肺切除术前肺功能与术后并发症的关系探讨

目的　探讨术前肺功能与肺切除术后并发症的相关关系。方法　对 318例肺切除患者于术前行肺功能检查 ,观察其术后并发症的发生。结果　 76例患者肺切除术后发生并发症 ,1秒钟用力呼气量 (FEV1 )占预计值 %、最大通气量 (MVV)占预计值 %、术后预计 FEV1 (FEV1 - ppo)降低与术后并发症有显著相关性。术前心肺基础疾患亦是术后并发症的高危因素。结论　 FEV1 占预计值 % <70 % ,MVV占预计值 % <5 0 % ,FEV1 - ppo<1.0 L 时 ,全肺切除的危险性增大 ;FEV1 占预计值 % <6 0 % ,MVV占预计值 % <4 0 % ,FEV1 - ppo<1.0 L 时 ,肺叶切除危险性升高。     

Pain intensity and postoperative pulmonary complications among the elderly after abdominal surgery

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether postoperative pain intensity differs between elderly abdominal surgery patients in whom postoperative pulmonary complications (PPC) develop and those in whom they do not. METHODS: The exploratory secondary analysis of data from a prospective study of risk factors for PPC had a convenience sample of 86 patients (> or =60 years old) after abdominal surgery at 3 Midwestern hospitals. Daily measurements from postoperative day (POD) 1 to 6 included: pain (rated 0 to 10) at rest, with coughing, deep breathing, movement and walking, and frequency of ambulation. RESULTS: Sixteen subjects (18.6%) had a PPC develop. Subjects with PPCs had higher mean pain intensities on all measures on each POD than those without. Those with PPCs had significantly higher pain intensities at rest on POD4 (P = .010), with deep breathing on POD2 (P = .015), POD4 (P = .009), POD5 (P = .006), and POD6 (P = .009), were up to a chair significantly fewer times on POD2 (P = .043), and walked significantly fewer times on POD5 (P = .002) and POD6 (P = .000) than those without PPCs. Length of stay for those with PPCs (mean, 17.9 days; standard deviation, 15.9 days; median, 10.0 days) was significantly longer than for those without PPCs (mean, 8.5 days; standard deviation, 4.8 days; median, 7.0 days; P = .000). CONCLUSION: Results provide support for viewing pain as a factor that contributes to the development of PPCs among the elderly population after abdominal surgery. Therefore, nursing interventions of pain assessment and management, deep breathing, and ambulation may influence the incidence of this outcome.     

老年肝胆外科手术患者术后肺部并发症与膈肌功能的相关性

目的 分析老年肝胆外科手术患者术后肺部并发症(PPCs)与膈肌功能的关系。方法 收集解放军总医院第二医学中心综合外科行肝胆外科手术的16例老年患者的临床资料。根据术后是否出现肺部并发症分为PPCs组(6例)和非PPCs组(10例)。应用床旁超声分别于术前1天、术后当天、术后第1天、术后第3天及术后第7天监测患者右侧膈肌移动度(DE)。比较2组患者术前DE、术后最小DE、ΔDE、手术时间及手术方式的差异。采用SPSS 23.0统计软件进行数据分析。采用多因素logistic回归分析影响PPCs的危险因素,并绘制受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线评价其对PPCs的预测价值。结果 2组患者术前DE及手术方式比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05)。与非PPCs组相比,PPCs组患者手术时间更长[(247.500±68.099)和(162.300±66.111)min]、术后最小DE更小[(1.071±0.202)和(1.414±0.236)cm]、ΔDE更大[(0.536±0.106)和(0.343±0.139)cm],差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析显示,手术时间及术后最小DE是影响PPCs的独立危险因素。手术时间及术后最小DE预测PPCs的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.825(95%CI 0.670～0.980)和0.867(95%CI 0.693～0.974),最佳截断点分别为210min和1.19cm,灵敏度分别为83.33%和90.00%,特异度分别为80.00％和83.33％。结论 术后膈肌功能下降及长时间手术是影响老年肝胆外科手术患者PPCs的危险因素,可通过膈肌超声监测膈肌功能对PPCs进行预测。     

Neurologic complications in the immediate postoperative period after cardiac surgery. Role of brain magnetic resonance imaging

