CO2气体灌注内镜甲状腺手术的研究

目的 观察内镜甲状腺手术CO2充气对机体病理生理的影响,探讨CO2充气内镜甲状腺手术临床应用的可行性.方法 通过动物颈部灌注CO2气体压力及其内镜甲状腺切除术实验,检测动物在术前、术中30、60 min和手术结束各时段心率(HR)、呼吸频率(BR)、PH、PaO2、PaCO2和BE.依据CO2气体灌注内镜甲状腺手术的基础,分析经前胸壁入路内镜甲状腺切除术31例临床资料.结果 应用6mmHg CO2(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)充气压力建立操作空间,实验动物的BR、HR、PH、PaO2、PaCO2和BE在手术过程中无明显变化.应用12 mmHg CO2充气压力建立操作空间,实验动物的BR、HR、PH、PaO2、PaCO2和BE变化差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01).临床31例患者均顺利完成手术,其中行甲状腺部分切除加例,甲状腺次全切11例.平均手术时间113 min,平均术中出血量6 ml,术后平均引流时间2.83 d,术后平均住院时间4 d.术后无喉上、喉返神经损伤及甲状旁腺损伤,无高碳酸血症出现.所有病例随访1～10个月均无不适.结论 严格掌握手术适应证及禁忌证,掌握其并发症的特点和防治措施,完善相应的围手术期处置,临床上将CO2气体灌注压力控制在4～6 mmHg,进行内镜甲状腺切除术安全可行,具有良好的微创、美观效果.     

CO2气体灌注内镜甲状腺手术的研究

目的 观察内镜甲状腺手术CO2充气对机体病理生理的影响,探讨CO2充气内镜甲状腺手术临床应用的可行性.方法 通过动物颈部灌注CO2气体压力及其内镜甲状腺切除术实验,检测动物在术前、术中30、60 min和手术结束各时段心率(HR)、呼吸频率(BR)、PH、PaO2、PaCO2和BE.依据CO2气体灌注内镜甲状腺手术的基础,分析经前胸壁入路内镜甲状腺切除术31例临床资料.结果 应用6mmHg CO2(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)充气压力建立操作空间,实验动物的BR、HR、PH、PaO2、PaCO2和BE在手术过程中无明显变化.应用12 mmHg CO2充气压力建立操作空间,实验动物的BR、HR、PH、PaO2、PaCO2和BE变化差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01).临床31例患者均顺利完成手术,其中行甲状腺部分切除加例,甲状腺次全切11例.平均手术时间113 min,平均术中出血量6 ml,术后平均引流时间2.83 d,术后平均住院时间4 d.术后无喉上、喉返神经损伤及甲状旁腺损伤,无高碳酸血症出现.所有病例随访1～10个月均无不适.结论 严格掌握手术适应证及禁忌证,掌握其并发症的特点和防治措施,完善相应的围手术期处置,临床上将CO2气体灌注压力控制在4～6 mmHg,进行内镜甲状腺切除术安全可行,具有良好的微创、美观效果.     

免注气经胸前壁入路腔镜甲状腺切除术82例报告

目的 探讨免注气经胸前腔镜甲状腺切除术的可行性、安全性和优越性.方法 免用CO2气体经胸前途径,在腔镜下行单侧或双侧甲状腺局部或次全切除术.结果 全部82例均完整切除包括肿块的部分甲状腺或单侧全甲状腺,无中转开放手术,平均手术时间为(1.80±0.41)h,平均术后住院时间为2 d.所有病例均未发生喉上、喉返神经损伤及大出血等手术并发症.结论 免注气经胸前腔镜甲状腺切除术安全可行,避免了因进入CO2气体造成的相关并发症.     

