头孢曲松钠过敏性休克致植物人状态

1例40岁女性患者,因胃肠型呼吸道感染,给予头孢曲松钠2.0 g加入0.9％氯化钠注射液250 ml静脉滴注。滴注约5 min时,患者出现胸闷、呼吸困难、抽搐、口吐白沫,呼之不应。立即停药,血压测不出。给予气管插管和抗休克治疗,2 h后血压138/68mm Hg,患者持续中度昏迷。收入院,继续给予抗休克、纠正酸碱平衡等治疗。入院第2天头部CT示脑组织弥漫性肿胀。住院3周,患者仍持续昏迷。出院后9个月,患者继续处于植物人状态。     

Current recommendations for the treatment of Lyme disease.

Lyme disease is a multisystem inflammatory disease caused by infection with Borrelia burgdorferi. Soon after the tick bite which transmits the infection, the pathognomonic skin rash erythema chronicum migrans occurs in 50 to 70% of patients, often with associated symptoms resembling a 'summer cold' or viral infection. Therapy for this stage of disease consists of 3 to 4 weeks of oral therapy. The agents currently used are: amoxicillin (500 mg 3 or 4 times daily) with or without probenecid 500 mg 3 times daily, doxycycline (100 mg twice daily), or tetracycline (500 mg 4 times daily). Longer duration therapy has never been evaluated and therefore is not currently indicated. Even patients with severe early manifestations of Lyme disease should be treated orally. Later features of Lyme disease include carditis and neurological disease, which can occur days to approximately 9 months after the onset of illness, and arthritis and neurological disease which can occur weeks to years after the onset of the illness. Treatment at this stage is with 2 to 3 weeks of intravenous antibiotics, currently cefotaxime (3 g every 12 hours), ceftriaxone (1 g every 12 hours or 2 g every day) and benzylpenicillin (14 g in divided doses). There is no evidence that longer duration therapy is indicated or more efficacious. The exception to this suggestion is the patient with isolated facial seventh cranial nerve palsy; if such a patient has no other signs or symptoms to suggest Lyme disease and has normal spinal fluid, oral therapy is usually sufficient, although some physicians will give concomitant corticosteroids to hasten the resolution of the palsy. Of major consequence to the practitioner and patient is the possibility that persistent symptoms (e.g. fibromyalgia) may be caused by a process which is no longer antibiotic-sensitive. Special care in the management of so-called 'chronic Lyme disease' is crucial lest the clinician prescribes prolonged or unending courses of antibiotics for such noninfectious problems.     

Acute carbon monoxide poisoning. Risk of late sequelae and treatment by hyperbaric oxygen

The indications for hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBO) in the treatment of acute carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning are discussed far too little in the literature. Depending on the author reasons for referral to a hyperbaric center include the carboxyhemoglobin level, change in state of consciousness or neurological abnormalities. In our opinion, HBO should be used on much wider indications than is usual, not only because of the rapid relief from symptoms it provides but mainly because it may prevent severe delayed sequelae. During a period of 9 months 230 patients with CO poisoning were admitted to our intensive care unit; 203 were treated with HBO and 27 with normobaric oxygen. Our indications for HBO treatment were: coma, pathological neurological findings or loss of consciousness during CO exposure irrespective of normal clinical findings on admission. Four patients died and the others were discharged 12 hours to 25 days after the incident. Seven patients had minor neurological problems within two weeks of discharge and which disappeared within one month. Two patients were re-hospitalized for neuropsychiatric sequelae and recovered in 3 and 6 months respectively. Neither the clinical status upon admission nor COHb predicted the outcome of the poisoning. Referral to a HBO center should be considered when: --the patient is comatose --there are abnormal clinical findings --patients have been unconsciousness during exposure, irrespective of whether they are conscious on admission and have normal clinical status.     

