经皮肾穿刺活组织检查102例分析

目的 探讨肾脏病患者的病理类型与临床诊断之间的关系及开展远程邮寄经皮肾穿刺活组织检查(肾活检)标本对基层医院诊断肾脏病的意义.方法 对102例远程邮寄肾活检资料的临床诊断和病理特点进行分析.结果 102例肾活检病理结果显示,原发性肾小球疾病71例(69.6%)、继发性肾小球疾病24例(23.5%)、小管间质性疾病7例(6.9%).其中膜性肾病占原发性肾小球疾病的31.0%(22/71).其次为IgA肾病,占原发性肾小球疾病的22.5%(16/71);继发性肾小球疾病中狼疮性肾炎所占比例最大,占继发性肾小球疾病的58.3%(14/24),其次为紫癜性肾炎,占继发性肾小球疾病的16.7%(4/24).结论 原发性肾小球疾病为最常见的肾小球疾病,病理类型多为膜性肾病和IgA肾病,狼疮性肾炎仍然是继发性肾小球疾病最常见的病因.远程邮寄肾活检标本的方法适合基层医院,可以提高基层医院的诊治水平,减少误诊率.     

5000例肾脏疾病患者肾组织活检临床病理资料分析

目的明确因肾脏疾病行经皮肾组织活检患者的病理分型构成及其与临床分型的关系。方法参照WHO（1982年及1995年）肾小球疾病组织学分型修订方案以及2001年我国的肾脏病理诊断标准修正方案，回顾性分析1981年1月～2007年3月的5000例肾活检患者的临床资料、实验室检查结果、免疫病理及超微病理的改变特点，最后与临床医师共同探讨明确诊断，总结5000例肾活检患者的病理结果。结果患者行。肾活检时年龄为4～86岁，平均年龄为（35．5±11.4）岁，男女之比为1．95：1。原发性肾小球疾病是最常见的肾脏疾病（77．40％），其病理类型中最多见者为系膜增生性肾小球肾炎（42．14％），其次为IgA肾病（26．18％）。继发性肾小球疾病占肾脏疾病的19．44％，其病理类型中最多见者为狼疮性肾炎（33．74％），其次为紫癜性肾炎（32．20％），再次为乙肝病毒相关性肾炎限02％）。结论本分析资料显示肾脏疾病多见于青壮年男性，以原发性肾小球疾病最常见，其中系膜增生性肾小球。肾炎是最常见的病理类型，其次为IgA肾病。继发性肾小球疾病以狼疮性肾炎和紫癜性肾炎多见。     

1 245例肾活检病理资料总结与分析

[目的]探讨1 245例肾活检资料的流行病学特点及病理类型分布特征. [方法]回顾性分析2002年1月至2008年8月20日1 245例肾脏疾病经皮肾活检的病理类型. [结果]1 245例肾脏疾病患者行肾活检时的年龄范围为9～73岁,男506例,女739例.原发性肾小球疾病占82.81%,继发性肾小球疾病占13.65%,小管间质疾病占1.12%.遗传性及先天性疾病占0.40%,移植肾占1.69%,其中1例合并病毒感染,未确定诊断0.32%.原发性肾小球疾病以系膜增生性肾小球肾炎最为常见,占43.45%,其次分别为IgA肾病32.69%,微小病变性肾病12.03%,局灶节段性肾小球硬化5.14%,特发性膜性肾病2.62%,新月体肾炎0.97%,毛细血管内增生性肾小球肾炎0.78%.继发性肾损害包括:①全身性疾病所致的肾损害:最常见的继发肾脏病是狼疮性肾炎62.94%,其余依次紫癜性肾炎7.65%,血管炎4.71%,妊娠相关性肾损害3.53%;②代谢性疾病所致的肾肾损害:糖尿病肾病8.24%;③血管疾病所致肾脏疾病:肾动脉硬化和恶性高血压2.94%,血栓性微血管病0.59%;④感染性疾病肾损害:乙肝病毒相关性肾损害5.89%.病理类型为系膜增生性肾小球肾炎的患者中,临床表现为肾病综合征130例,单纯血尿176例,慢性肾小球肾炎142例,其中46例24 h 尿蛋白≥1 g/d,96例24 h尿蛋白<1 g/d. [结论]①原发性肾小球疾病仍为最常见的肾小球疾病,其中为系膜增生性肾小球肾炎最为常见,IgA肾病次之.②IgA肾病发病率呈逐年上升趋势.③继发性肾脏病逐渐增多,继发性肾脏疾病中仍以狼疮性肾炎最为多见.     