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Neurologic complications still cause significant morbidity and mortality in the immediate postoperative period following cardiac surgery. Our understanding of the pathogenesis, prevention, and management of these lesions is constantly developing. MATERIAL AND METHOD: We describe neurologic complications and their course in a cardiac surgery cohort and analyze the value of brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), using T1-weighted, T2-weighted, and FLAIR sequences, in patients with postoperative stroke or encephalopathy in whom CT scanning revealed no abnormalities explaining their clinical condition. RESULTS: In 688 patients studied postoperatively, we observed 57 neurologic complications (8.3%): 25 strokes, 24 encephalopathies, 5 seizure disorders, 2 brain deaths, and 1 intracranial hemorrhage. Initial CT scanning failed to show significant findings in 70%. 18 patients underwent brain MRI. In all but 1 of the 11 with stroke, MRI showed areas of acute or subacute infarction (i.e., hyperintensity in FLAIR or T2-weighted sequences) in different locations, mainly in a watershed distribution. In 3 of the 4 patients with mild-to-moderate encephalopathy, MRI showed lesions similar to those previously described for stroke. In the remaining 3 patients, who had severe encephalopathy, MRI showed diffuse cortical necrosis. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of neurologic complications in the postoperative period following cardiac surgery is significant. In a high percentage of patients, brain CT scanning may not show pathologic findings. In selected patients, MRI could help identify areas of infarction not detected by CT. These images could improve clinicians' understanding of the pathogenic, pathophysiologic, clinical, and prognostic characteristics of such neurologic complications.     

Risk factors associated with postoperative pulmonary complications following oncological surgery

The purpose of our study was to determine the incidence of different postoperative pulmonary complications (PPCs) and their associated risk factors in patients who have undergone various elective surgical procedures in an oncological surgery center. Ninety five adult patients were studied prospectively for one year period. For the study group, predictors of pulmonary complications of interest were determined as age, gender, body mass index, co morbid conditions (preexisting history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, bronchiectasis, restrictive lung disease), site and type of the operation, smoking history, The American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status, physical examination and chest X- Ray findings, pulmonary function tests, type and duration of anesthesia, surgical incision site and length and presence of nasogastric tube suction. The PPC rate of our study group was 40% (38/95). Atelectasis and bronchospasm were the most frequently observed PPCs (13.7%) Among all the risk factors taken into consideration, only three were found to be significant independent predictors of pulmonary complications according to multivariate analysis as follows: incision location concerning abdomen (p= 0.008), duration of anesthesia per hour (p= 0.0001), values of FEV1 < 50% (p= 0.007). Our data revealed that the incidence of PPCs was high in our study group when compared to results of general population. Application of major resection surgeries for cancer patients can be an explanation for this result. Shortening the duration of surgery, avoiding general anaesthesia in selected group of patients may reduce the risk of PPCs.     

Cortisol metabolism in the postoperative period after cardiac surgery.

Relative 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency has been shown previously to arise from endogenous hypercortisolism in diseases of the hypothalamic/pituitary/adrenocortical system; whether stress induced hypercortisolism may also result in substrate overload of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase has not yet been studied. We therefore studied the characteristics of cortisol metabolisation during the postoperative period of cardiac surgery, representing a well standardized surgical procedure. In a prospective, observational, consecutive case study, 14 patients undergoing cardiac surgery were investigated. During the first two days after cardiac surgery urine was collected from the patients during two 10 hour overnight periods (8 p.m. (day of surgery) until 6 a.m., and during the following night). Using capillary gas-chromatography, main urinary cortisol metabolites were quantified (tetrahydrocortisone, tetrahydrocortisol, allo-tetrahydrocortisol, cortolones, cortols as sum of cortisol metabolites (CM)). Free urinary cortisol (FUC) was determined by an automated immunoassay after extraction. The ratio of cortisol metabolites (tetrahydrocortisol, allo-tetrahydrocortisol, cortols) to cortisone metabolites (tetrahydrocortisone, cortolones) was calculated to characterize the overall activity of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, an enzyme system catalyzing the conversion of cortisol to inactive cortisone (CMR, cortisol metabolisation ratio). Total cortisol metabolisation (including hepatic ring A-reduction and conjugation) was estimated by a cortisol turnover quotient (CM/FUC). In all urinary samples the ratio of cortisol to cortisone metabolites was markedly elevated compared to controls (patients: median 1.9, interquartile range 1.5-2.4, absolute range 1.0-3.2; controls: median 0.45, interquartile range 0.36-0.52); this ratio was positively correlated to FUC (r2 = 0.30; p = 0.003). The cortisol turnover quotient was markedly reduced (patients: median 38.0, interquartile range 20.0-103.9, absolute range 8.3-211.9; controls: median 259, interquartile range 176-415) and inversely correlated to FUC (r2 = 0.64, p < 0.001). It is concluded that major surgical trauma results in a marked relative reduction of cortisol inactivation probably consequent to substrate overload of the metabolizing enzymes; as the activity of these enzymes (mainly 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) is crucial for the modulation of cortisol receptor access, tissue corticoid sensitivity in the postoperative period may vary substantially from physiological conditions.     

