单向活瓣通气给氧在机械通气患者撤机中的应用

目的探讨在机械通气患者撤机过程中,使用单向活瓣通气给氧的方法对脱机训练的影响。方法选择行机械通气72h以上的患者48例。在准备撤机前将患者随机分成观察组和对照组各24例。观察组使用单向活瓣通气给氧的方法对患者进行脱机训练,对照组采用常规氧气管给氧通气的方法。观察2组患者的血气分析、呼吸频率、心率、血压变化,并了解患者的耐受性及舒适度改变等指标。结果2组患者在脱机后1,3,24h动脉血气分析的血氧分压(PaO2)、动脉血氧饱和度(SaO2)、呼吸次数、心率、血压变化相比较,差异有统计学意义。观察组患者的耐受性及舒适度显著优于对照组。结论使用单向活瓣通气给氧用于机械通气患者的撤机,可以使患者能吸入较精确的足够的氧混合气体,降低导管死腔,减少患者的呼吸做功,增加患者的舒适度,从而能使患者达到快速、顺利脱机的目的。     

心理护理在ICU机械通气撤机失败患者中的应用

目的探讨心理护理在改善ICU机械通气撤机失败患者心理状态及提高撤机成功率中的作用.方法选择17例符合撤机标准而撤机失败的ICU患者,予以分析心理原因及分别进行有针对性的心理护理.结果 17例患者在经过有针对性的心理护理后心理状态均有改善,最终撤机成功.结论心理护理能改善患者心理状态、增强患者自信心,从而提高撤机成功率.     

程序化撤机策略在脑梗死机械通气病人撤机中的应用

[目的]探讨程序化撤机策略在脑梗死机械通气病人撤机中的应用,总结其护理措施。[方法]对96例脑梗死行机械通气病人采用程序化撤机的方式进行撤机,并进行相应的护理。[结果]3d内成功撤机8例,3d～7d成功撤机69例,〉10d成功撤机8例,撤机不成功11例,撤机成功率为88.5%。[结论]脑梗死机械通气病人应用程序化撤机策略进行撤机,可提高撤机的成功率。     

机械通气患者撤机过程的临床经验与护理体会

近年来机械通气的使用日益普及,很多重症患者的生命由此得到了及时的救治。但从使用机械通气的原则上讲,一旦开始机械通气后,就应努力创造条件,及时将其撤除（简称撤机）。如何能尽早、安全撤机,尚无统一模式。本文对近10年来我们经治的150例使用机械通气的重症患者在撤机过程中的实践经验及护理体会总结如下。     

机械通气程序化撤机策略 在重症脑血管病患者中的应用

目的：分析机械通气程序化撤机策略在重症脑血管病患者中的应用。方法：采用机械通气的重症脑 血管病患者80例,随机分为程序化组与非程序化组,各40例。所有患者均根据病种和病情予以神经内科基 础治疗,程序化组采取程序化撤机过程,非程序化组采取经验性撤机过程。观察并记录2组拔管相关指标、 撤机时间、机械通气时间、撤机成功率、并发症发生率及住院相关情况。结果：程序化组的拔管时间及HCT 均低于非程序化组（均P＜0.05）;程序化组的撤机时间和机械通气时间短于非程序化组（均P＜0.05）,撤机 成功率高于非程序化组,且呼吸机相关肺炎率降低（均P＜0.05）,48 h内再插管率差异无统计学意义（P＞ 0.05）;程序化组在ICU住院时间及住院费用均明显少于非程序化组（均P＜0.05）,总住院时间差异无统计 学意义（P＞0.05）。结论：对重症脑血管患者实施机械通气程序化撤机策略能有效提高撤机成功率,减少撤 机及拔管时间,降低并发症发生率,减少住院费用。     

机械通气患者撤机失败的原因分析及对策

目的 探讨机械通气患者撤机失败的原因,并提出相应的护理对策.方法 对40例符合撤机失败判定标准的病例进行回顾性分析,总结其撤机失败的原因.结果 40例患者撤机失败的主要原因为:呼吸道管理不善12例,呼吸肌疲劳和呼吸衰弱8例,原发病未得到有效控制13例,心理障碍7例.结论 有效控制原发病,加强呼吸道的管理和心理护理,避免...     

