软衬及赝复硅橡胶与基托树脂的粘结及影响因素

口腔软衬及赝复硅橡胶材料与基托树脂材料间的粘结是通过粘结性偶联剂来实现的,二者的粘结受多种因素影响。该文对软衬硅橡胶材料和赝复硅橡胶材料进行概述,同时对硅橡胶与基托树脂材料粘结强度的影响因素作简要综述。     

义齿软衬材料表面微生物粘附的实验室观察

目的比较研究口腔微生物在树脂类软衬材料和硅橡胶类软衬材料表面的粘附情况和材料表面粗糙度对微生物粘附的影响。方法将树脂类软衬材料和硅橡胶类软衬材料制备成不同粗糙度的标准试件,以硬质基托树脂为对照组;变形链球菌、粘性放线菌和白色念珠菌在试件表面粘附后脱菌、稀释、培养计数,分析3种菌在试件表面的粘附量。结果两种软衬材料的变形链球菌和白色念珠菌粘附量均大于硬质基托树脂,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,硅橡胶类软衬材料的变形链球菌和白色念珠菌粘附量大于树脂类软衬材料,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,不同粗糙度的同一种材料表面3种菌粘附量也有差异。结论软衬材料比硬质基托树脂更易粘附变形链球菌和白色念珠菌,硅橡胶类软衬材料比树脂类软衬材料更易粘附变形链球菌和白色念珠菌,表面粗糙度对口腔微生物的粘附有一定的影响。     

喷砂结合化学处理对软衬材料粘结效果的影响

[摘要]目的：研究喷砂结合化学处理对硅橡胶软衬材料与基托树脂间粘结强度及基托树脂挠曲强度的影响。方法：制备48块30mm×10mm×7．5mm热凝聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯树脂块,每2个树脂块配成一个试件,24个试件随机分为4组,每组6个试件,即：（1）喷砂组：喷嘴与试件轻接触,采用250txm的氧化铝,在0．62MPa压力下喷砂30S;（2）喷砂＋丙酮组：粘结面喷砂处理同前,喷砂后的粘结面浸泡在丙酮溶液中30S;（3）喷砂＋甲基丙烯酸甲酯单体组（后简称单体）：粘结面喷砂处理同上,喷砂后的树脂块粘结面浸泡在甲基丙烯酸甲酯溶液中180S;（4）对照组：表面不处理。每个试件的两树脂块间衬以3mm厚的软衬材料,冷热循环5000次后,置于万能测试机上,以5mm／min的加载速度测试其拉伸粘结强度。另制备24块65mm×10mm×3．3mm长方体树脂块,分组及表面处理同前,涂布软衬材料粘结剂后测试挠曲强度。结果：喷砂组、喷砂＋丙酮组、喷砂＋甲基丙烯酸甲酯组及对照组试件的拉伸粘结强度分别为（1．31±0．45）MPa、（1．75±0．34）MPa、（1．96±0．50）MPa及（0．90±0．17）MPa。喷砂组与对照组间差别无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。喷砂＋丙酮组及喷砂＋单体组的拉伸粘结强度与对照组相比有统计学差异（P〈0．05）;喷砂＋丙酮组与喷砂＋单体组组间比较无统计学差异;四组间挠曲强度均无统计学差异（P〉0．05）。结论：喷砂结合化学处理树脂表面能增强硅橡胶软衬材料与基托树脂间的粘结强度,且对基托树脂挠曲强度没有影响。     

冷热循环对载银软衬材料拉伸强度的影响

复合体组：载银软衬-树脂复合体8块,37℃蒸馏水浸泡24 h;复合体老化组：载银软衬-树脂复合体8块,冷热循环4000次;基托树脂老化组：8对树脂块冷热循环4000次后,制成载银软衬-树脂复合体8块。复合体组与复合体老化组拉伸强度（MPa）分别为2．683±0．435和2．179±0．633（P＞0．05）,试件断裂模式以内聚破坏为主。基托树脂老化组拉伸强度（MPa）为1．460±0．566（与前2组比较,P＜0．05）,试件断裂模式以粘接破坏为主。表明冷热循环对载银软衬材料拉伸强度无明显影响。     