A case of fatal diquat poisoning: toxicokinetic data and autopsy findings

CASE REPORT: A 37-year-old man ingested in a suicide attempt 300 mL of a diquat solution (equivalent to 60 g diquat ion). The initial diquat serum concentration was 64 microg/mL 4 hours after poisoning. The clinical course was characterized by a progressive anuria and by neurological disorders (coma and seizures). The patient died 26 hours after poisoning from refractory cardiocirculatory collapse. Extracorporeal techniques removed 1.09 g of diquat which could be considered as significant in regard to the total amount that was likely absorbed, but they did not influence the clinical outcome. There was marked renal tubular damage at autopsy and the highest diquat tissue concentration was found in the kidneys.     

Poisoning with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid treated by hemodialysis

In this paper four patients are presented who had been poisoned by 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). The first patient, aged 51 years, had attempted to commit suicide by taking orally 400 ml of a 40% solution of 2,4-D. He was admitted in a coma, 6.5 h after poisoning. Extracorporal hemodialysis was performed and the course of the illness was satisfactory. The second patient, aged 80 years, had accidentally drunk 100 ml of a 40% solution of 2,4-D. He was admitted in a coma a few hours after poisoning. Hemodialysis and resin hemoperfusion were performed and the course of the illness was satisfactory. Prior to the above therapy the patient had a 2,4-D serum concentration of 177 mg/100 ml. 2,4-D clearance was 56,3 ml/min during this therapy. The third patient, aged 24 years, had drunk 200 ml of a 40% solution of 2,4-D in a suicide attempt, and paraquat poisoning was also suspected. He was admitted 10 h after poisoning and immediately hemodialysis and hemoperfusion were carried out: the course of the illness was satisfactory. On admittance the concentration of 2,4-D in serum was 122.5 mg/100 ml, and clearance was 72.9 ml/min during treatment.The fourth patient, aged 50 years, had accidentally drunk 100–200 ml of a 40% solution of 2,4-D. He was admitted in a coma 3 h after poisoning. Hemodialysis was performed and the course of the illness was satisfactory. On admittance the concentration of 2,4-D in serum was 37 mg/100 ml and clearance was 68.7 ml/min. On the fourth day after admittance clinical signs of 2,4-D poisoning appeared again, with a serum concentration of 43.9 ml/100 ml. The patient's condition improved after further hemodialysis. In the first two patients there was a prolonged corrected Q-T interval during coma.     

肌功能训练对高角开(牙合)患者的咬肌肌电影响

目的:研究青少年肌功能训练前后高角开咬肌在息止紧咬、吞咽和咀嚼运动中的肌电活动变化。方法:应用肌电图仪测量32例高角开青少年在单纯进行肌功能训练3个月前后的咬肌肌电活动,并进行比较分析。结果:训练后在最大紧咬和吞咽时,咬肌肌电活动均高于训练前(P<0.05或P<0.01),而且咬肌咀嚼周期总时程缩短(P<0.01),闭口相至食物粉碎相咬肌活动增强(P<0.01)。结论:经过3个月的咀嚼肌功能训练,在不同下颌运动状态下,高角开青少年咬肌收缩和咀嚼功能均有改善,提示肌功能训练有利于高角开患者的正畸治疗。     

Severe carbon monoxide poisoning treated by hyperbaric oxygen therapy--a case report

Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning is an important cause of mortality and late neurological sequelae such as memory loss, personality changes, psychosis, dementia, and so on. The benefits of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy are still discussed, but the majority of trials recommend it in severe cases with coma and/or hemodynamic instability, irrespective of carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) level, to prevent permanent neurological deficits. We present a 35-yr-old woman who underwent accidental CO poisoning. Although breathing 100% oxygen by mask during transfer to the hospital, she was in deep coma, hypotensive, cyanotic, and hypoxic (arterial pO(2) 7,41 kPa, HbO(2) 87.8%), with serum COHb 26.7% on hospital admission. Orotracheal intubation, mechanical ventilation, iv fluids, dobutamin, and norepinephrine were administered. COHb level decreased to 17.2% within 1 h. To prevent severe neurological sequelae, the patient was transferred as soon as possible to an HBO center 60 km distant to perform HBO therapy twice at 3.0 and once at 2.2 atm within 24 h. After the second HBO session, the patient regained consciousness, and respiratory failure and shock resolved. She was transferred to our hospital and discharged few weeks later with discrete paresis of peripheral nerves, discrete ischemic brain lesions on computed tomography (CT) scan, and moderately abnormal electroencephalogram (EEG) without cognitive disturbances. She was able to resume her daily activities. We conclude that in severe CO poisoning, normobaric oxygen therapy and resuscitation by fluids, inotropic agents, and catecholamines is essential for survival, but additional HBO therapy seems to prevent major neurological sequelae.     