352例肾活检病理及临床分析

目的了解肾小球疾病临床与病理之间的联系，认识肾活检在肾脏病诊治中的地位。方法对352例肾活检进行光镜、免疫组化、部分进行电镜检查，结合临床特点归类，分为无症状血尿和（或）蛋白尿、肾病综合征、肾炎综合征、急性肾功能衰竭、继发性肾病组，进行比较分析。结果在352例肾活检病理中，原发性肾小球疾病248例（70.5%），继发性肾小球疾病96例（27.2%），小管-间质病变8例（2.3%）。原发性肾小球疾病病理类型以IgA肾病（IgAN）为主，占39.5%。继发性肾小球疾病中以狼疮性肾炎（LN）为主占41.7%。结论肾活检对肾脏病的诊断、指导治疗及判断预后均有非常重要的作用。     

84例肾小球疾病病理与临床分析

分析84例肾活检病理资料,原发性肾小球疾病中以IgA肾病为主,继发性肾小球疾病中以狼疮性肾炎为主。并发症少见,以镜下血尿多见。     

小儿肾脏疾病肾活检病理诊断分析

目的:探讨小儿肾小球疾病的病理分布特点。方法:对1984年~2004年4月间经肾活检病理检查确诊的小儿肾病患者的病理类型进行回顾性分析,并与同期行肾活检病理检查的青中年和老年及老年前期患者进行比较。结果:小儿患者中原发性肾小球疾病比例为87.75%,继发性肾小球肾炎比例为12.25%;原发性肾小球疾病中最常见的病理类型是系膜增生性病变(36.73%)和IgA肾病(28.57%)。结论:相对于青中年和老年及老年前期患者,小儿肾病患者原发性肾小球疾病比例上升,继发性肾小球肾炎比例下降。原发性肾小球疾病病理类型以系膜增生性病变和IgA肾病最为常见。     

昆明地区157例肾脏疾病患者的病理与临床表现

目的 探讨昆明地区肾活检患者的病理类型与临床表现的相互关系.方法 回顾分析2008年1月～2010年1月间因肾脏疾病住院行肾活检的患者的临床病理特点.结果 157例肾脏疾病中,原发性肾小球疾病有133例（84.7%）、小管间质疾病4例（2.5%）、继发性肾脏病20例（12.7%）,原发性肾小球疾病中系膜增生性肾炎占41.4%,IgA肾病占18%;继发性肾小球肾炎中狼疮性肾炎占5.1%;小管间质疾病中慢性间质性肾炎占75%.本组患者最常见的临床表现为蛋白尿血尿,各种病理类型与临床表现间有联系.结论 本组资料显示原发性肾小球疾病仍为我国最常见的肾脏疾病,其中以系膜增生性肾炎和IgA肾病最常见;小管间质疾病发病率有增高趋势,继发性肾脏病以狼疮性肾炎最常见,其它特殊肾脏病（如薄基膜肾病）逐年检出增加.     

