胸部专科医院铜绿假单胞菌耐药性分析

目的铜绿假单胞菌是自然界较常见的条件致病菌之一,通过分析本院检验科铜绿假单胞菌培养阳性标本的药敏结果,了解胸部专科医院铜绿假单胞菌感染的特点。方法收集2013年1月至2015年12月南京市胸科医院检验科铜绿假单胞菌培养阳性的506份标本,进行药敏结果分析。结果专科医院铜绿假单胞菌对常用抗生素的耐药率与综合性医院基本接近,氨基糖甙类和氟喹诺酮类抗生素耐药率偏高;多耐药铜绿假单胞菌感染患者的炎性指标要显著高于非多耐药的患者,而在反映患者营养状况的指标方面,结果相反;两者在淋巴细胞亚群分析方面差异无显著性。结论铜绿假单胞菌耐药问题目前已经较为严重,多耐药患者的治疗难度大,需采用多种方法加以治疗、控制和预防。     

Antimicrobial resistance among clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from patients in a teaching hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2001-2005

Antimicrobial resistance to nine anti-pseudomonal agents (azteronam, ceftazidime, cefepime, piperacillin/tazobactam, imipenem, meropenem, ciprofloxacin, amikacin and gentamicin), the magnitude of multidrug resistance, associated underlying conditions, and mortality among patients with Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia from 2001 to 2005 were determined. The results showed that antimicrobial resistance among P. aeruginosa is gradually increasing for most anti-pseudomonal agents, particularly aztreonam, ceftazidime, piperacillin/tazobactam and imipenem. There were 19 (3%) and 12 (2%) multidrug-resistant (MDR) P. aeruginosa patients in 2004 and 2005, respectively, and MDR P. aeruginosa was more commonly found in non-intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Most MDR isolates were from surgical and diabetic patients. The mortality rate was higher among ICU patients.     

Susceptibility pattern and epidemiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a Saudi Arabian hospital: a 15-year study from 1989 to 2003

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to examine the prevalence and trends of drug resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis at the Saudi Aramco Medical Services Organization. METHODS: We retrospectively identified M tuberculosis isolates from January 1989 to December 2003. Antimicrobial susceptibility and clinical data were collected and analyzed. RESULTS: From 1989 to 2003, 276 nonrepetitive culture-positive cases were identified. There were 236 Saudis (84.6%), and the remainder were non-Saudis (15.4%). M tuberculosis isolates were obtained from pulmonary specimens (49%) and extrapulmonary sites (51%). The resistance rates of M tuberculosis to tested first-line agents were as follows: isoniazid, 12.5%; ethambutol, 7.5%; streptomycin; 6.9%; and rifampin, 1.1%. The resistance rate to isoniazid and streptomycin was 1.8%, the rate to isoniazid and rifampin was 0.7%, and the rate to isoniazid and ethambutol was 2.5%. The resistance rate to isoniazid, ethambutol, and streptomycin was 0.7% CONCLUSION: M tuberculosis resistance to isoniazid showed a decreased rate over the study period from 20 to 5.7%. The rate of multidrug-resistant M tuberculosis remained low.     

Increasing antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli isolates from community-acquired urinary tract infections during 1998-2003 in Manisa, Turkey

Urinary tract infections are among the most common infections with an increasing resistance to antimicrobials. The aim of this study was to determine the change in antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli isolates from patients with community-acquired urinary tract infection (UTI) for the years 1998 through 2003 and to suggest that the current empirical antibiotic therapy used for these patients is inappropriate. During the study period, 7,335 community urine samples of which 1,203 (16.4%) grew bacterial isolates were analyzed. Among the total of 1,203 isolates, 880 (73.2%) were E. coli. The range of resistance of E. coli to ampicillin was 47.8 to 64.6% and that to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was 37.1 to 44.6% during the study period. The susceptibility pattern of E. coli to nitrofurantoin and cefuroxime did not vary significantly over the 6-year period. There was a significant increase in the susceptibility of E. coli to ciprofloxacin (11.3 - 26.7%), amoxicillin-clavulanate (18.4 - 29.2%) and gentamicin (7.0 - 25.6%) (P < 0.05). Empirical initial treatment with ampicillin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was thus inadequate in approximately half of UTI cases in our region.     