不同树脂界面处理对义齿软衬材料粘结强度的影响

目的:考察不同界面处理对义齿软衬材料粘结强度的影响.方法:用不同粒度的砂纸打磨甲基丙烯酸树脂粘结面并采用不同浓度的乙醇进行清洁脱脂.根据不同的处理方法将材料分为4组,一半试件进行冷热循环.采用拉式剪切强度试验法分别测试冷热循环前及循环后各处理方式组试件的抗剪切强度,所得试验数据经统计学分析(a=0.05),考察不同界面处理方式对义齿软衬材料粘结强度的影响.结果:冷热循环前,各处理方式组之间剪切强度无统计学差异(a>0.05).经冷热循环后,各组粘结强度均有下降,各组之间剪切强度之间有统计学差异(a<0.05).各组冷热循环前后粘结破坏形式均以软衬材料内聚破坏为主.结论:不同界面粗糙度和脱脂乙醇浓度对软衬材料与甲基丙烯酸树脂粘结强度无影响.     

自凝水凝胶义齿软衬材料粘结强度实验研究

目的　探讨自凝水凝胶软衬材料与义齿基托之间的粘结强度 ,并评价水份存在对该材料粘结强度的影响。同时将其与硅橡胶和自凝丙烯酸酯类软衬的粘结强度作比较。方法　用牙科型盒通过常规方法制备基托试样 ,使其长为 40mm ,粘结面为 10mm× 10mm。两粘结面之间预留 3mm间隙 (用金属模型 ) ,充填软衬材料 ,使其在室温下固化。用LJ - 5 0 0型拉力试验机测试软衬与基托粘结强度。结果　自凝水凝胶软衬的粘结强度明显优于SDG -A硅橡胶及自凝型丙烯酸酯类软衬 ,高达 5 .433Mpa。当浸入 37℃蒸馏水中 1d、3d ,其值有不同程度下降 ,并于第 3d后趋于稳定。结论　自凝水凝胶软衬材料具有很高的粘结强度 ,但水对其有一定影响。     

冷热循环对硅橡胶软衬拉伸强度的影响

目的：研究冷热循环对2种不同方式固化的硅橡胶软衬拉伸强度的影响。方法：选用Sofreliner MS自凝硅橡胶软衬、Silagum硅橡胶软衬,分别与α-RESIN热凝基托树脂块进行粘接制作圆柱形试件各30个。37℃蒸馏水浸泡24h作为对照组,余试件分别冷热循环5 000、10 000、20 000、30 000次后各取出6个进行拉伸强度测定,观察断裂模式。结果：Sofreliner MS软衬、Silagum软衬各组间拉伸强度没有统计学差异（P〈0.05）;Silagum硅橡胶软衬各组拉伸强度均显著大于Sofreliner MS自凝硅橡胶软衬（P〈0.05）。结论：冷热循环30 000次对本实验条件下的2种硅橡胶软衬拉伸强度没有影响。     

疲劳加载对硅橡胶类义齿软衬材料粘接强度的影响

目的:探讨疲劳加载对不同方式固化的硅橡胶类义齿软衬材料粘接强度的影响.方法: 以Sofreliner MS自凝硅橡胶软衬材料、Silagum硅橡胶软衬材料为自凝、热凝硅橡胶软衬的代表,分别与α-RESIN加强型热凝基托树脂块进行粘接制作圆柱形试件各30 个.按疲劳加载0、 66 700、 133 300、 266 700、 400 000 次,将2 种材料的试件各相应分为5 组、每组6 个试件,疲劳加载后进行抗拉强度测定,观察断裂模式.结果: 疲劳加载0、66 700、 133 300、 266 700、 400 000 次,Sofreliner MS各组粘接强度值(MPa)分别为:1.37±0.30、 1.21±0.15、 1.01±0.20、 1.04±0.17、 0.88±0.08;Silagum各组粘接强度值(MPa)分别为:3.28±0.61、 2.79±0.24、 2.16±0.40、 1.77±0.44、 1.66±0.33.疲劳加载前Sofreliner MS组断裂模式为软衬材料内聚性破坏,疲劳加载后为混合性破坏;Silagum组疲劳加载前后破坏方式均为混合性破坏.结论: 随着疲劳加载次数的增加,2 种材料的粘接强度均处于下降趋势,但均未超出临床应用的粘接强度要求(≥0.44 MPa);采用的热凝硅橡胶软衬的粘接强度优于自凝硅橡胶软衬.     

