肺炎疫情防控知识知晓率调查

目的:了解高校教职工新冠肺炎疫情防控相关知识知晓情况,为加强高校教职工突发公共卫生事件应急处理综合能力培养提供依据。方法:于2020年5月13日—6月13日,采用"问卷星"制作电子问卷并通过微信推送,随机抽取全国165所高校的438名高校教职工突发公共卫生事件相关知识知晓情况。结果:研究发现,新冠肺炎疫情发生前有49.54%的高校教职工从没学习过《突发公共卫生事件应急条例》《传染病防治法》等相关法律法规;对新冠肺炎防控相关知识总体知晓率为79.59%;高校突发公共卫生事件健康教育开展情况不容乐观;有医学专业的高校或有医学专业背景的教职工相关调查项目反应结果较好。结论:高校教职工传染病及突发公共卫生事件相关知识水平不高,应加强学习,并做到学以致用,培养人才,服务社会。     

社会组织参与突发公共卫生事件应急管理实现机制研究

突发公共卫生事件的不确定性和复杂程度日益增大,社会组织成为参与突发公共卫生事件中的重要力量,因而需要建立一整套的应急管理机制.本研究基于新冠肺炎(COVID-19)疫情下社会组织参与突发公共卫生事件应急管理的实践,从逻辑、制度和效能3个维度出发,构建了社会组织参与突发公共卫生事件的应急管理实现机制研究框架,剖析了"逻辑...     

疫情防控期村镇垃圾应急管理探讨

2019年末暴发的新冠肺炎疫情是我国一次重大突发公共卫生事件,为此国家建立了应对新冠肺炎疫情联防联控工作机制。在疫情防控期间,村镇生活垃圾的管理也亟需新模式。分析了新冠肺炎疫情期间村镇生活垃圾特征,从收运及处置2方面探讨了特殊时期村镇垃圾的应急精准管控收运和应急调整处置策略等管理措施,以期为完善国家应急体系和卫生工程建设提供相关参考。     

全社会共同守护儿童青少年心理健康

儿童青少年心理健康与社会发展息息相关。21世纪以来快速城市化与全球化,伴随家庭规模与功能的变迁、社会关系模式的转型、社会心理应激与人口流动增大以及突发公共卫生事件等,对儿童青少年心理健康具有“双刃剑”效应。新冠肺炎疫情充满不可预测性和不确定性,由此带来的停课、保持社交距离及相关消毒与防疫措施,对儿童青少年心理健康及学校心理健康服务带来了前所未有的挑战,同时也为学校心理健康服务提供了新的发展方向,工作重点需从原来针对人群中小部分严重儿童青少年患者、以减少症状和遏制危机为目的的干预,转变为聚焦全体儿童青少年群体,并为之提供广泛的心理健康预防性服务。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎救治一线女护士心理健康风险及干预对策

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情中救治一线女护士工作任务重、感染风险高,她们的心理压力大,心理健康风险高。开展心理危机干预,保护护士身心健康是一项紧迫任务。通过对一线女护士的工作状态、心理应激障碍及其健康风险的分析,提出及早开始心理危机干预、加强突发公共卫生事件的应急演练、树立职业信念、加强女性护士的劳动保护等心理干预对策建议,供专业人士和相关部门参考。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎临床及影像学研究进展

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情作为严重的突发传染性公共卫生事件,造成躯体损害的同时,也对心理健康带来消极影响。广东省深圳市南山区整合全区心理卫生资源,组建一支包含心理志愿者、心理咨询师、精神科医师的专业队伍,建立一个集心理评估、心理诊疗、公益热线、心理自助一体化的新型公共心理卫生服务体系,为集中医学观察点对象提供三级分类心理干预。本文主要针对深圳市南山区在疫情期间医学观察点以“四位一体”心理服务内容和分级分层管理为核心的“一站式”心理服务管理模式进行综述,旨在为重大突发公共卫生事件的心理干预提供参考。     

新冠肺炎疫情下儿童保健门诊家长心理体验及需求的定性研究

目的 通过现象学研究,探索新冠肺炎疫情背景下儿童保健门诊家长心理体验及需求.方法 采用半结构式深度访谈法和观察法,对17名儿童保健门诊的家长进行质性访谈,借助Nvivo 8软件,应用Colaizzi分析法和合众法对访谈收集到的资料进行整理与分析.结果 新冠肺炎疫情背景下儿童保健门诊家长心理体验及需求共提炼出4个主题:对...     

