Duloxetine-induced hyponatremia in an elderly patient treated with thiazide diuretics

Hyponatremia is a known adverse effect of duloxetine, and it can lead to potentially life-threatening complications. Administration of thiazide diuretics also has been the cause of hyponatremia. We report a case of duloxetine-induced hyponatremia in an elderly patient treated with thiazide diuretics. An 86-year-old woman treated with the trichlormethiazide was admitted for vertebral compression fracture with disorientation and nausea on the 6^th day of treatment with duloxetine. Laboratory findings revealed hyponatremia, hypo-osmolality, concentrated urine, and increased urine sodium. Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone was considered, therefore, duloxetine, and trichlormethiazide was discontinued and treated with fluid restriction, furosemide and sodium chloride administered orally. Disorientation and nausea were improved after correction of hyponatremia. Health care practitioners should be aware of the possibility of duloxetine-induced hyponatremia, particularly in patients treated with thiazide diuretics.KEY WORDS: Drug interaction, duloxetine, syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone syndrome, trichlormethiazide     

Severe hemolytic uremic syndrome in an advanced ovarian cancer patient treated with carboplatin and gemcitabine

Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is a rare clinical and biological entity. HUS has been reported after several anticancer chemotherapies and most often after mitomycin C-based chemotherapy regimens. Little information is available concerning the occurrence and outcome of this syndrome after administration of more recent chemotherapeutic agents. We present a case of HUS in an advanced ovarian cancer patient treated with carboplatin and gemcitabine, and described its favorable outcome after chemotherapy interruption and supportive care with a 1 year follow-up.     

氨氯地平及硝苯地平控释片引起老年患者严重水肿

1例82岁男性患者,因患冠心病、高血压多年住院治疗。给予氨氯地平5mg,1次/d口服。服药1周后出现下肢水肿,15d后发展为全身水肿,检查见胸腔、心包积液。怀疑患者心功能不全,氨氯地平加量至5mg,2次/d口服,次日水肿急剧加重。停用氨氯地平,改用硝苯地平控释片30mg,1次/d,呋塞米20mg,2次/d口服,2d后水肿逐渐减轻,1个月后水肿完全消退出院。5个月后因血压高(180～170/120～100mmHg)再次入院。硝苯地平控释片加量为30mg,2次/d,20d后见眼睑、下肢水肿,超声心动图(UCG)检查示心包少量积液,硝苯地平控释片减量为30mg,1次/d,加用呋塞米20mg,2次/d口服,3d后水肿逐渐消退,3周后痊愈出院。     

1例应用PD-1抑制剂治疗老年非小细胞肺癌患者的药学监护

纳武利尤单抗注射液是新上市的PD-1抑制剂类抗肿瘤药物,用于治疗非小细胞肺癌。该药的机制新颖,虽然较化疗的耐受性好,但其免疫相关不良反应多,且国内临床应用经验少。临床药师在对1例使用该药的患者进行药学监护时,通过学习相关指南及最新文献,积极应对患者的药物不良反应,及时改善患者的不良反应症状,确保患者的治疗顺利进行,有效促进了临床合理用药。     

加替沙星致严重低血糖

患者男,91岁。因慢性支气管炎合并感染、慢性阻塞性肺气肿、肺心病,于2004年3月17日入院。既往有冠心病史、高血压2级、稳定性心绞痛和持续性房颤、心功能4级。患者入院后的生化检查肝、肾功能基本正常,入院后应用5-单硝酸异山梨酯10mg,2次/d口服、苯那普利5mg,1次/d口服、地高辛0.125mg,1次/d口服、胸腺肽1.6mg,2次/周皮下注射、盐酸氨溴索45mg静脉输注、头孢吡肟2g,2次/d静脉滴注、法莫替丁20mg,1次/d静脉注射,因感染控制不佳,于4月27日16:30给予加替沙星0.4g+0.9%氯化钠注射液100ml静脉滴注,1次/d。28日晨血糖为5.7mmol/L,29日9:17查血…     

Total cholesterol,high density lipoprotein and triglyceride for cardiovascular disease in elderly patients treated with metformin

Metformin reduces total cholesterol level, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level, blood glucose level and increases high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level associated with cardiovascular disease. We evaluated effect of metformin on lipid profile in Korean patients with type 2 diabetes aged 64 yeras or older. We retrospectively examined 307 outpatients treated with metformin in a hospital setting with a follow-up period of 4.7 years. Metformin was not associated with the improvement in total cholesterol level (adjusted mean difference; 30.6 mg/dl, 95% CI: 24.9 to 36.4) and HDL-C level (adjusted mean difference; 2.6 mg/dl, 95% CI: 0.09 to 4.64) but may be associated with improvement in triglyceride level (adjusted mean difference; 41.5 mg/dl, 95% CI: 24.7 to 58.3). In comparison to the placebo groups (Kooy et al., 2009), there was a 1.5-fold decrease in triglyceride level and a 2-fold decrease in HDL-C level in our study. The frequency of Scr level that increased above the defined level [Scr ≥ 1.5 mg/dl for male, ≥1.4 mg/dl for female] was 6.7% [mean difference of elevated Scr: −0.9 mg/dl, 95% CI: −0.41 to −1.44, p < 0.002]. To confirm the efficacy of metformin use on triglyceride level and HDL-C level associated with the risk of cardiovascular disease in patient with diabetes, further placebo-controlled investigations are required.     