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目的　探讨经乳房途径行腔镜甲状腺手术的可行性及其临床应用价值。方法　 2 0 0 2年 12月至 2 0 0 3年 5月应用经乳房途径腔镜技术治疗甲状腺疾病 2 8例。采用经乳房三孔法 ,通过胸前穿刺孔分离胸前皮下和颈阔肌深面 ,并注入CO2 [压力 6～ 8mmHg(0 798～ 1 0 6 4kPa) ]建立手术操作空间 ;用超声刀切割、分离甲状腺组织和甲状腺血管 ;术中保护喉返神经、喉上神经以及甲状旁腺。结果　 6例病人行腔镜双侧甲状腺手术 ,2例行一侧腺叶切除术 ,17例行一侧腺叶次全切除术 ,3例行甲状腺肿块切除术。 2 8例手术均获成功 ,无一中转 ,无手术并发症。手术时间平均 (87 1± 2 6 0 )min ,术中出血平均 (4 7 9± 19 6 )mL ,术后住院时间平均 (3 4± 0 7)d。颈部引流管于术后 36～ 6 0h拔除。结论　以低压灌注CO2 ,经乳房途径行腔镜甲状腺手术是安全、可靠的 ,颈部无瘢痕具有极佳的美容效果。该项技术将会逐渐得到更广泛地应用。     

皮下CO2充气对腔镜下甲状腺手术动脉血气的影响

目的观察颈部皮下CO2充气对腔镜下甲状腺手术动脉血气的影响. 方法 2002年6月～2003年3月7例气管插管全麻下行腔镜下甲状腺手术,皮下充入CO2压力6 mm Hg,监测动脉血pH、PaCO2变化. 结果充气后5 min PaCO2升高,pH值下降,15 min PaCO2达到高峰(44.33±0.97) mm Hg,pH值最低(7.36±0.02),充气后各时间段PaCO2 和pH与充气前比有显著差异(P<0.05);30 min后PaCO2开始下降,pH值上升,1 h PaCO2、pH值达到稳定水平;放气后PaCO2、pH值接近充气前水平. 结论皮下CO2充气对腔镜下甲状腺手术动脉血PaCO2、pH值有影响,但仍在正常范围.     

经乳晕入路行腔镜甲状腺切除术的应用价值

目的:探讨行腔镜乳晕入路手术治疗甲状腺疾病的价值。方法:2008年11月至2009年12月为15例患者行经双侧乳晕三孔法腔镜甲状腺手术,通过分离胸前皮下和颈阔肌深面,注入CO2(压力6～8mmHg),建立操作空间。用超声刀切割、分离甲状腺组织和血管;术中保护喉返神经、喉上神经及甲状旁腺。结果:15例手术均获成功,其中甲状腺囊肿切除术1例,甲状腺腺瘤切除术5例,单侧甲状腺部分切除术3例,双侧甲状腺部分切除术3例,甲状腺次全切除术3例。手术时间(110.0±31.3)min,术中出血(70±20.5)ml,术后1例颈部皮肤灼伤,1例胸部少量皮下积液,无中转开放手术。结论:经乳晕径路行腔镜甲状腺手术具有极佳的美容效果,值得临床推广应用。     

支撑喉镜下喉乳头状瘤切除术小儿间歇通气呼吸暂停麻醉法的效果

目的 评价间歇通气呼吸暂停麻醉法用于小儿支撑喉镜下喉乳头状瘤切除术的效果.方法 择期内窥镜辅助支撑喉镜下喉乳头状瘤切除术小儿20例,麻醉诱导后经口插入气管导管,静脉输注异丙酚、瑞芬太尼,间断静脉注射维库溴铵0.08 mg/kg维持麻醉,静脉注射地塞米松0.2 mg/kg防止喉头水肿.手术开始前对小儿行过度通气,PET CO2低于30 mm Hg时拔出气管导管,暂停呼吸,术者尽快手术操作,当SpO2下降到97%时,由术者插入气管导管,立即行过度通气,尽快使SpO2升至100%,当PETCO2低于30mmHg时拔出气管导管立即手术,如此反复至术毕.术中检测动脉血气,监测MAP、HR、SpO2和PETCO2,记录术者对手术条件的评估情况、苏醒时间及术后有关并发症及术后3个月内随访肿瘤复发情况.结果 所有小儿在麻醉诱导后均一次性成功置入支撑喉镜,苏醒时间为(7±3)min.在整个试验过程中,PETCO2及PaO2虽有一定程度波动,但均在临床允许范围内;MAP、HR、SpO2、pH和PaCO2维持稳定(P＞0.05).术者评估手术条件的优良率为90%,未见有关并发症发生.术后3个月复发率为15%.结论 间歇通气呼吸暂停麻醉法可安全、有效地应用于小儿支撑喉镜下喉乳头状瘤切除术.     