纳洛酮对急性酒精中毒的治疗效果及安全性

目的：探讨纳洛酮治疗急性酒精中毒的临床疗效与安全性。方法选取我院2011年6月～2013年6月收治的62例酒精中毒患者作为研究对象，包括18例兴奋期患者，36例处于共济失调期，8例患者处于昏迷期，全部行纳洛酮药物治疗。结果兴奋期患者与共济失调期患者行药物治疗后一般在3h内清醒，大部分陷入昏迷的患者行药物重复治疗后12h内苏醒；兴奋期患者与共济失调患者使用纳洛酮药物的剂量约为0.4～1.2mg，昏迷患者纳洛酮药物剂量为1.2～2.0mg，且需要重复给药。结论对急性酒精中毒患者行纳洛酮药物治疗能够加快患者清醒，效果明显，对于保障患者的生命安全作用突出。     

Case report: coma due to oxytetracycline

An unusual case is reported of coma of gradual onset in a 67-year old woman being treated with oxytetracycline. Ten hours after the last dose, the patient regained consciousness but remained confused with hallucinations for another 24 hours. The possibility of side-effects should be borne in mind in any patient who develops coma whilst on oxytetracycline.     

Butanol ingestion in an airport hangar

1-Butanol is a colourless organic solvent with a rancid sweet odour. 1-Butanol ingestion may result in vomiting, abdominal pain, headache, drowsiness and unconsciousness. We present a 47-year-old male with no previous medical history, who was found comatose and soiled after having vomited while unconscious. On arrival, he had a Glasgow coma scale of 3, tachycardia, hypotension, shallow tachypnoic breathing, hypotonic muscles, absent myotatic reflexes and aromatic odour. The patient was intubated and treated with oxygen, dopamine and volume replacement therapy. Gastric lavage was performed and activated charcoal was given. His initial laboratory test revealed hypokaliemia, renal failure, acidosis with elevated lactate and hypercapnic respiratory insufficiency. Twelve hours after admission, the patient started to respond to a painful stimulus and 4 h later he was conscious. He was extubated 23 h after admission. All pathological laboratory results gradually returned within normal limits. The subsequent toxicological examination of gastric content and urine sample by gas chromatography revealed 1-butanol. On awakening, he confirmed ingestion of a solvent stored in an airport hangar. In conclusion, we describe a patient who ingested - a posteriori with suicidal intention - an unknown dose of 1-butanol. Symptoms were headache, vomiting, abdominal pain, coma, muscular hypotonus, hypotension, respiratory insufficiency and mixed acidosis. The patient totally recovered after supportive therapy over 30 h. In future cases, intravenous administration of ethanol or even hemodialysis can be considered analogous to the treatment of methanol and ethylene glycol poisoning.     

糖尿病低血糖昏迷45例临床分析

目的血糖检查可以有效避免糖尿病低血糖患者误诊的产生。方法回顾性分析糖尿病低血糖昏迷45例患者的临床资料,其中进行血糖检查后紧急处置的44例,未行血糖检查仅给予一般急救处理1例。结果 44例患者在5～20min内慢慢苏醒,症状缓解及消失。留院观察24～48h,血糖控制正常范围内出院。1例患者本有癫痫史,入院前3h出现昏迷、抽搐现象,家属以癫痫发作送诊,急诊室先后考虑癫痫史、脑血管意外、糖尿病高渗性昏迷,测定血糖才知属低血糖昏迷。治疗后,25min神志逐渐清醒。结论对于昏迷患者,常规检测血糖是很有必要的。可有效避免因低血糖昏迷时间长,发生不可逆转的脑组织损害的可能性。     