非诺贝特致老年患者横纹肌溶解

患者男,67岁。因乏力、双下肢肌肉疼痛2d,于2004年4月21日入院。患者既往患高脂血症(TG13.0mmol/L),无高血压、糖尿病病史。为治疗高脂血症,于15d前开始服用非诺贝特(力平之胶囊)200mg,1次/d。未服其他药物。服药第10天出现双下肢大腿内侧肌肉疼痛,继而出现腓肠肌疼痛伴乏力,服药第15天就诊。查血肌酸肌酶(CK)8362U/L(正常值22～200U/L),肌酸肌酶同工酶(CK-MB)298U/L(正常值0～25U/L),乳酸脱氢酶468U/L(正常值80～245U/L),谷草转氨酶195U/L(正常值0～40U/L),α-羟丁酸脱氢酶527U/L(正常值90～152U/L),线粒体型AST46.3(正常值0…     

普伐他汀致老年患者横纹肌溶解症

1例78岁男性冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病患者间断服用普伐他汀(20 mg,1次/晚)和阿司匹林(100 mg,1次/d)4年,3个月前因"阵发性心前区不适、心悸、气短"来本院就诊,诊断为"冠心病",开始规律口服上述2种药物(剂量同前)。服药11周后患者无明显诱因出现全身肌肉疼痛、肢体无力,尿色深伴尿量减少。入院前1 d患者排便时出现胸闷、心悸、气短,休息后不能完全缓解。血生化检查示天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)294 U/L,丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)180 U/L,乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)677 U/L,羟丁酸脱氢酶(α-HBDH)720 U/L,肌酸激酶(CK)12 210 U/L,肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)770 U/L。停用普伐他汀,予对症治疗。3 d后患者全身肌痛减轻,1周后肌痛消失;2周后血生化检查示AST 16 U/L,ALT 24 U/L,LDH 192 U/L,α-HBDH 225 U/L,CK72 U/L,CK-MB 1.3 U/L。随访3个月,症状无复发,心肌酶及肝酶均正常。     

Severe hypoglycemia from clarithromycin-repaglinide drug interaction

Many drugs have been reported to interact with repaglinide in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, resulting in hypoglycemia. However, to our knowledge, an interaction between clarithromycin and repaglinide in these patients has not been previously reported. We describe an 80-year-old man with end-stage renal disease and well-controlled type 2 diabetes (hemoglobin A1c < 7%) who was hospitalized for treatment of severe hypoglycemia. He had been receiving repaglinide 0.5 mg 3 times/day for the previous 2 years. Clarithromycin 500 mg twice/day had been started for Helicobacter pylori infection several days before admission. Within 48 hours of starting the drug, he developed severe hypoglycemia, which resolved with intravenous glucose administration. However, 48 hours later, the patient again experienced hypoglycemia and was unresponsive. Intravenous glucose administration again resolved the problem. Repaglinide was discontinued, and no further hypoglycemic episodes occurred. Clinicians should be aware of this possible clarithromycin-repaglinide interaction; in particular, in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes who are taking repaglinide and begin clarithromycin therapy, blood glucose levels should be monitored closely for potential dosage adjustment of repaglinide.     

1例甲状腺功能减退患者出现瑞格列奈相关非典型低血糖

1例66岁甲状腺功能减退症的女性患者3年来一直口服左甲状腺素钠50μg,1次/d。患者近期诊断为2型糖尿病,加用瑞格列奈1mg,2次/d降糖治疗。服药1周后患者出现意识不清。实验室检查血糖2.3mmol/L,诊断为低血糖症。遂停用瑞格列奈,给予葡萄糖注射液后患者血糖水平升至3.9、5.1和8.7mmol/L,意识逐渐恢复。改用那格列奈120mg,3次/d治疗,患者未再发生低血糖。     

Bicalutamide causes heart failure in an elderly patient with prostate cancer

ABSTRACT

Objective: To examine the molecular mechanisms by which bicalutamide may cause heart failure in an elderly patient.

Methods: Retrospective analysis of bicalutamide as a cause of heart failure in Mr FD, an 82 years old with prostate cancer.

Results: Following months of therapy, Mr FD was diagnosed with heart failure. Bicalutamide has been ceased, but 21 months later, Mr FD was still on heart failure medications, and passed away months later probably due to complications of prostate cancer. The Naranjo ADR probability scale gave this case a score of seven.