新生儿铜绿假单胞菌耐药性分析

目的：了解新生儿患者临床分离的铜绿假单胞菌耐药情况。方法：采用API细菌鉴定分析系统对2004—2008年湖北省妇幼保健院新生儿住院患者临床分离细菌进行鉴定,并采用Kirby-Bauer法选用13种常用抗菌药物进行体外药物敏感试验。结果：354株铜绿假单胞菌主要来源于痰和胃液标本,共占74.6%;其在临床病区分布中以重症监护病房为主,占81.9%。354株铜绿假单胞菌对环丙沙星、阿米卡星、头孢他啶、头孢吡肟、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、亚胺培南和美罗培南的敏感率较高,均〉80%;而对哌拉西林、美洛西林、头孢噻肟、头孢哌酮、氨曲南的敏感率则次之。354株铜绿假单胞菌中多重耐药菌占25.7%,且有逐年增多的趋势。结论：铜绿假单胞菌是引起新生儿医院感染的最常见病原菌之一,对抗菌药物呈多重耐药,临床治疗应结合新生儿患者的特点合理选用抗菌药物,以减少耐药株的出现与扩散。     

Nationwide surveillance of antimicrobial consumption and resistance to Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates at 203 Japanese hospitals in 2010

Purpose

In Japan, a national surveillance study of antimicrobial consumption has never been undertaken. This study aimed to describe antimicrobial consumption and resistance to Pseudomonas aeruginosa in 203 Japanese hospitals, to identify targets for quality improvement.

Methods

We conducted an ecological study using retrospective data (2010). Antimicrobial consumption was collected in the World Health Organization (WHO) anatomical therapeutic chemical/defined daily dose (ATC/DDD) format. Rates of imipenem (IPM), meropenem (MEPM), ciprofloxacin (CPFX), or amikacin (AMK) resistance were expressed as the incidence of non-susceptible isolates. Additionally, hospitals were asked to provide data concerning hospital characteristics and infection control policies. Hospitals were classified according to functional categories of the Medical Services Act in Japan.

Results

Data were collected from 203 Japanese hospitals (a total of 91,147 beds). The total antimicrobial consumption was 15.49 DDDs/100 bed-days (median), with consumptions for penicillins, carbapenems, quinolones, and glycopeptides being 4.27, 1.60, 0.41, and 0.49, respectively. The median incidences of IPM, MEPM, CPFX, and AMK resistance were 0.15, 0.10, 0.13, and 0.03 isolates per 1,000 patient-days, respectively. Antimicrobial notification and/or approval systems were present in 183 hospitals (90.1 %). In the multivariate analysis, the piperacillin/tazobactam, quinolones, and/or total consumptions and the advanced treatment hospitals showed a significant association with the incidence of P. aeruginosa resistant to IPM, MEPM, CPFX, and AMK [adjusted R ² (aR ²) values of 0.23, 0.30, 0.22, and 0.35, respectively).

Conclusion

This is the first national surveillance study of antimicrobial consumption in Japan. A continuous surveillance program in Japan is necessary in order to evaluate the association among resistance, antimicrobial restriction, and consumption.     

Trend of antimicrobial drug-susceptibility of blood isolates at an oncological center (1998-2003)