一氧化碳中毒迟发型神经损伤临床特点及预后分析

目的探讨一氧化碳中毒迟发型神经损害临床特点及预后。方法对本院收治的23例一氧化碳中毒迟发型神经损害患者的临床特点及资料进行系统分析,并对预后进行评定。结果在药物对症治疗基础上行高压氧治疗,有效率为95.7%。一氧化碳中毒迟发型神经损害患者预后情况与年龄、昏迷时间、高压氧开始时间、治疗次数,以及并发症等密切相关。结论临床需加强对一氧化碳中毒迟发性神经损伤的认识,高压氧开始时间早及治疗持续时间长,预后越好。     

Severe Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Treated by Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy—A Case Report

Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning is an important cause of mortality and late neurological sequelae such as memory loss, personality changes, psychosis, dementia, and so on. The benefits of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy are still discussed, but the majority of trials recommend it in severe cases with coma and/or hemodynamic instability, irrespective of carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) level, to prevent permanent neurological deficits. We present a 35-yr-old woman who underwent accidental CO poisoning. Although breathing 100% oxygen by mask during transfer to the hospital, she was in deep coma, hypotensive, cyanotic, and hypoxic (arterial pO₂ 7,41 kPa, HbO₂ 87.8%), with serum COHb 26.7% on hospital admission. Orotracheal intubation, mechanical ventilation, iv fluids, dobutamin, and norepinephrine were administered. COHb level decreased to 17.2% within 1 h. To prevent severe neurological sequelae, the patient was transferred as soon as possible to an HBO center 60 km distant to perform HBO therapy twice at 3.0 and once at 2.2 atm within 24 h. After the second HBO session, the patient regained consciousness, and respiratory failure and shock resolved. She was transferred to our hospital and discharged few weeks later with discrete paresis of peripheral nerves, discrete ischemic brain lesions on computed tomography (CT) scan, and moderately abnormal electroencephalogram (EEG) without cognitive disturbances. She was able to resume her daily activities. We conclude that in severe CO poisoning, normobaric oxygen therapy and resuscitation by fluids, inotropic agents, and catecholamines is essential for survival, but additional HBO therapy seems to prevent major neurological sequelae.     

The humoral immune responses of patients bitten by the snake Bothrops jararaca (jararaca)

The isotype and specificity of antibodies produced by patients bitten by B. jararaca and submitted to serum therapy were studied. The IgG anti-B. jararaca antibodies have large individual dispersion, starting to appear 10 days after the first bite and increasing to at least 80 days after the bite. IgM antibodies appeared sooner than IgG antibodies but disappeared about 20 days after the bite. Secondary responses induced by an additional bite were characterized by a fast and higher IgG antibody response with no apparent change in the IgM antibody. The immunoblotting tests showed that the specificity of human anti-B. jararaca antibodies is heterogeneous, each patient recognizing different fractions in the B. jararaca venom.     

急性乙二醇中毒3例报告及文献回顾

乙二醇为防冻剂的主要成分。乙二醇主要在肝脏内先后代谢为羟乙醛、乙醇醛、乙醇酸及草酸。这些代谢特可导致代谢性酸中毒。典型临床表现通常为3个阶段：第1阶段在摄入后12h内，乙二醇致中枢神经系统抑制；第2阶段在摄入12～24h后，出现代谢性酸中毒和心肺疾病；第3阶段在摄入后24～72h。出现肾小管坏死和肾衰竭。乙二醇致死量为1．4-1．6ml／kg[成人（70kg）约为100m1]。一旦怀疑乙二醇中毒，应尽快测定乙二醇和乙醇酸血浓度明确诊断。中毒治疗原则包括早期及时洗胃，给予乙醇或甲吡唑解毒剂，血液透析，碳酸氢钠vitB6等。大多数乙二醇中毒患者经早期诊断治疗后可恢复正常。本文报告3例急性乙醇中毒，3例患者均为男性（48岁），每人服用防冻液约为150ml。2倒出现头痛有，1例出现上腹不适、兴奋、躁动。3倒患者在摄入乙醇后12～18h出现代谢性酸中毒，24h出现血尿。经洗胃和血液透析，给予法莫替丁40mg，10％葡萄糖酸钙20ml。4％碳酸氢钠静脉注射，38％白酒200ml口服。2倒治愈，1例于摄入乙二醇后29h死亡。     