皮下分离面积大小对腔镜甲状腺切除术CO_2吸收的影响

目的:研究皮下分离面积对腔镜甲状腺切除术中CO2吸收量的影响。方法:分离胸前皮下组织并注入CO2,实施腔镜甲状腺切除术20例,监测呼气末CO2分压(PE TCO2)、动脉血CO2分压(PaCO2),计算CO2排除量(VCO2),测定皮下分离面积(S),分析VCO2随时间变化方式及不同患者VCO2的变化量与各自分离面积的关系。结果:PaCO2、PE TCO2充气后迅速上升,在60min后达最大值,VCO2充气后逐渐升高,但充气后30min与充气后60min比较差异无统计学意义,充气后60min较充气前的VCO2增量(△VCO2)与皮下分离面积(S)高度相关,r=0.834,P<0.05。结论:腔镜甲状腺切除术中CO2吸收量随皮下分离面积增大而增加。     

完全腹膜外疝修补（TEP）手术腹膜前CO2充气对人体的影响

目的完全腹膜外疝修补（TEP）手术需在腹膜前建立间隙，并且应用CO，充气维持足够的操作空间。本临床研究通过腹膜前CO2充气对患者呼吸和循环的影响，从病理生理学的角度来论证TEP手术的安全性。方法2005年1月至6月，本中心行TEP手术的腹股沟疝患者20例（18例斜疝，2例直疝），均为男性，年龄平均60．2岁。腹膜前建立间隙并用CO2充气，维持压力于12mnHg，分别记录充气前、充气后5min、充气后30min、拔管后四个时间段的心率（HR）、血压（BP）、呼气末CO2分压（EtCO2）以及血气分析测定值（PH、PCO2、HCO3）。结果进行统计分析。结果手术均顺利完成，手术时间平均32．6min，术后疼痛分数（VAS）平均（2．7±1．4）分，术后住院平均（3．2±0．5）d，3例患者出现皮下气肿。病理生理指标中HR和PH值在充气后有一定幅度的下降，BP、EtCO2、PCO2和HCO3值在充气后有一定幅度的上升，与充气前指标差异有统计学意义，并且随着充气时间延长变化幅度有所增加，各指标在拔管后迅速恢复并接近充气前水平。结论TEP手术腹膜前CO2充气，CO2在皮下组织弥散可能会形成皮下气肿，CO2吸收会出现CO2蓄积及酸中毒，并造成血压上升及心率减慢。通过麻醉师的合理处理，可以将指标控制在合理的安全范围内，术后能迅速恢复。     

支撑喉镜下小儿喉乳头状瘤切除术的麻醉探讨

目的探讨支撑喉镜下小儿喉乳头状瘤切除术的麻醉处理方法。方法36例喉乳头状瘤患儿,在支撑喉镜下采用静脉复合麻醉并给予小剂量肌松药连接吸引管高频喷射控制呼吸(HFJV)下行喉乳头状瘤切除术。术中监测动脉血气和ECG,记录患儿在麻醉诱导前、手术开始时、术后15min、术毕及苏醒后5minMAP、HR、SpO2。结果所有患儿术野暴露充分,手术顺利。术中无缺氧和二氧化碳蓄积;MAP、HR、ECG、SpO2、pH、动脉氧分压(PaO2)和动脉二氧化碳分压(PaCO2)稳定;停药后5～10min患儿完全清醒,醒后无复睡、喉头水肿及憋气,苏醒时间为(7.2±3.4)min。支撑喉镜置入时3例患儿HR明显减慢,静脉注射阿托品0.01mg/kg后HR恢复正常;1例患儿在置入支撑喉镜时,MAP与诱导前比较明显升高,观察2～3min后恢复正常。结论静脉复合麻醉加HFJV可安全、有效地应用于支撑喉镜下小儿喉乳头状瘤切除术。     