不同液体浸泡对硅橡胶软衬拉伸强度的影响

目的研究不同液体浸泡对硅橡胶类软衬材料拉伸强度的影响。方法采用Vertex热凝树脂基托材料分别与Molloplast B热凝硅橡胶软衬材料(A组)和Up&Up自凝硅橡胶软衬材料(B组)粘接制作实验试件各54个,随机分成9组(编号1~9),每组6个试件,1组作为对照组,不进行任何处理;2~5组在37℃恒温人工唾液中分别浸泡1、7、30、90 d,6~9组常温条件下在义齿清洁剂中分别浸泡1、7、30、90 d。所有试件进行拉伸强度测定并观察断裂面。结果浸泡在人工唾液中的Molloplst B热凝试件和Up&Up自凝试件的拉伸强度均无显著差异(P>0.05);浸泡在义齿清洁剂中90 d的Up&Up自凝试件的拉伸强度降低,相比对照组、1 d、7 d和30 d,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);热凝硅橡胶软衬材料的强度高于自凝硅橡胶软衬材料(P<0.01)。结论人工唾液浸泡对硅橡胶软衬材料的强度无明显影响;义齿清洁剂浸泡90 d使Up&Up自凝硅橡胶软衬的拉伸强度有所降低;热凝硅橡胶软衬材料的拉伸强度高于自凝硅橡胶软衬材料。     

新型氟硅橡胶义齿软衬材料吸水性和溶解性的研究

目的：评价新型氟硅橡胶义齿软衬材料的吸水性和溶解性。方法：制备上海齿科材料厂生产丙烯酸自凝软衬材料,日本德山齿科贸易有限公司生产Tokuyama Soft Relining（TSR）,同济大学研制新型氟硅橡胶义齿软衬材料的圆形试样,每组36个随机分6组,依据《中华人民共和国医药行业标准——牙科学义齿基托聚合物（YY/0270-2003）》,检测材料在蒸馏水、人工唾液及义齿清洁剂中浸泡7天、28天的吸水性和溶解性。结果：新型氟硅橡胶义齿软衬材料在蒸馏水、人工唾液及义齿清洁剂中的吸水性和溶解性与TSR硅橡胶软衬材料相接近,两者吸水与溶解性能明显优于丙烯酸酯软衬材料,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论：新型氟硅橡胶义齿软衬材料的吸水率与溶解率与TSR硅橡胶软衬材料接近,明显优于丙烯酸酯类软衬材料,具备良好的尺寸稳定性能。     

白色念珠菌在义齿软衬表面滋生及检测

目的：探讨白色念珠菌在义齿软衬表面滋生情况并对4种白色念珠菌检查方法的阳性率进行比较。方法：对使用满1年的16副义齿软衬的34个部位标本分成3组（黏膜病变组、软衬组织面鳞屑样改变组和黏膜未见异常组）白色念珠菌培养，并与KOH消化法、革兰染色法、棉拭子培养结果相比较。结果：（1）义齿软衬垫对应黏膜病变组10个部位白色念珠菌全部阳性，与另2组差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。（2）另2组之间白色念珠菌阳性率（5／8及11／16）差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。（3）在4种白色念珠菌诊断方法中，以软衬材料培养阳性率（76．5％）最高，与棉拭子培养结果有显著差异（P〈0．05）。结论：（1）白色念珠菌能够在义齿软衬表面滋生；（2）义齿软衬鳞屑样改变与白色念珠菌滋生无关。（3）义齿性口炎的诊断应将实验室检查与临床表现相结合。     

Bond strength and failure analysis of lining materials to denture resin.

OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to investigate the bonding properties of five lining materials to a denture base resin. Two hard (chemical-cured resin: Kooliner "Coe Labs, USA" and light-cured VLC resin: Triad "Dentsply, USA") and three soft (chemical-cured resin: Express "Alcos,-USA", heat-temperature vulcanized 'HTV' silicone material: Molloplast-B "Regneri GmbH, Germany" and room-temperature vulcanized 'RTV' silicone material:Ufi Gel-P "Voco, Germany") liners were used. METHODS: Paladent 20 "Heraeus Kulzer GmbH, Germany", a conventional heat-cured polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), was used as the denture base resin and as the control material. Bonding strength and adhesion properties of the liners to PMMA were compared by tensile test and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis. After curing, an aging process was applied and the samples were immersed and stored in distilled water at 37 +/- 1 degrees C and taken out at certain aging intervals (at 0, 15, 30 and 90 days) for examination. Specimens (168) were processed for tensile tests and other specimens (24) for fracture tests. The mean and standard deviation values were calculated. Changes in the mechanical properties and the SEM findings of the adhered surfaces were evaluated. RESULTS: Triad (a hard liner) has the closest tensile strength to the control, indicating the strongest bonding between the base and the liner. Also, during the aging process, formation of better adhesion was observed in SEM micrographs. From the SEM analysis it was found that, Molloplast-B (a soft liner) also has a very good filling capacity. SIGNIFICANCE: Among the hard lining materials, VLC resin to chemical-cured resin; and among the soft lining materials, HTV resin to RTV and chemical-cured ones should be preferred for relining procedures. Molloplast-B and Express as resilient liners were found to have adequate adhesive values for clinical use.     

Sofreliner.MS软衬材料在上颌单侧游离缺失可摘局部义齿修复中的应用效果

目的分析Sofreliner.MS软衬材料在上颌单侧游离缺失可摘局部义齿修复中的应用效果。方法选择在我院就诊的上颌单侧游离缺失患者68例,随机分为试验组和对照组各34例。对照组应用常规热凝树脂材料制作可摘局部义齿,试验组应用Sofreliner.MS自凝硅胶软衬材料制作义齿。分别对两组患者义齿的治疗效果进行比较。结果试验组患者吸光度值为0.51±0.02,对照组患者吸光度值为0.29±0.03。两组患者的吸光度值比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);试验组患者的疗效和对义齿的满意度均高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论 Sofreliner.MS软衬材料可以提高上颌单侧游离缺失可摘局部义齿的修复效果,建议临床推广。     

Effect of surface treatment on the bonding of an autopolymerizing soft denture liner to a denture base resin

PURPOSE: This in vitro study evaluated the effects of surface treatments and thermocycling on the bonding of autopolymerizing silicone soft denture liner (Sofreliner) to denture base resin. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The bonding surfaces of denture base cylinders were polished with 600-grit silicon carbide paper and pretreated with applications of Sofreliner Primer, Sofreliner Primer after air abrasion, Reline Primer, or Reline Primer after air abrasion. Failure loads and elongation at failure were measured after subjecting specimens to 0, 10,000, 20,000, and 30,000 thermocycles. Failure modes were assessed for all specimens. Seven specimens were fabricated for each of 16 groups, including four pretreatments and four thermocycle groups. RESULTS: Failure loads of the Sofreliner Primer group were significantly higher than those of the air-abrasion group up to 20,000 thermocycles; both groups showed cohesive failures of the soft denture liner. Failure loads of the Reline Primer group were significantly higher than with Reline Primer after air abrasion up to 10,000 thermocycles. Failure mode after 10,000 thermocycles was cohesive for the Reline Primer group and mixed cohesive/adhesive for Reline Primer after air abrasion. Failure loads of the Sofreliner Primer group were significantly higher than those of the Reline Primer group at each thermocycling interval. Elongation values decreased after 10,000 thermocycles for all groups. CONCLUSION: Air abrasion on the denture base resin surface was not effective in enhancing failure load. Cyclic thermal stress is one factor degrading the bond between soft denture liner and acrylic resin denture base.     

注塑基托树脂力学性能的检测

目的：对Vertex注塑基托树脂的力学性能进行研究,为临床开展注塑技术提供理论依据。方法：分实验对照两组,实验组为注塑基托树脂,对照组为临床常用热凝基托树脂,按照2种基托树脂的操作步骤要求进行试样制备,对不同基托树脂的试样在材料试验机上测定其冲击强度、弯曲强度、弹性模量和布氏硬度,并对断面进行电子显微分析。结果：注塑基托树脂和热凝基托树脂的冲击强度分别为6.01±0.50KJ/mm^3,7.35±0.93KJ/mm^3,（P〉0.05）,弯曲强度为104.44±3.07MPa,90.19±6.88MPa,（P〈0.05）,弹性模量为2.1±0.2GPa,2.4±0.1Gpa,（P〉0.05）,布氏硬度为12.17±0.93kg/mm^2,19.57±2.89kg/mm^2,（P〈0.05）;两种基托树脂的微观结构有明显不同,注塑基托树脂内部分布着许多粒径颗粒。结论：Vertex注塑基托树脂不仅具有热凝基托树脂的抗冲击能力,还具有良好的抗弯性能,韧性佳,是一种比较好的义齿基托树脂。     