Case Report: Coma Due to Oxytetracycline

Summary

An unusual case is reported of coma of gradual onset in a 67-year old woman being treated with oxytetracycline. Ten hours after the last dose, the patient regained consciousness but remained confused with hallucinations for another 24 hours. The possibility of side-effects should be borne in mind in any patient who develops coma whilst on oxytetracycline.     

小骨窗术和碎吸术治疗脑出血的临床应用研究

目的对比研究颅内血肿小骨窗清除术和颅内血肿(钻孔)碎吸清除术治疗脑出血的疗效。方法87例脑出血患者分为小骨窗组(行颅内血肿小骨窗清除术)、碎吸组(行颅内血肿碎吸清除术)和对照组(行内科保守治疗)。分别比较小骨窗组、碎吸组、保守组治疗前后的GCS评分及3组的GCS评分差。采用t检验、χ2检验和单因素方差分析比较。结果小骨窗组、碎吸组与保守组的GCS评分差比较均有差异(P<0.05);小骨窗组和碎吸组的GCS评分差比较也有差异(P<0.05)。结论小骨窗颅内血肿清除术、碎吸颅内血肿清除术、内科保守疗法在脑出血治疗中均能发挥一定的作用。小骨窗术和碎吸术在治疗中均能提高疗效、加快神经功能恢复,但小骨窗术较碎吸术能更好地发挥疗效、提高病人的生存质量。     

100例乳腺癌保乳综合治疗临床分析

目的 研究乳腺癌保乳综合治疗的方法与疗效。方法 100例Ⅰ～Ⅱ期原发性乳腺癌病例施保乳手术（局部乳腺切除＋腋淋巴结清扫术）、术中或术后瘤床插植近距放疗＋化疗。手术后2～4周再接受全乳腺外照射剂量为50Gy。激素受体阳性的患者均接受三苯氧胺治疗,随访时间中位数为42个月。结果 经随访10～96个月,平均42个月,双乳对称,外形美观。无1例出现局部复发,无死亡病例,1例出现骨转移。结论 Ⅰ～Ⅱ期乳腺癌实施保乳综合治疗,可以取得满意的临床效果,可成为早期乳腺癌的首选治疗方法。     

Hypoglycemic coma induced by inadvertent administration of glyburide

A 79-year-old nondiabetic woman was inadvertently given a 5-mg tablet of glyburide. Blood glucose concentration was 2.6 mmol/L three hours after ingestion. The patient was discharged 9 hours after ingestion and readmitted 10 1/2 hours after ingestion, in a hypoglycemic coma (blood glucose, 0.65 mmol/L). She was treated with two bolus doses of dextrose and intravenous dextrose. Her blood glucose was abnormal until hospital day 3. On hospital day 4, she was discharged with no apparent sequelae. This patient's severe reaction may have been due to mild renal insufficiency or concurrent use of timolol. Should inadvertent administration of glyburide occur in a patient with impaired renal function, the patient should be monitored for at least 24 hours.     

1例重症监护室患者抗感染用药监护分析

目的 讨论临床药师在重症患者抗感染治疗过程中进行药学监护的重要性.方法 对1例长期昏迷、多部位感染的神经外科老年患者,临床药师根据经验治疗原则、病原学检查结果 和药敏结果 ,协助医生制定抗感染药物治疗方案,监测药品不良反应并及时对症处理.结果 经过系统性治疗,患者感染得到控制,转出监护室.结论 临床药师在危重症患者的抗感染治疗过程的全程药学监护对于提高患者的治疗效果具有重要意义.