Parenting in a Pandemic: Work–Family Arrangements,Well-Being,and Intimate Relationships Among Adoptive Parents

The COVID-19 pandemic presents unforeseen challenges to families. This mixed-methods study aimed to address how 89 adoptive parents (lesbian, gay, heterosexual) with school-age children are navigating a major public health crisis with social, economic, and mental health consequences. Specifically of interest were adoptive parents' worries and concerns; work–family arrangements; and mental, physical, and relational health, in the context of the pandemic and associated quarantine. Findings revealed that 70% of participants had changed work situations, with most newly working from home just as their children initiated remote homeschooling. The division of labor was rarely a source of stress, although the parent who was more involved in homeschooling sometimes experienced resentment. Concerns related to the pandemic included worries about health and children's emotional well-being and global concerns such as the national economy. Almost half reported declines in mental health (e.g., due to the stress of working and homeschooling), with lesbians being significantly more likely than others to report declines. Declines in physical health were rarer (less than 20%), with more than a quarter reporting improvements (e.g., due to increased exercise). Few reported declines in relationship quality, although almost a quarter reported declines in intimacy. Findings have implications for family and health professionals.     

The effects of COVID-19 restrictions on physical activity and mental health of children and young adults with physical and/or intellectual disabilities

BackgroundCOVID-19 has caused unprecedented restrictions, significantly affecting the most vulnerable groups in society, such as those with a disability.ObjectiveThe aim of the study was to investigate the effects of COVID-19 lockdown restrictions on physical activity and mental health of children and young adults with physical and/or intellectual disabilities.MethodsThe study was a cross-sectional design. Parents/carers completed an electronic survey in the UK between June–July 2020 on behalf of their child. Through Likert scales and free-text questions, the survey asked about physical activity levels and mental health during lockdown compared to before, access to specialist facilities and equipment to aid with physical activity, and the short- and long-term concerns around ongoing lockdown restrictions.ResultsGenerally, respondents reported negative effects of lockdown restrictions, with 61% reporting a reduction in physical activity levels and over 90% reporting a negative impact on mental health (including poorer behaviour, mood, fitness and social and learning regression). Many respondents cited a lack of access to specialist facilities, therapies and equipment as reasons for this, and raised concerns about the long-term effects of this lack of access on their child’s mental health and physical activity levels.ConclusionsThe survey highlights the negative impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on the physical activity levels and mental health of children and young adults with disabilities and highlights the importance of addressing the needs of the disabled community as restrictions are eased.     

New obstacles and widening gaps: A qualitative study of the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on U.S. adults with disabilities

BackgroundPrior research has demonstrated that the needs of the disability community have not been met during public health emergencies. The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated existing inequities for many populations including people with disabilities, and data is needed to develop inclusive public health response policies.ObjectiveTo identify how COVID-19 has uniquely impacted the lives of adults with disabilities.Methods38 participants were recruited through disability advocacy groups and social media. Semi-structured virtual focus groups were conducted with adults (≥18 years) who self-identified as having a disability. Focus groups were conducted for each of six disability sub-groups: vision, hearing, mobility and physical, mental health, cognitive, intellectual, and developmental, and chronic illness. Using inductive coding, major themes were identified and compared across the disability sub-groups.ResultsThree major themes and thirteen sub-themes were identified from the focus groups. The three major themes comprised: new problems created by the pandemic, obstacles in daily life that were exacerbated by the pandemic, and broader changes to accessibility and disability identity. Sub-themes such as difficulty with COVID-19 testing and regular medical care were reported by participants of all disability sub-groups, while other sub-themes like direct care needs and medical rationing were reported by participants from a subset of the disability sub-groups.ConclusionsThese results indicate how the COVID-19 pandemic unequally impacts disabled people. The participants indicated that to fully address their needs, disability perspectives must be included in the public health pandemic response. As new research shows that COVID-19 can cause long-term disability, the urgency to ensure the disability community is part of public health policies will increase.     