Conclusion: The Naranjo scale strongly suggests that bicalutamide was the cause of heart failure. Apoptosis seems to be one of the mechanisms mediating heart failure, with the involvement of many molecular actors, such as ET-1, Bcl-2 and cyclin-A. The author believes this to be the first analysis describing bicalutamide as a probable cause of heart failure.     

Levofloxacin-induced toxic epidermal necrolysis in an elderly patient

Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) are mild-to-life-threatening adverse reactions that have been described after exposure to fluoroquinolones. No published reports, however, exist of exfoliative disease after treatment with levofloxacin. A 78-year-old woman with many medical problems, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, was treated with parenteral levofloxacin for community-acquired pneumonia. She was discharged with oral levofloxacin to complete an additional 3 days of treatment as an outpatient. Two days after completing this regimen, the patient developed a rash with blistering. The rash progressed to TEN in 7 days, and she was transferred to a burn treatment center. She was treated with fluid resuscitation, wound dressing, and antibiotics. Her condition improved, and she was discharged after 22 days. To our knowledge, this case is the first published report of levofloxacin-induced TEN.     

Severe and resistant hypoglycemia associated with concomitant gatifloxacin and glyburide therapy

Severe and resistant hypoglycemia occurred in two patients with diabetes mellitus who were receiving concomitant gatifloxacin and glyburide. An 84-year-old woman treated with glyburide for type 2 diabetes mellitus experienced, for the first time, a severe episode of hypoglycemia after 2 days of gatifloxacin 400 mg/day for nonproductive cough. Her blood glucose level on hospital admission was 28 mg/dl. Gatifloxacin and glyburide were discontinued, and the patient was treated with intravenous dextrose infused over 36 hours. Glyburide was restarted before her discharge, with no recurrence of hypoglycemia. A 79-year-old man with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with glyburide was prescribed gatifloxacin 400 mg/day for pneumonia. After 1 day of therapy, the patient was admitted to the emergency department in a coma. His blood glucose level was 18 mg/dl. Despite discontinuation of gatifloxacin and oral hypoglycemic therapy, hypoglycemia was reversed only after administration of multiple boluses of intravenous dextrose, followed by intravenous dextrose infused over 48 hours. On hospital day 7, gliclazide and levofloxacin were started; the patient experienced no recurrence of hypoglycemia and was discharged on day 10. Several cases of severe and resistant hypoglycemia associated with gatifloxacin therapy have been reported in the recent literature. Although the exact mechanism is not fully understood, it may be linked to a gatifloxacin-induced closing of the adenosine 5'-triphosphate-sensitive potassium channels in the pancreatic beta cells, leading to insulin secretion. The onset of hypoglycemia in relation to the start of gatifloxacin suggests that the drug precipitated this adverse event. Patients receiving oral hypoglycemic agents are at greater risk of experiencing gatifloxacin-induced hypoglycemia than patients not receiving these agents. Clinicians should be aware of this potentially life-threatening adverse event and monitor blood glucose levels in all patients receiving concomitant oral hypoglycemic agents and gatifloxacin.     

硝苯地平舌下含服致老年高血压急症患者低血压

1例82岁女性患者,因高血压急症给予舌下含服硝苯地平10mg。20min后患者出现乏力,心慌,四肢冰冷、面色苍白。BP80/50mmHg,P110次/min。心电图检查示窦性心动过速。给予扩充血容量、心电监护及其他对症支持治疗。20min后BP120/70mmHg,乏力、心慌等不适感逐渐缓解。次日,患者血压再次升高,再次给予舌下含服硝苯地平,上述症状再次出现,经对症治疗后好转。     

Safety and efficacy of metformin up-titration in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with vildagliptin and low-dose metformin

Background: This study investigated the safety and efficacy of metformin up-titration in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with vildagliptin (100 mg/day) and low-dose metformin (500 or 750 mg/day).

Research design and methods: Fifty patients were randomly allocated to the control group (maintaining the initial low-dose of metformin) and the dose increase group (up-titrating of metformin to 1,500–2,250 mg/day) for 24 weeks. The primary outcome was change in HbA1c from baseline to 24 weeks.

Results: Among the 25 patients allocated to the dose increase group, four patients were not able to complete the study protocol because of gastrointestinal symptoms. HbA1c in the dose increase group was significantly but modestly lower than in the control group (change in HbA1c: 0.22 ± 0.57 vs. ?0.15 ± 0.58%, group comparison, P < 0.05). The dose increase group did not gain weight during the study period, and no hypoglycemic events were reported in both groups. The rate of gastrointestinal symptoms in the dose increase group was profoundly higher than in the control group (32 vs. 0%, P < 0.01).

Conclusions: In Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes treated with vildagliptin and low-dose metformin, metformin up-titration significantly but modestly improved glycemic control without hypoglycemia and weight gain.