老年肾病综合征120例临床和病理特点

目的探讨、分析老年肾病综合征（NS）的临床与肾病理特点。方法回顾性分析2008年1月~2010年12月某院〉60岁120例老年NS患者的临床表现和肾活检病理诊断类型及其之间的关系。结果男性75例,女性45例,平均年龄（69.9±5.1）岁。120例NS患者中合并肾炎综合征有56例（46.7%）,合并的其他主要疾病有高血压（50例）、慢性肾病（34例）、2型糖尿病（23例）、冠心病（19例）、急性肾损伤（10例）。肾活检病理诊断中膜性肾病62例（51.7%）;其余分别为局灶节段性肾小球硬化症11例、系膜增殖性肾炎9例、IgA肾病8例、微小病变7例、糖尿病肾病5例、糖尿病肾病合并膜性肾病2例、淀粉样变肾病3例、紫癜性肾炎3例、肾小球轻微病变2例、ANCA相关性肾炎2例、多发性骨髓瘤肾损害、慢性间质性肾炎、狼疮性肾炎各1例。结论老年人发生NS临床表现与年轻患者显著不同,老年NS的病理改变仍以膜性肾病为主,存在多种继发因素。     

乙型肝炎病毒相关性肾炎临床及病理分析

[目的]探讨乙肝病毒相关性肾炎(HBV-GN)患者的血清乙肝病毒标志物与肾组织病毒沉积及肾脏病理间的关系,摸索乙肝病毒相关性肾炎的临床及病理特点和临床治疗新方法。[方法]收集我院2004～2010年通过肾穿刺活检明确诊断乙肝病毒相关性肾炎的51例患者的临床和病理资料进行统计分析。[结果](1)诊断为乙肝病毒相关性肾炎(乙肝肾)的患者共51例,其中21例为狼疮性肾炎合并乙肝肾,占同期诊断狼疮肾患者的20.19%。(2)30例单纯乙肝病毒相关性肾炎患者肾脏病理类型主要为膜性肾病,占50%,其次是系膜增生性肾炎占23.33%。(3)21例狼疮性肾炎(LN)合并乙肝肾患者肾脏病理类型以弥漫增生性肾炎和膜性肾病为主要病理类型。(4)免疫病理检查以"满堂亮"为表现的患者有39例,占76.47%。肾组织中κ链阳性者45例,阳性率88.24%,λ链阳性者42例,阳性率82.35%。(5)51例乙肝肾患者乙肝病毒血清学检查:HBsAg阳性者18例,占35.29%。(6)狼疮性肾炎合并乙肝肾患者给予激素+酶酚酸酯+血管紧张素酶抑制剂/血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂治疗,6个月后尿蛋白阴转率为66.67%,总有效率为95.23%。单纯乙肝肾患者根据检测HBV-DNA分为两组,HBA-DNA阳性组给予小剂量激素(0.5mg/kg/日)+拉米夫定+血管紧张素酶抑制剂/血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂治疗,HBA-DNA阴性组给予小剂量激素(0.5mg/kg/日)+酶酚酸酯+血管紧张素酶抑制剂/血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂治疗,6个月后两组尿蛋白阴转率分别为33.33%和66.67%,总有效率分别为83.33%和93.33%。[结论](1)乙肝病毒相关性肾炎病理类型表现呈多样性,其中以膜性肾病、系膜增生性肾小球肾炎为主要病理类型。(2)血清学检查HBsAg阴性患者亦可出现肾组织HBV抗原沉积,所以不能仅凭血清乙肝病原学检查阴性就排除乙肝肾诊断,应重视肾组织HBV抗原检测,以提高乙肝肾的检出率。(3)狼疮性肾炎患者的肾组织中HBV抗原有较高的检出率。(4)酶酚酸酯+血管紧张素酶抑制剂/血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂治疗对降低乙肝肾患者的尿蛋白有一定的治疗意义。     

IgA患者血清IgA、C3的变化及临床意义研究

目的探讨IgA肾病患者血清IgA、C3的变化及临床意义。方法将207例经肾活检穿刺病理检查确诊为原发性IgA肾病102例与非IgA肾病原发性肾小球肾炎患者随机分为两组,其中IgA肾病组102例,非IgA肾病组105例,采用散射比浊法检测两组患者的血清IgA、C3及IgA/C3水平。结果两组患者血清IgA与IgA/C3水平比较,差异均有统计学意义(P0.01);两组血清C3比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论血清IgA及IgA/C3水平可作为鉴别IgA肾病与非IgA肾病的参考指标。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.