Effects of carbon dioxide insufflation during endoscopic conduit harvesting in coronary artery bypass surgery

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic vessel harvesting is becoming common for the patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. Insufflation of carbon dioxide (CO2) during the procedures has been reported elsewhere to affect arterial carbon dioxide tension, but the occurrence of hypercapnia is still controversial. METHODS: We investigated the effects of CO2 insufflation during endoscopic harvesting of the saphenous vein (SV, n = 34), radial artery (RA, n = 14), or internal mammary artery (IMA, n = 7) for coronary artery bypass surgery. The conduit harvesting was performed using Vasoview Dissecting Cannula with insufflation of CO2 maintaining a cavity pressure of 8-10 mmHg. RESULTS: After insufflation of CO2, significant elevation of partial pressure of CO2 in arterial blood (PaCO2) was found during harvesting of SV (35.4 +/- 3.8 to 49.2 +/- 7.5 mmHg, P < 0.01) and of IMA (38.0 +/- 2.3 to 44.2 +/- 3.2 mmHg, P < 0.05), but no significant elevation of PaCO2 occurred during RA harvesting using a tourniquet. The extent of PaCO2 elevation in SV harvesting showed negative correlation with patient's body weight, body mass index, and body surface area. CONCLUSIONS: Significant hypercarbia occurs during endoscopic harvesting of SV or IMA. It is recommended that PaCO2 should be carefully monitored during endoscopic conduit harvesting for coronary artery bypass surgery.     

腔镜甲状腺手术中颈部CO2充气对眼内压的影响

目的 观察腔镜甲状腺手术中颈部CO2充气对患者眼压的影响. 方法 甲状腺手术患者30例,根据手术方式分为腔镜手术组(A组)和开放手术组(B组),每组各15例.测量两组麻醉前(T0)、麻醉后5 min(T1)、颈部CO2充气10 min(T2)、20 min( T3)、40 min( T4)及停止充气10 min(T5)各个时点的眼压及心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)及呼气末CO2分压(PETCO2). 结果 ①两组患者的年龄、手术时间及术前眼压无显著性差异.②两组患者麻醉诱导后(T1)眼压较麻醉前(T0)均有所下降,差异有显著性(P＜0.05).A组患者在颈部充气后眼压呈逐渐上升的趋势,T4时达到最高.手术结束颈部排气10 min后(T5)眼压较T4下降(P＜0.05),仍高于T0.B组患者手术开始后各时点眼压无显著差异(P＞0.05).T2～T5各时点两组间比较有显著性差异,A组均高于B组(P＜0.05).③两组患者HR、MAP的变化无统计学差异(P＞0.05).A组患者在颈部充气20 min、40 min( T3、T4)时PETCO2高于T0(P ＜0.05),T3、T4时A组的PET CO2较B组高(P＜0.05). 结论 腔镜甲状腺手术可导致眼内压显著升高,有发生视力损害的危险.     