肺癌微创切除术与术前肺功能的相关性简

目的 探讨肺癌患者术前肺功能与微创切除术后肺部并发症的相关性研究.方法 回顾性研究我院126例微创切除术后的肺癌患者,分析并发症发生情况及术前第一秒呼气容量（FEV1）和一氧化碳弥散量（DLco）与术后并发症的相关性.结果 无并发症组（A组）和并发症组（B组）在ppoFEV1、DLco占预计值的百分值及ppoDLco方面,A组明显高于B组,两者比较有明显统计学意义（P〈0.05）.Logistic回归分析提示只有DLco占预计值百分比与肺部并发症的发生呈负相关（P〈0.05）.结论 DLco占预计值百分比与肺部并发症的发生呈负相关.     

Preoperative pulmonary function and complications after cardiovascular surgery.

Results of preoperative pulmonary function tests were evaluated in 106 patients who had major thoracic or upper abdominal cardiovascular surgery. These results were related to the occurrence of postoperative complications by comparison of pulmonary function data in patients with an ICU stay of less than 5 days versus patients with an ICU stay of greater than 5 days. However, quantitative analysis of several specific parameters of pulmonary function tests failed to reveal any difference in the incidence of postoperative complications between patients with modest versus severe preoperative dysfunction. The occurrence of atelectasis was related to type of cardiovascular surgical procedure, but not to preoperative pulmonary function tests. Abnormalities on pulmonary function tests were not the major determinants of use of preoperative respiratory therapy, and its use was unrelated to the length of stay postoperatively in the ICU. We conclude that prior to cardiovascular surgery, routine quantitation of clinically apparent pulmonary dysfunction may be of little value in predicting postoperative morbidity and much less important than careful clinical evaluation. When pulmonary function tests are performed in such patients, simple spirometric tests and arterial blood gas levels are adequate.     

老年结直肠癌患者术前衰弱与术后并发症的相关性

目的 探讨老年结直肠癌根治术患者术前衰弱与术后并发症的相关性。方法 选取2021年5月至8月广西医科大学附属肿瘤医院147例择期行腹腔镜结直肠癌根治术的老年患者为研究对象,采用一般资料调查表、美国医师麻醉协会(ASA)分级标准、蒂尔堡衰弱指数量表,调查患者衰弱和分级情况,同时记录患者并发症发生情况。采用SPSS 26.0统计软件进行数据分析。根据数据类型,组间比较采用χ²检验。采用二元logistic 回归分析老年结直肠癌根治术患者术后并发症发生的危险因素。采用Spearman秩相关分析术前衰弱与术后并发症的相关性。构建受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线评价术前衰弱评估、ASA分级及联合应用对术后并发症的预测价值。结果 logistic回归分析结果显示,日常生活能力量表(ADL)得分、衰弱得分、ASA分级是患者术后并发症发生的影响因素。Speaman相关分析结果显示,术前衰弱与术后并发症呈正相关(r=0.427)。衰弱评估联合ASA分级ROC曲线下面积大于单独使用衰弱评估或ASA分级,曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.797、0.740与0.697,联合应用的灵敏度和特异度分别为92.3%和51.9%。结论 术前衰弱是术后并发症发生的独立危险因素及预测因子,术前衰弱评估联合ASA分级能提高对术后并发症发生的预测能力,为患者围手术期安全管理提供依据。     

Correction of pulmonary hypertension in heart surgery patients during the immediate postoperative period

Long-acting nitrates given to patients undergone mitral commissurotomy caused a decrease in pulmonary hypertension severity. With nitroglycerin, euphylline, and papaverine, pulmonary pressure and total pulmonary and pulmonary arterial resistances, which was followed by enhanced cardiac output, optimized ejection fraction, and mean left ventricular blood ejection rate.     