重症机械通气患者成功撤机的护理观察

总结了长期机械通气的重症患者成功脱机的方法与护理。主要方法包括针对不同患者采用呼吸肌功能锻炼、肺复张治疗、营养支持、心理护理、有效管理呼吸道、严密监测动脉血气结果等方法,给予患者间断脱机、肺部体疗、呼吸皮囊膨肺等方式,选择最佳脱机时间。认为长期使用呼吸机的重症患者,对呼吸机容易产生强烈依赖,护理人员熟练掌握呼吸机的操作,了解撤机指征,对呼吸道进行专业与有效的护理管理,同时做好患者的心理护理与营养支持,是保障重症患者成功脱机、减少并发症的关键所在。     

重症有机磷中毒机械通气患者安全撤机护理体会

重症有机磷中毒(AOPP)常引起急性呼吸功能衰竭(ARF)。抢救成功的关键是及时建立人工气道，进行有效的机械通气，而有机磷中毒患者在机械通气撤机过程中常因多种原因致撤机困难。我科自2000年2月—2003年10月共收治重症有机磷中毒机械通气患者38例，均抢救成功。现总结如下。     

自主呼吸试验在机械通气撤机过程中的应用

目的；探讨在终止机械通气后，自主呼吸试验（SBT）时间对成功拔管的作用。方法：采用回顾组与前瞻组对比的方法，回顾组将成功拔管患者按SBT时间不同及病种不同分别对SBT结果进行记录及统计不处理；前瞻组除慢慢阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）采用1－2小时SBT外，其余病种患者均采用30分钟SBT。记录并比较2组的成功率、再插管率，并进行统计学处理。结果：回顾组患者按时间分组显示，拔管成功率无显著性差异（P＞0.05）；若按病种分别计算，COPD1－2小时组成功率要高于30分钟组（P＜0.05），心力衰竭（心衰）患者30分钟组成功率高于3－4小时组（P＜0.05），与1－2小时组比较无显著性差异（P＞0.05）。前瞻组COPD及心衰组拔管成功率均较回顾组明显提高（P均＜0.05）。结论：应根据不同病种有用不同SBT。COPD患者SBT过短只能了解呼吸肌力，不能了解耐力；而心衰患者SBT过长会增加呼吸功而诱发心衰。     

PICCO 在机械通气患者撤机中的应用

目的探讨脉搏指示连续心排量监测（ PICCO）在机械通气患者撤机中的应用价值。方法前瞻性收集我院2013-01～2013-1058例机械通气患者的资料,根据撤机是否成功分为撤机成功组38例和撤机失败组20例,PICCO监测撤机前15 min及撤机后15 min、30 min、48 h或再插管时的血流动力学参数：血管外肺水指数（ EVLWI ）、全心舒张末期容积（ GEDVI ）、胸腔内血容积指数（ ITBVI）和肺血管通透性指数（ PVPI）。结果撤机失败组患者的APACHEⅡ评分、机械通气时间、血肌酐（Cr）显著高于撤机成功组（P＜0．05）,血白蛋白水平低于后者（P＜0．05）。撤机前15 min、撤机后15 min两组血流动力学参数比较均差异无统计学意义（P＞0．05）,撤机后30 min撤机失败组的GEDVI和ITBVI均比撤机成功组升高（ t值分别：-3．261、-3．828,均P＜0．01）;撤机后48 h或再插管时撤机失败组的EVLWI、GEDVI、ITBVI、PVPI均比撤机成功组升高,（t值分别：-8．788、-4．668、-4．270、-6．884,均P＜0．01）。结论 PICCO监测的血流动力学指标有利于早期发现撤机失败导致的肺水肿,对临床有一定的指导价值。     

Haemodynamic performance and weaning from mechanical ventilation following open-heart surgery