腹腔高压对急性坏死性胰腺炎血流动力学影响的动物实验研究

目的 评价腹腔高压状态对急性坏死性胰腺炎模型猪血流动力学的影响.方法 在12只家猪胰管内注射含5%牛磺胆酸钠和0.5%胰蛋白酶的生理盐水1 ml/kg,制作急性坏死性胰腺炎模型.模型随机分为两组(n=6),一组采用氮气气腹法制作30 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)腹腔高压模型,持续12 h(腹腔高压组);另一组未暴露于腹腔高压(胰腺炎组).利用动脉导管和血流导向气囊导管动态监测平均动脉压、心排血量、中心静脉压、肺动脉压、肺动脉楔压等血流动力学指标并行血气分析检查.观察腹腔高压对胰腺炎猪血流动力学的影响.结果 腹腔高压组1只猪在造模后11 h死亡,另11只持续观察12 h.与胰腺炎组相比,腹腔高压组在3、6和12 h时,心率、中心静脉压、平均肺动脉压和肺动脉楔压上升;12 h时心排血量、平均动脉压明显下降(P均<0.05).制模前两组气道峰压无差异,制模后腹腔高压组气道峰压在6 h和12 h时分别达(50.2±3.1)cmH2O(1 cmH2P=0.098 kPa)和(49.8±0.9)cmH2O,明显高于胰腺炎组(P<0.01).腹腔高压组6 h和12 h时的pH值、氧分压、中心静脉血氧饱和度及碱剩余较胰腺炎组明显下降,血乳酸和二氧化碳分压则明显上升(P均<0.05).结论 腹腔高压对急性坏死性胰腺炎模型猪的血流动力学产生明显影响,及时采用合适的方式减轻、解除腹腔高压是胰腺炎治疗的重要环节之一.

Abstract：

Objective To assess the effect of infra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) on hemodynamics of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) in porcine model. Methods Following baseline registrations, SAP was induced in 12 animals. The N2 pneumoperitoneum was used to increase the intra-abdominal pressure to 30 mmHg (1 mmHg = 0. 133 kPa) in 6 of 12 SAP animals thereafter and keep constant during the experiment. The investigation period was 12 h. Heart rate, cardiac output (CO), central venous pressure (CVP) , mean arterial pressure and pulmonary arterial wedge pressure (PAWP)were continuously measured with the aid of balloon tipped flow-directed catheter and electrocardiography monitor. Oxygen partial pressure of artery (PaO2) , carbon dioxide partial pressure of artery (PaCO2) , ScvO2, base excess (BE) , and blood lactic acid (LAC) were measured by acid-base analysis. Results In the IAH group, CO decreased significantly at 12 h, CVP and PAWP increased significantly at 3 h, 6 h and 12 h compared with SAP group (all P < 0. 05). Peak inspiration pressure increased immediately after pneumoperitoneum in the IAH group, to (50. 2±3. 1) cmH2O(1 cmH2O =0. 098 kPa) and (49. 8±0. 9) cmH2O at 6 h and 12 h respectively. The pH, PaO2, ScvO2 and BE showed a tendency to fall in the IAH group. PaCO2 and LAC were increased significantly in the IAH group (all P < 0. 05). Conclusions There were remarkable and relatively irreversible effects on global hemodynamics in response to sustained IAH of 12 h with the underlying condition of SAP. Abdominal decompression is beneficial for patients of SAP with IAH.     

Haemodynamic changes during low-pressure carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum in young children

BACKGROUND: Both mechanical and pharmacological effects may contribute to the haemodynamic consequences of carbon dioxide (CO2) pneumoperitoneum. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the haemodynamic effects of low-pressure pneumoperitoneum [intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) 5 mmHg] in young children (< 3 years). METHODS: Thirteen children, aged 6-36 months, ASA physical status I-III, who were scheduled for laparoscopic fundoplication for gastro-oesophageal reflux were investigated in the head-up position (10 degrees ). Noninvasive thoracic electrical bioimpedance cardiac index (CI), stroke volume index (SVI), heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) were recorded, together with PetCO2 and PaCO2 at five time points: before insufflation, 20, 35 and 70 min after start of CO2 insufflation and 12 min after desufflation. During insufflation, minute ventilation was not adjusted and the IAP was maintained at 5 mmHg. RESULTS: During insufflation, PetCO2 increased from 29 +/- 4 to 37 +/- 5 mmHg (P < 0.001) and PaCO2 increased from 31 +/- 4 to 39 +/- 5 mmHg (P < 0.01). CI increased from 2.39 +/- 0.86 to 2.92 +/- 0.94 l x min-1 x m2 (P < 0.01), HR increased from 108 +/- 10 to 126 +/- 22 b x min-1 (P < 0.01), MAP increased from 52 +/- 10 to 63 +/- 9 (P < 0.05) and PIP increased from 16 +/- 3 to 18 +/- 3 cm H2O (P < 0.001). There were no changes in SVI and arterial oxygen saturation. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that low-pressure CO2 pneumoperitoneum (with IAPs not exceeding 5 mmHg) for laparoscopic fundoplication in infants and children does not decrease their cardiac index.     