Relationship between pre-TIPS hepatic hemodynamics and postoperative incidence of hepatic encephalopathy

BACKGROUND: Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is one of the complications that have limited the effectiveness of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) most significantly. Up to the present, the predicting factors of HE post-TIPS have been debated controversially. This study was undertaken to verify the relationship between pre-TIPS intrahepatic hemodynamics and the incidence of post-TIPS HE. METHODS: The hepatic blood dynamics was evaluated in 41 patients with liver cirrhosis before TIPS and at one month after TIPS by ultrasonography. The patients were divided into two groups according to Doppler findings before TIPS: group 1, patients with prograde portal flow, and group 2, patients with hepatofugal or back-forth portal flow. The clinical characteristics (age, sex, etiology of liver disease, pre-TIPS Child-Pugh score, incidence of pre-TIPS HE, and portacaval pressure gradient), incidence of post TIPS HE, and pre-/post-TIPS hepatic arterial resistant index (RI) in the two groups were compared. The independent prognostic value of pre-TIPS variables for the onset of HE after TIPS, including age, Child-Pugh score, presence of HE before TIPS, and the pattern of portal flow, was tested with a multiple-factor regression analysis. RESULTS: No significant difference in age, etiology of liver disease, indications of TIPS placement, incidence of HE before TIPS, and portacaval gradient before and after TIPS was observed between the two groups; but liver failure was more severe in group 2 (P<0.05). The incidence of post-TIPS HE in group 2 was significantly lower than that in group 1 (P<0.01). Pre-TIPS, the RI of the hepatic artery in group 1 was significantly higher than that in group 2 (P<0.01). However, TIPS induced a significantly decreased RI in group 1 (P <0.01), but not in group 2. Multiple-factor regression analysis demonstrated that the pattern of portal flow before TIPS was closely associated with the onset of post TIPS HE. CONCLUSIONS: Pre-TIPS intrahepatic hetnodynamics is closely related to the incidence of post-TIPS HE. Hepatic hetnodynamics of patients with hepatofugal portal blood flow only changes a little after TIPS and still provides compensatory blood supply of the hepatic artery, and the hepatic function is less affected. Hence HE is unlikely. Hepatic hemodynamics of patients with prograde portal blood flow changes a lot after TIPS, and dual blood supply of the portal vein and hepatic artery changes into compensatory blood supply of the hepatic artery, and hepatic function suffers greatly in a short time. Thus HE is mostly likely.     

Impact of postoperative weight gain on complications after liver surgery

BackgroundRecent data has suggested that excessive perioperative weight gain may be associated with adverse outcomes after abdominal surgery, but this observation remains unexplored following liver surgery. The present study aimed to investigate the predictive value of perioperative weight fluctuation in predicting complications after liver surgery.MethodsRetrospective monocentric analysis of consecutive patients undergoing liver surgery between 2010 and 2016. Patients without available perioperative weight were excluded. Test variable was postoperative weight change (ΔWeight) measured on day 2 (POD2). Primary outcome was postoperative major morbidity according to Clavien classification (grades III–IV). Secondary outcomes were overall complications, Comprehensive Complication Index (CCI) and length of hospital stay (LoS). Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) and logistic regression with multivariable analysis were performed.ResultsA total of 181 patients met the inclusion criteria. Major and overall postoperative complications were reported in 25 (14%) and 87 (48%) patients, respectively. On POD2, median ΔWeight was 2.6 Kg (IQR: 1.1–4.0). Patients with major complications showed increased ΔWeight of 4.2 Kg (IQR: 2.7–5.7), compared to 2.3 Kg (IQR: 0.9–3.7) in patients without major complications (p < 0.001). AUROC of ΔWeight for major complications was 0.74, determining an optimal cut-off of 3.5 Kg, which yielded a negative predictive value of 94%. Multivariable analysis identified ΔWeight ≥3.5 Kg as independent predictor of major complications (OR, 4.73; 95% CI, 1.51–14.80; p = 0.008).ConclusionΔWeight ≥3.5 Kg was independently associated with major complications after liver surgery. Perioperative fluctuation of weight appears as an important predictor of adverse outcomes after liver surgery.     