OBJECTIVE: To describe the patterns of antimicrobial resistance organisms isolated in blood cultures from patients detected in a tertiary level of care, teaching oncological hospital. MATERIAL AND METHODS: All strains obtained from blood cultures from 1998 to 2003 were included and processed using the Bactec and Microscan system to determinate isolates and susceptibility to antimicrobials.The percent difference (increase or decrease) was obtained by comparing the frequency of resistance at baseline and at the end of the study. RESULTS: A total of 2071 positive blood cultures were obtained; 59.7% of isolates were Gram negative bacteria, 35.7% Gram-positive bacteria and 4.6% were yeasts. E. coli was the most frequent isolated (18.6%), followed by. Staphylococcus epidermidis (12.7%) and Klebsiella spp (9%). Throughout the study the susceptibility of Gram negative bacteria was stable and over 88% for most of the antimicrobials tested (except for Pseudomonas aeruginosa). Ciprofloxacin susceptibility for Escherichia coli stayed around 50%. Susceptibility to amikacin was higher than that to gentamicin.Staphylococcus aureus susceptibility for oxacillin was 96% and that for vancomycin 100%. S. epidermidis susceptibility for oxacillin was 14% and for vancomycin was 98.6%. No strains of vancomycin-resistant enterococci were found. All Streptococcus pneumoniae strains were penicillin susceptible. CONCLUSIONS: The drug-resistance found in this hospital is the result of the control in the use of antimicrobials, the hospital nosocomial infection program and the use of drug combination in all patients with bacteremia.     

Serotype distribution and antimicrobial resistance patterns of invasive isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae: Alaska, 1991-1998

From January 1991 through December 1998, a total of 1046 pneumococcal isolates were received from 23 laboratories participating in the statewide surveillance system. Of these, 1037 were recovered from normally sterile sites (blood and cerebrospinal and pleural fluid) and were available for serotyping and susceptibility testing. Ninety-two percent of these isolates were serotypes represented in the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. Serotypes in the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (4, 6B, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F, and 23F) were recovered from 72% of Alaska Natives and 84% of non-Native children <5 years old with invasive disease. Statewide, 7.3% and 3.2% of isolates had intermediate and high levels of resistance to penicillin, respectively; 9.2% were resistant to erythromycin (minimal inhibitory concentration, >/=1 microg/mL) and 19% to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (minimal inhibitory concentration, >/=4/76 microg/mL). Twelve percent of invasive isolates were resistant to >/=2 classes of antibiotics; of these, serotype 6B accounted for 33%, and 63% were recovered from children <5 years old.     

Distribution and epidemiology of Candida species causing fungemia at a Saudi Arabian hospital, 1996-2004.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to evaluate the Candida species and the change over time in the organisms causing candidemia at Saudi Aramco Medical Services Organization in Saudi Arabia. We also describe the risk factors associated with mortality. METHODS: This was a retrospective study of candidemia over nine years (1996-2004). RESULTS: A total of 98 distinct episodes of candidemia were identified over the study period. The annual incidence of candidemia ranged between 0.2 and 0.76 cases/1000 hospital discharges with an incidence per 10 000 patient-days per year of 0.45 to 1.6. The most frequent Candida species were Candida albicans (53%), Candida tropicalis (19%), Candida parapsilosis (16%), and Candida glabrata (7%). In relation to predisposing factors, 83% of candidemia occurred in patients with central venous catheters and 96% had received broad-spectrum antibiotics. Other predisposing factors included complicated abdominal surgeries (22%), total parenteral nutrition (52%), neutropenia (9%), acute renal failure (24%), malignancy (26%) and burns (15%). However, prior fluconazole use was low (8%). The overall crude mortality rate was 43% for all candidemia. Logistic regression analysis identified two independent determinants of death, C. albicans (OR 5.91, 95% CI 1.50, 23.24, p=0.01) and acute renal failure (OR 5.15, 95% CI 1.18, 22.55, p=0.03). CONCLUSION: The study showed that the rate of candidemia was low in our hospital and that C. albicans was the major species followed by C. tropicalis and C. parapsilosis. Future studies are needed to evaluate the antifungal susceptibility pattern in our hospital.     

Selected mechanisms of resistance to antimicrobial drugs in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and their detection

By now most clinically significant bacterial species have resistance mechanisms against almost all accessible antibiotics. One of the most significant nosocomial pathogens is Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Its antibiotic resistance directly correlates with higher morbidity, mortality and longer hospital stay. An essential condition for preserving the antibiotic efficacy against this pathogen is the exploration of its resistance mechanisms. To protect itself against the action of antibacterials, P. aeruginosa uses the cellular wall, which prevents the drug from entering the bacterium, as also an active efflux from the cell. It is also capable of modifying the molecule of the antimicrobial. The bacterium can effectively combine all these mechanisms and the result are multiresistant bacterial clones. The paper describes some diagnostic methods that reveal the resistance mechanisms of the species Pseudomonas aeruginosa.     