On the imperative of thinking through the ethical,health equity,and social justice possibilities and limits of digital technologies in public health

The COVID-19 pandemic has demonstrated both the positive and negative use, usefulness, and impact of digital technologies in public health. Digitalization can help advance and sustain the core functions of public health, including health promotion and prevention, epidemiological surveillance, and response to emergent health issues. Digital technologies are thus—in some areas of public discourse—presented as being both necessary and inevitable requirements to address routine and emergency public health issues. However, the circumstances, ways, and extent to which they apply remain a subject of critical reflection and empirical investigation. In this commentary, we argue that we must think through the use of digital technologies in public health and that their usefulness must be assessed in relation to their short- and long-term ethical, health equity, and social justice implications. Neither a sense of digital technological optimism and determinism nor the demands of addressing pressing public health issues should override critical assessment before development and implementation. The urgency of addressing public health emergencies such as the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic requires prompt and effective action, including action facilitated by digital technologies. Nevertheless, a sense of urgency cannot be an excuse or a substitute for a critical assessment of the tools employed.     

我国突发公共卫生事件SARS与COVID - 19的应急处置比较和再认识

目的 通过对SARS和COVID - 19应急处置核心要素的分析和再认识,为防控疫情、规范突发公共卫生应急处置体系提出建议。方法 收集SARS和COVID - 19应急处置过程中涉及的卫生措施和文献政策并进行分析。结果 两次疫情在应急处置方面存在差别,相比于2003年的SARS,新冠疫情在危机预警、政府指挥、信息发布和疫情恢复重建等核心要素已得到良好的改善和发展。结论 我国的应急处置工作已经取得较大进步;国家还应积极采取相应措施完善应急预警、加强疫情宣讲等,以期为防治COVID-19或其他重大传染病提供策略建议,对完善我国突发公共卫生事件应急处置体制提供参考。     

Preventing mental disorders in children: a systematic review to inform policy-making

BACKGROUND: At any given time, 14% of Canadian children experience clinically significant mental disorders, which frequently persist into adulthood. Canadian public policy has emphasized specialized treatment services, yet these services only reach 25% of children with disorders. Prevention programs hold potential to reduce the number of children with disorders in the population. To inform policy-making, we systematically reviewed the best available research evidence on programs for preventing conduct disorder (CD), anxiety and depression, three of the most prevalent mental disorders in children. METHODS: We systematically identified and reviewed randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on programs intended to prevent CD, anxiety and depression in children aged 0-18 years. RESULTS: Fifteen RCTs met selection criteria: nine (on eight programs) for preventing CD; one for anxiety; four (on three programs) for depression; and one for all three. Ten RCTs demonstrated significant reductions in child symptom and/or diagnostic measures at follow-up. The most noteworthy programs, for CD, targeted at-risk children in the early years using parent training (PT) or child social skills training (SST); for anxiety, employed universal cognitive-behavioural training (CBT) in school-age children; and for depression, targeted at-risk school-age children, also using CBT. Effect sizes for these noteworthy programs were modest but consequential. There were few Canadian studies and few that evaluated costs. DISCUSSION: Prevention programs are promising but replication RCTs are needed to determine effectiveness and cost-effectiveness in Canadian settings. Four program types should be priorities for replication: targeted PTand child SST for preventing CD in children's early years; and universal and targeted CBTfor preventing anxiety and depression in children's school-age years. Conducting RCTs through research-policy partnerships would enable implementation in realistic settings while ensuring rigorous evaluation. Prevention merits new policy and research investments as part of a comprehensive public health strategy to improve children's mental health in the population.