Endoscopic endocrine neck surgery with carbon dioxide insufflation: the effect on intracranial pressure in a large animal model

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic endocrine neck surgery requires insufflation with carbon dioxide (CO(2)) at 10 to 15 mm Hg, which may decrease the cerebral venous return and increase intracranial pressure. This study evaluated the effect of CO(2) neck insufflation on intracranial pressure (ICP) and hemodynamic parameters. METHODS: Fifteen pigs underwent endoscopic thyroid dissection. Insufflation was performed with CO(2) at 0 (sham), 10, 15, and 20 mm Hg and with helium at 20 mm Hg with 3 pigs in each group. ICP, mean arterial pressure, central venous pressure (CVP), cardiac output, and blood gas were measured at baseline, 30, 60, and 120 minutes. RESULTS: There were no differences in mean ICP between the sham group and CO(2) insufflation at 10 mm Hg. Mean ICP increased significantly with CO(2) at 15 and 20 mm Hg and with helium at 20 mm Hg. A significant increase in CVP occurred in pigs operated with CO(2) at 20 mm Hg. We observed jugular vein collapse under all insufflation pressures; however, pigs operated at 10 mm Hg were able to maintain an intermittent blood flow. CONCLUSIONS: A severe increase in ICP occurs with insufflation pressures higher than 15 mm Hg, possibly as a result of decreased cervical venous blood flow. Carbon dioxide insufflation up to 10 mm Hg does not alter ICP and is recommended for clinical application in endoscopic neck surgery.     

Arterial to end-tidal carbon dioxide difference during laparoscopy]

Arterial as well as end-tidal PCO2 (PaCO2, PetCO2), and arterial to end-tidal PCO2 difference (P(a-ET)CO2) were studied in 16 ASA-I patients anesthetized for laparoscopy under controlled ventilation. Using constant ventilation throughout the procedure, PaCO2 and PetCO2 increased significantly (P less than 0.01) to the maximum level (about 10 mmHg above the control level) within 22 min after CO2 insufflation, along with significant increase in mean arterial pressure and heart rate. There was a statistically significant correlation between PaCO2 and PetCO2 at the time of control (before surgery), at the time of maximum PetCO2 and 30 to 60 min after CO2 insufflation (P less than 0.01). Although mean P(a-ET)CO2 remained relatively constant during the procedure, a statistically significant correlation between PaCO2 and P(a-ET)CO2 was found at the time of maximum PetCO2 after CO2 insufflation (r = 0.71, P less than 0.01). These results suggest that when PvCO2 is increasing by CO2 insufflation, P(a-ET)CO2 depend on relative ventilation efficacy.     

腔镜甲状腺手术CO_2气腹对颈内静脉压力及中心静脉压的影响

目的:探讨腔镜下胸乳入路甲状腺手术CO_2气腹对颈内静脉压力及中心静脉压的影响。方法:30例患者经胸乳入路行腔镜下甲状腺手术,分别于CO_2充气前,充气后10 min、20 min、40 min,关闭充气后5 min、20 min测量颈内静脉压力、中心静脉压,比较不同时点颈内静脉压力、中心静脉压的变化。结果:与充气前相比,充气后各时点的颈内静脉压力、中心静脉压显著上升(P0.05);解除充气后,逐渐下降,与充气前相比差异无统计学意义(P0.05);充气后三个时间点的颈内静脉压力均大于8 mmHg(P0.05),中心静脉压均小于8 mmHg(P0.05)。结论:经胸乳入路腔镜甲状腺手术中CO_2气腹会导致颈内静脉压力、中心静脉压显著升高,切除甲状腺中上部时无发生气体栓塞的可能,但切除甲状腺下部时有发生气体栓塞的可能。