不同炮制方法对不同产地桂枝中有效成分含量及抗氧化作用的影响

目的研究经炮制后不同产地桂枝中香豆素、肉桂醇、肉桂酸及桂皮醛的含量变化和抗氧化活性。方法采用高效液相色谱法分别测定广东、广西、云南及福建生、炒、蜜制桂枝中香豆素、肉桂醇、肉桂酸、桂皮醛的含量。色谱柱为Agilent TC-C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相:乙腈-0.1%磷酸溶液(28∶72);流速:1.0 mL·min-1;柱温:30℃;检测波长:290 nm。同时采用紫外分光光度计以DPPH·清除率(IC50值)来评价其抗氧化活性。结果福建炒桂枝中香豆素含量最高,广东生品中肉桂醇含量最高,云南生品中肉桂酸含量最高,福建生品中桂皮醛含量最高;云南蜜制品的抗氧化活性最大。结论本研究建立了同时检测桂枝中4种有效成分的检测方法,该方法简便、可靠、重复性好。不同产地桂枝经不同炮制方法后香豆素、肉桂醇、肉桂酸及桂皮醛的含量及抗氧化活性均有一定的差异。     

响应面法优化蜜桂枝的微波炮制工艺

目的优化蜜桂枝的微波炮制工艺。方法根据单因素实验结果,用HPLC法测定蜜桂枝中桂皮醛、香豆素、桂皮酸及桂皮醇的总评归一值,对闷润时间、火力、炼蜜用量及炮制时间进行研究,经响应面法优化蜜桂枝微波炮制工艺。结果最佳工艺条件为闷润1.6 h,火力40%,炼蜜用量17.5%,炮制时间5 min。结论首次采用总评归一法对蜜桂枝的微波炮制工艺进行研究,该方法高效节能,易于操作,耗时短,可作为炮制蜜桂枝的新方法。     

不同处理方法对当归、黄芪多糖含量的影响

目的 探讨当归、黄芪经过不同方法处理后多糖含量的变化.方法 使用硫酸-苯酚法测定当归、黄芪及其不同炮制品中多糖含量.结果 酒炙和清炒提高了当归的多糖含量,炭炒使其多糖含量降低;酒炙和蜜炙提高了黄芪的多糖含量,麸炒、清炒及米炒则使其多糖含量降低.结论 不同处理方法能显著影响当归及黄芪中的多糖含量,这对研究中药炮制理论及促进临床合理用药有显著指导意义.     

不同炮制方法对白芨多糖含量的影响

目的 分析不同炮制方法对白芨多糖含量的影响,从量效学的角度初步探讨开展炮制增效的可行性.方法 按照《药典》炮制通则项下方法分别制备炒黄、炒焦和炒炭三种炮制方法样品,各样品采用超声法提取多糖,利用苯酚-硫酸法测定白芨多糖含量.结果 不同炮制方法对白芨多糖含量影响显著:与生品比较,炒黄品中多糖含量显著升高(P<0.05),...     

HPLC法测定桂枝茯苓胶囊中肉桂酸、桂皮醛和丹皮酚的含量

目的测定成药桂枝茯苓胶囊中肉桂酸、桂皮醛和丹皮酚的含量。方法用HPLC法,Sh im-pack CLC-ODS色谱柱为固定相,乙腈-0.1%磷酸溶液(30∶70)为流动相;检测波长为284 nm。结果肉桂酸的线性范围为0.42~2.52 mg.L-1(r=0.9998),桂皮醛的线性范围为3.60~36.00 mg.L-1(r=0.9998)和丹皮酚的线性范围为6.05~60.5 mg.L-1(r=0.999 9)。平均回收率肉桂酸为98.21%(RSD=2.64%,n=5),桂皮醛为96.28%(RSD=1.40%,n=5),丹皮酚为98.78%(RSD=1.49%,n=5)。结论此方法快速、准确、适用于桂枝茯苓胶囊的含量测定,且所测三种主要成分之间无干扰。     

双波长切换HPLC同时测定桂枝甘草汤中4种成分的含量

目的建立桂枝甘草汤中4种成分同时含量测定的方法。方法采用高效液相色谱法,KromasilC18柱（4．6mm×250mm,5um）,以乙腈-0．1％甲酸水溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱,流速：1．0mL·min-1,双波长切换时间序列采样：0～29．5 min为276nm;29．5～32．0min为370nm。结果甘草苷、肉桂酸、桂皮醛、异甘草素分别在10．0～160,2．50～40．0,16．0～256,0．050～0．8ug·mL-1内,线性关系良好。结论该方法准确、简便、专属性好,可用于桂枝甘草汤中甘草苷、肉桂酸、桂皮醛和异甘草素4种成分的含量测定,为桂枝甘草汤的质量控制提供依据。     