Secular trends of antimicrobial resistance of blood isolates in a newly founded Greek hospital

Background  

Antimicrobial resistance is one of the most challenging issues in modern medicine.     

Secular trends of antimicrobial resistance of blood isolates in a newly founded Greek hospital

Background

Host genetic factors may play a role in susceptibility and resistance to SARS associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) infection. The study was carried out to investigate the association between the genetic polymorphisms of 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase 1 (OAS1) gene as well as myxovirus resistance 1 (MxA) gene and susceptibility to SARS in Chinese Han population.

Methods

A hospital-based case-control study was conducted. A collective of 66 SARS cases and 64 close contact uninfected controls were enrolled in this study. End point real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and PCR-based Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) analysis were used to detect the single nucleic polymorphisms (SNPs) in OAS1 and MxA genes. Information on other factors associated with SARS infection was collected using a pre-tested questionnaire. Univariate and multivariate logistic analyses were conducted.

Results

One polymorphism in the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of the OAS1 gene was associated with SARS infection. Compared to AA genotype, AG and GG genotypes were found associated with a protective effect on SARS infection with ORs (95% CI) of 0.42 (0.20~0.89) and 0.30 (0.09~0.97), respectively. Also, a GT genotype at position 88 in the MxA gene promoter was associated with increased susceptibility to SARS infection compared to a GG genotype (OR = 3.06, 95% CI: 1.25~7.50). The associations of AG genotype in OAS1 and GT genotype in MxA remained significant in multivariate analyses after adjusting for SARS protective measures (OR = 0.38, 95% CI: 0.14~0.98 and OR = 3.22, 95% CI: 1.13~9.18, respectively).

Conclusion

SNPs in the OAS1 3'-UTR and MxA promoter region appear associated with host susceptibility to SARS in Chinese Han population.     

Infectious waste surveys in a Saudi Arabian hospital: an important quality improvement tool

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the composition by weight of the infectious waste stream, better segregate waste, reduce disposal costs, reduce the load on the hospital incinerator, identify inappropriate items having significant cost or safety implications, and provide a safer work environment for housekeepers. METHODS: Four infectious waste surveys were conducted between 1991 and 1999 that involved opening a total of 7364 bags of infectious waste. The contents of each infectious waste bag were separated into 20 different components and weighed. Inappropriately discarded items were removed and tagged with the date and hospital unit of origin. SETTING: Dhahran Health Center, a 410-bed hospital operated by the Saudi Arabian Oil Company (Saudi Aramco) in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia. RESULTS: The surveys show a continuing trend in a higher percentage of plastics and a decrease in paper due to increased use of disposables. Much of the infectious waste consisted of plastic intravenous bottles, intravenous lines, and paper wrappers for sterile instrument sets that were not infectious. Dhahran Health Center was producing a total of 1163 kg of infectious waste per day before the first survey. This was reduced to 407 kg per day after implementation of a waste segregation program in 1991 (a reduction of 65%). Incineration operation was reduced from daily to 3 days per week, with a corresponding reduction in incinerator emissions. Infectious waste from inpatient, surgical, and obstetric areas was reduced by a total of 70% between 1991 and 1999, from 2.8 kg (6.1 lb) to 0.85 kg (1.9 lb) per patient per day. This is in the range of 2 to 4 lb per patient per day that is generally reported. Numerous inappropriately discarded items were discovered during the surveys with cost or safety implications. Each survey, including the latest one of November-December 1999, has shown that further improvements are possible in the hospital's waste management program. Specific educational efforts and changes in procedures are described. CONCLUSIONS: We believe this is the first report of such an extensive analysis of a hospital's infectious waste. Many hospitals do not have the resources to conduct such detailed surveys of their waste streams. However, regardless of the method of treatment and disposal, such surveys are valuable quality improvement tools because all health care facilities want to reduce disposal costs, identify high-value items mistakenly discarded, and improve safety.     