The nature of the interface between polymethyl methacrylate denture base materials and soft lining materials

Four of the commonly used resilient denture lining materials were investigated. They were of different chemical composition, physical forms and processing cycles. Scanning electron microscope examinations of the interface between the liners and the regular acrylic resin base material were carried out in an attempt to assess the bonding of these materials to the denture base, and to evaluate the reliability of their use. The physical and mechanical bonding properties of the resilient lining materials to acrylics were studied, which included tensile, shear, peel and compression tests to measure the efficacy of the joint between the acrylic and the lining materials and its resistance to various external damaging loads. The effect of water on the liner/denture base interface and on the liner's bonding properties to acrylics was also investigated, and the validity of roughening the tissue surface of the denture base prior to processing the liner was assessed.

The findings point to the advisability of using the acrylic type of soft liners whenever resilient liners are indicated. Roughening the fitting surface of the denture base to which the resilient lining materials are to be applied has a weakening effect on the bond between the lining and the denture base. Long-term exposure of the liners to water has a destructive effect. The infusion of the water into the material leads to swelling and stresses build up at the denture base interface and these tend to promote distortion and reduction in bonding.     

Assessment of shear bond strength between three denture reline materials and a denture base acrylic resin

PURPOSE: This study reports the effect of five surface treatments on the bond strength established between three denture reline materials and a denture base resin. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cylindric columns of denture reline materials were bonded to columns of denture base resins that received one of the surface treatments: application of dichloromethane, the monomer of the denture base resin, the recommended bonding agent or the monomer of the denture reline material, polishing with 240-grit silicone carbide paper, and air abrasion. A control group without surface treatment was included for each material. Specimens were immersed in water for 1 day and then thermocycled. The strength at which the bond failed under shear was recorded. RESULTS: None of the surface treatments significantly improved the bond strength of Kooliner. Triad bonding agent and denture base monomer applications most significantly improved the bond strengths of Triad and GC reline, respectively. CONCLUSION: Triad bonding agent and denture base monomer should be used in conjunction with Triad and GC reline, respectively, when relining a denture base resin.     

Effect of silica coating and silane surface treatment on the bond strength of soft denture liner to denture base material

Objective

This study investigated the effects of different surface treatments on the tensile bond strength of an autopolymerizing silicone denture liner to a denture base material after thermocycling.

Material and Methods

Fifty rectangular heat-polymerized acrylic resin (QC-20) specimens consisting of a set of 2 acrylic blocks were used in the tensile test. Specimens were divided into 5 test groups (n=10) according to the bonding surface treatment as follows: Group A, adhesive treatment (Ufi Gel P adhesive) (control); Group S, sandblasting using 50-µm Al₂O₃; Group SCSIL, silica coating using 30-µm Al₂O₃ modified by silica and silanized with silane agent (CoJet System); Group SCA, silica coating and adhesive application; Group SCSILA, silica coating, silane and adhesive treatment. The 2 PMMA blocks were placed into molds and the soft lining materials (Ufi Gel P) were packed into the space and polymerized. All specimens were thermocycled (5,000 cycles) before the tensile test. Bond strength data were analyzed using 1-way ANOVA and Duncan tests. Fracture surfaces were observed by scanning electron microscopy. X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS) and Fourier Transform Infrared spectrometer (FTIR) analysis were used for the chemical analysis and a profilometer was used for the roughness of the sample surfaces.

Results

The highest bond strength test value was observed for Group A (1.35±0.13); the lowest value was for Group S (0.28±0.07) and Group SCSIL (0.34±0.03). Mixed and cohesive type failures were seen in Group A, SCA and SCSILA. Group S and SCSIL showed the least silicone integrations and the roughest surfaces.

Conclusion

Sandblasting, silica coating and silane surface treatments of the denture base resin did not increase the bond strength of the silicone based soft liner. However, in this study, the chemical analysis and surface profilometer provided interesting insights about the bonding mechanism between the denture base resin and silicone soft liner.