桂枝的薄层鉴别及含量测定

目的 对《中华人民共和国药典》(2020年版)中桂枝的薄层鉴别和含量测定方法进行改进.方法 以桂皮醛、肉桂酸、桂枝对照药材为对照品,对桂枝药材进行了薄层鉴别和含量测定条件的研究;并对不同产地的桂枝药材进行薄层鉴别和含量测定.结果 薄层色谱斑点清晰,分离度好,易于检出,重现性佳.含量测定方法分离效率高,重复性好.结论 所...     

肉桂药材粉末中桂皮醛与单体桂皮醛肠代谢差异比较

目的:考察并比较桂皮醛单体及肉桂药材粉末中桂皮醛在大鼠小肠黏膜匀浆液中的代谢特性。方法:采用体外温孵法,以HPLC测定桂皮醛和肉桂酸的含量,考察桂皮醛随时间和浓度代谢变化的动力学特征。HPLC条件:采用Diamonsil C18(150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),以0.1%磷酸-乙腈(70∶30)为流动相,流速1.0 mL.min-1,检测波长280 nm,柱温25℃。结果:桂皮醛在大鼠小肠匀浆液中很不稳定,含量很快降低,主要代谢产物为肉桂酸。随着桂皮醛浓度的增加,桂皮醛降解达到稳定的时间逐渐延长;其降解速率随着桂皮醛浓度的增大而增加,当桂皮醛浓度达到0.4 mg.mL-1之后,降解速率趋稳。对6个浓度桂皮醛的代谢观察,当单体桂皮醛和肉桂粉末供试品溶液中桂皮醛含量相同时,单体桂皮醛较药材粉末的代谢速率快得多,二者差异明显,肉桂酸的生成也具有同样的趋势。而桂皮醛单体在经加热使代谢酶失活的肠匀浆液中随时间和浓度变化较小。结论:肉桂中主要成分桂皮醛很易在大鼠小肠中受酶代谢降解,主要代谢产物是肉桂酸,药材中的桂皮醛因释放缓慢及与代谢酶接触机会少而受到保护,延缓了其在肠中代谢速率。     

肉桂酸与桂皮醛的平衡溶解度及表观油水分配系数的测定

摘 要 目的：测定肉桂酸与桂皮醛的平衡溶解度及表观油水分配系数(Papp)。方法: 采用HPLC法测定肉桂酸与桂皮醛在不同pH的缓冲溶液中的平衡溶解度;结合摇瓶法测定其在不同pH缓冲盐溶液及正辛醇 水溶液中的表观油水分配系数。结果:在pH 7.8的缓冲溶液中肉桂酸的平衡溶解度最大,pH 6.8的缓冲溶液中桂皮醛的平衡溶解度最大;肉桂酸与桂皮醛在正辛醇饱和的水溶液中lgPapp值分别为0.85与1.26, 在不同磷酸盐缓冲液中（pH 1.2～7.8）的lgPapp范围分别在-1.04～2.27,0.29～1.67之间。结论:此法简便、准确、快捷,可预测化学成分在体内的吸收;在胃肠道环境中,桂皮醛的吸收较好,肉桂酸在胃中的吸收较差,在肠道中吸收较好。     

桂枝茯苓丸检测方法的研究

桂枝茯苓丸收载于卫生部药品标准中药成方制剂第一册 ,其质量控制方法仅有性状和常规检查 ,为更好地控制本品的内在质量 ,完善药品标准 ,本文对其桂枝、牡丹皮、赤芍进行了ＴＬＣ鉴别 ,并用ＨＰＬＣ法对桂枝中所含的肉桂酸进行了含量测定。结果表明 ,方法重现性好 ,样品处理简便 ,结果准确 ,可作为桂枝茯苓丸的质量控制方法。1　仪器与试剂ＳＰ高效液相色谱仪 (ＳＰ - 880 0型泵 ,ＳＰＵＶ -2 0 0检测器 ,ＳＰ440 0数据处理机 ) ;ＣＸ - 2 50型超声波清洗器 (北京医疗设备二厂 ) ;硅胶Ｇ (青岛海洋化工厂 ) ;桂皮醛、丹皮酚、芍药甙、肉桂酸…     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.