Summary In 38 patients ventilated after open-heart surgery the effect of a 20 minutes spontaneous breathing period on right atrial pressure (RAP), left atrial pressure (LAP), pulmonary artery pressure (PAP), aortic pressure (AoP), ECG and cardiac index (CI) was monitored. Arterial bloodgas analysis before and during spontaneous breathing ruled out any respiratory failure. The test period of spontaneous breathing provoked an increase in systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance. By this and by a direct aggravation of cardiac failure the work of both ventricles dropped inspite of an increase in end-diastolic ventricular pressure. If these hemodynamic effects of a spontaneous breathing test period are taken as a guide for deciding, if a patient after open-heart surgery is ready for being extubated, the need for reintubation will be extremely rare. The study encourages us to use mechanical ventilation as an additional instrument for treating heart failure even if no respiratory failure is present.     

Weaning from mechanical ventilation in pediatric intensive care patients

Objective: The development of weaning predictors in mechanically ventilated children has not been sufficiently investigated. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of some weaning indices in predicting weaning failure. Design: Prospective, interventional study. Setting: University-affiliated children's hospital with a 19-bed intensive care unit. Patients: 84 consecutive infants and children requiring mechanical ventilation for at least 48 h and judged ready to wean by their primary physicians. Interventions: Patients who met the criteria to start weaning underwent a trial of spontaneous breathing lasting up to 2 h. Bedside measurements of respiratory function were obtained immediately before discontinuation of mechanical ventilation and within the first 5 min of spontaneous breathing. The primary physicians were blinded to those measurements, and the decision to extubate a patient at the end of the spontaneous breathing trial or reinstitute mechanical ventilation was made by them. Failure to wean was defined as the requirement for mechanical ventilation at any time during the trial of spontaneous breathing (trial failure) or needing reintubation within 48 h of extubation (extubation failure). Measurements and main results: Seventy-five patients had neither signs of respiratory distress nor deterioration in gas exchange during the trial and were extubated. Twelve patients required reintubation within 48 h. In 9 patients, mechanical ventilation was reinstituted after a median duration of the spontaneous breathing trial of 35 min. The only independent predictor of trial failure was tidal volume indexed to body weight [odds ratio 2.60, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.40 to 24.9]. The only independent predictor of extubation failure was frequency-to-tidal volume ratio indexed to body weight (odds ratio 1.23, 95 % CI 1.11 to 1.36). The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values to predict weaning failure were calculated for each of the above variables. These values were 0.48, 0.86, 0.53, and 0.83, respectively, for a frequency-to-tidal volume ratio higher than 11 breaths/min per ml per kg and 0.43, 0.94, 0.69, and 0.83, respectively, for a tidal volume lower than 4 ml/kg. Conclusions: Three-quarters of ventilated children can be successfully weaned after a trial of spontaneous breathing lasting 2 h. Both tidal volume and frequency-to-tidal volume ratio indexed to body weight were poor predictors of weaning failure in the study population. Received: 20 February 1998 Accepted: 10 June 1998     

封闭式吸痰在急诊机械通气病人的应用体会

目的探讨封闭式吸痰在急诊机械通气病人中的应用。方法将144例机械通气病人随机分为对照组和观察组各72例。观察组采用封闭式吸痰。对照组采用开放式吸痰。观察病人吸痰前后血氧饱和度及心率变化,清醒病人吸痰恐惧感及吸痰耗时情况等。结果封闭式吸痰对患者血氧饱和度、心率改变显著小于对照组(P0.05);吸痰时病人恐惧感发生率对照组明显高于观察组(P0.05);吸痰操作耗时比较,封闭式吸痰法耗时显著少于传统开放式方法(P0.05)。结论封闭式吸痰能有效减轻吸痰对患者心肺功能的影响,减轻患者的心理负担,提高急诊科的工作效率。     

Metabolic and respiratory effects of enteral nutrition in patients during mechanical ventilation