Multiple of isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa with differing antimicrobial susceptibility patterns from patients with cystic fibrosis.

Clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from patients with cystic fibrosis were studied in an effort to determine the unique characteristics of the infecting strains and to elucidate the pattern of colonization. Of 413 patients studied, 81% were chronically infected with P. aeruginosa. Patients from whom P. aeruginosa was never or only occasionally isolated were in better clinical condition than the chronically infected patients. Isolates were classified into six morphologic varieties: classic, rough, mucoid, gelatinous, dwarf, and enterobacter. Most patients had two or more of these varieties. Such multiple varieties from the same individual were of the same serotype but often differed in antibiotic susceptibility as determined by both the disk and the minimal inhibitory concentration methods. These differences were apparent when mucoid strains were compared with nonmucoid strains and when nonmucoid strains were compared with one another. Studies of antibiotic susceptibility should be performed on each morphologically different type of P. aeruginosa obtained from patients with cystic fibrosis.     

Trends in antimicrobial resistance and serotype distribution of blood and cerebrospinal fluid isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae in South Africa, 1991-1998.

OBJECTIVE: Since 1979, the South African Institute for Medical Research (SAIMR) has served as the national reference center for pneumococcal serotyping and monitoring of antibiotic resistance trends. This study documents trends in antimicrobial resistance in pneumococci isolated from blood or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) between 1991 and 1998 in South Africa. METHODS: Pneumococcal isolates (n = 7406) from either blood or CSF were sent to the SAIMR reference laboratory for serotyping. The isolates were evaluated for resistance to penicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, erythromycin, clindamycin, and rifampicin. RESULTS: Resistance to one or more antibiotics increased significantly from 19% in 1991 to 1994 to 25% in 1995 to 1998 in all ages, and in children from 32% to 38% (P < 10[-6]). Although penicillin resistance did not increase in children (28.1% vs. 28.9%), penicillin resistance in all ages increased from 9.6% to 18.0%. Significant increases in resistance to chloramphenicol, tetracycline, erythromycin, and rifampicin also were seen in both groups. Multiple resistance increased significantly, from 2.2% to 3.8%. The proportion of isolates with intermediate or high-level penicillin resistance remained constant during the surveillance period. Erythromycin resistance, predominantly expressed as simultaneous resistance to erythromycin and clindamycin, increased from 1.6% to 2.6%. The percentage of erythromycin-resistant isolates that were resistance to erythromycin alone increased from 10.6% to 28.7%, suggesting the emergence of mefE-mediated resistance. In children 2 years of age and younger, although serogroup 6 remained the most common, there were significant increases in serogroups 19, 18, and 13. The percentage of the total invasive pneumococcal disease in this population that is caused by serogroups found in the nonavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (serogroups 1, 4, 5, 6B, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F, 23F) increased from 72% to 91%. CONCLUSIONS: Antibiotic resistance in the pneumococcus is increasing in South Africa, although the proportion of strains with high-level penicillin resistance has not increased. New conjugate vaccines may not only decrease the burden of all pneumococcal disease but, in addition, lower the incidence of antibiotic-resistant disease in South Africa.     

Seasonality and antimicrobial resistance pattern of Vibrio cholerae in a tertiary care hospital of North India

We retrospectively analysed the seasonal distribution of cholera and the antimicrobial resistance pattern of Vibrio cholerae isolates over a 5-year period from January 1998 to December 2002. Of 3213 stool specimens processed from 3213 patients with acute watery diarrhoea during this period, 431 samples (13.4%) were found positive for V. cholerae. There were 423 V. cholerae O1 biotype E1 Tor, 2 V. cholerae O139 and six isolates of non-O1 non-O139. The highest number of cholera cases occurred in May-June followed by July-August. Cases started appearing in April for all years except in the year 2002 when three cases occurred in the first week of March. A large number (90.25% strains) were resistant to at least one antibiotic.