Can postoperative pulmonary complications after elective cholecystectomy be predicted?

To determine predictors of postoperative morbidity in elective cholecystectomy patients, the authors examined prospectively the consequences of age, sex, active and past smoking, respiratory history, obesity, type of surgical incision, and preoperative pulmonary function, upon the incidence of postoperative pulmonary complications and length of hospitalization. They identified 31 (14.8%) complications in 209 patients; 21 had atelectasis, 8 purulent bronchitis, and 2 pneumonia. These patients averaged 1.5 days longer in the hospital (p less than 0.001 by analysis of variance) than control patients. Abnormal spirometry (MEFV) and the single-breath nitrogen test (SBN2) were significant predictors of postoperative pulmonary complications (p less than 0.001 by discriminant analysis method). Active smoking and history of respiratory disease were associated with abnormal small airway function (p less than 0.001 by chisquare test), but did not predict postoperative morbidity. By analysis of variance, only a reduction in preoperative FVC emerged as predictive of prolonged hospitalization (p less than 0.001). These results were used to determine if the selection of patients by preoperative pulmonary function testing permits more cost-effective administration of respiratory therapy (RT) services. Neither the MEFV nor SBN2 had sufficient specificity to enhance the cost effectiveness of postoperative RT.     

食管癌术后肺部并发症的患者相关危险因素分析

目的研究食管癌手术后肺部并发症发生的患者相关危险因素。方法回顾分析181例食管癌手术的临床资料,对数据进行单因素分析,并选对有统计学意义的因素进行Logistic回归分析。结果术后肺部并发症发生率为26.52%。结果显示:年龄≥70岁、肺部基础疾病、肺功能中重度下降、肿块位置、肥胖、低蛋白血症、吸烟、糖尿病、心脏基础疾病为食管癌术后肺部并发症的危险因素(P0.05)。其中,前四项为独立危险因素。结论食管癌术后肺部并发症发生率较高,导致术后发生肺部并发症的患者相关危险因素较多,应针对危险因素尽早干预,减少术后肺部并发症的发生。     

Prevention of postoperative pulmonary complications through intensive preoperative respiratory rehabilitation in patients with esophageal cancer

Postoperative pulmonary complications (PPCs) after esophagectomy have been reported to occur in 15.9–30% of patients and lead to increased postoperative morbidity and mortality, prolonged duration of hospital stay, and additional medical costs. The purpose of this retrospective cohort study was to investigate the possible prevention of PPCs by intensive preoperative respiratory rehabilitation in esophageal cancer patients who underwent esophagectomy. The subjects included 100 patients (87 males and 13 females with mean age 66.5 ± 8.6 years) who underwent esophagectomy. They were divided into two groups: 63 patients (53 males and 10 females with mean age 67.4 ± 9.0 years) in the preoperative rehabilitation (PR) group and 37 patients (34 males and 3 females with mean age 65.0 ± 7.8 years) in the non‐PR (NPR) group. The PR group received sufficient preoperative respiratory rehabilitation for >7 days, and the NPR group insufficiently received preoperative respiratory rehabilitation or none at all. The results of the logistic regression analysis and multivariate analysis to correct for all considerable confounding factors revealed the rates of PPCs of 6.4% and 24.3% in the PR group and NPR group, respectively. The PR group demonstrated a significantly less incidence rate of PPCs than the NPR group (odds ratio: 0.14, 95% confidential interval: 0.02 ～ 0.64). [Correction added after online publication 25 June 2012: confidence interval has been changed from ?1.86 ～ ?0.22] This study showed that the intensive preoperative respiratory rehabilitation reduced PPCs in esophageal cancer patients who underwent esophagectomy.