The effect of enteral feeding on O₂-consumption ( ) and CO₂-production ( ) was studied in 9 ventilator-dependent patients, who were in a stable condition without signs of hypermetabolism. Resting energy expenditure (REE) in postabsorptive state was assessed and enteral feeding was started by continuous drip (480 kcal carbohydrate, 360 kcal vegetable fat and 160 kcal milkprotein: 6.4 g Nitrogen/ 1000 ml). Patients were given a moderate and a high caloric intake: 1.5 and 2.0 times REE. and were measured for a 24 h period, beginning 7 h after the start of the dietary intake. Significant greater increases in , and RQ were found during high caloric intake compared with the moderate caloric intake. , and arterial blood-gases were measured in 4 patients during weaning from the ventilator. The increase in induced by the high caloric feeding resulted in a rise in arterial CO₂ tension (P_aCO₂) and respiratory distress. High caloric enteral nutrition can cause a significant increase in inducing respiratory distress during weaning from the ventilator in patients with limited pulmonary reserves. Moderate caloric nutrition will be preferable to these patients in order to facilitate the weaning.     

An application of the Ambu E2 valve: Its use as a patient-demand valve during mechanical ventilation

This paper describes an adaptation of the Ambu E2 valve which permits a patient to breathe spontaneously during mechanical ventilation. It also critically refers to some present concepts in this type of therapy.     

两种机械通气撤机法在10 kg以下患儿心内直视术后的应用比较

目的比较SIMV模式撤机法与直接撤机法在10 kg以下患儿心内直视术后的撤机效果。方法对32例10 kg以下心内直视术后行机械通气的患儿进行回顾性分析,按照撤机方法的不同分为SIMV模式撤机组与直接撤机组。结果两组相比,撤机所需时间差异有显著性意义(P<0.05),SIMV模式撤机法所需的时间更短,并且呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)的发生率更低(P<0.05);两组再置管率差异无统计学意义;两种撤机方法撤机前后的心率、呼吸及血压的变化值比较差异均有显著性意义(P<0.05);两种方法撤机前后的PO2、PCO2及pH值的比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论10 kg以下行心内直视术后的患儿应用SIMV法撤机能够缩短呼吸机辅助的时间和降低呼吸机相关性肺炎的发生率,效果优于直接撤机法。     

血红蛋白浓度变化对机械通气患者脱机结果的预测价值

目的探讨机械通气患者脱机前血红蛋白浓度变化对其脱机结果的预测价值。方法335例机械通气患者用压力支持（PSV）模式进行自主呼吸试验（SBT）。分别在SBT前后测定血红蛋白浓度,用受试者工作特征曲线（ROC）评价血红蛋白变化对脱机结果的预测价值。结果脱机成功组247例,失败组88例。SBT前两组患者基础特征和血红蛋白浓度差异无统计学意义,SBT前后成功组患者血红蛋白浓度变化小于失败组,以血红蛋白浓度变化预测脱机结果的临界值为8．3％,敏感性为85．6％,特异性为80．8％,ROC曲线下面积为0．831。结论SBT前血红蛋白浓度变化可以预测机械通气患者的脱机结果。     

Computer-driven management of prolonged mechanical ventilation and weaning: a pilot study

Objective To evaluate the ability of a computer-driven system (CDS) to manage pressure-support ventilation over prolonged periods and to predict weaning readiness compared to intensivists. The system continuously adapts pressure support, gradually decreases ventilatory assistance when possible, and indicates weaning readiness.Design and setting A two-center, prospective, open, clinical, pilot study in medical ICUs of two university hospitals.Patients and participants 42 consecutive mechanically ventilated patients (60±14 years, SAPS II 39±15), 9 of whom were excluded.Interventions As soon as patients could tolerate pressure support, they were ventilated with the CDS. The times of weaning readiness determined by the intensivists and CDS were compared.Measurements and results Weaning was successful in 25 patients and failed in 7; unplanned extubation occurred in 1 patient. Time on CDS ventilation was 3±3 days (maximum, 12 days). The CDS detected weaning readiness earlier than the intensivists in 17 patients, and intensivists earlier than the CDS in 4; in 11 patients detection times coincided.Conclusions A CDS was successful in fully managing pressure-support ventilation over prolonged periods and often proposed weaning readiness earlier than the intensivists did. Use of this CDS may reduce the duration of mechanical ventilation.