Preoperative biliary drainage for hilar cholangiocarcinoma

Hilar cholangiocarcinomas grow slowly, and metastases occur late in the natural history. Surgical cure and long-term survival have been demonstrated, when resection margins are clear. Preoperative biliary drainage has been proposed as a way to improve liver function before surgery, and to reduce post-surgical complications. Percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) with multiple drains was previously the preferred method for the preoperative relief of obstructive jaundice. However, the introduction of percutaneous transhepatic portal vein embolization (PTPE) and wider resection has changed preoperative drainage strategies. Drainage is currently performed only for liver lobes that will remain after resection, and for areas of segmental cholangitis. Endoscopic biliary drainage (EBD) is less invasive than PTBD. Among EBD techniques, endoscopic nasobiliary drainage (ENBD) is preferable to endoscopic biliary stenting (EBS), because secondary cholangitis (due to the retrograde flow of duodenal fluid into the biliary tree) does not occur. ENBD needs to be converted to PTBD in patients with segmental cholangitis, those with a prolonged need for drainage, or when the extent of longitudinal tumor extension is not sufficiently well characterized.     

肝门部胆管癌根治术前经内镜鼻胆管引流和经皮经肝胆管造影引流术的临床效果观察

目的对比经内镜鼻胆管引流术(endoscopic nasobiliary drainage,ENBD)和经皮经肝胆管造影引流术(percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography and drainage,PTCD)作为术前减黄对肝门部胆管癌根治术的不同效果。方法回顾性分析2008年1月至2016年8月,首都医科大学附属北京佑安医院普通外科中心20例行ENBD并完成肝门部胆管癌根治术病人的临床资料,与同期31例行PTCD并完成肝门部胆管根治术病人的临床资料进行比较。比较两组以下指标的差异:病人减黄时间,减黄前及术前、术后肝功能指标(血总胆红素、血直接胆红素、天冬氨酸转氨酶、丙氨酸转氨酶、白蛋白水平),术中情况(手术时间、出血量、输血量),术后并发症。结果 ENBD组与PTCD组均能够显著降低胆红素水平(P0.05);PTCD组除了能够降低胆红素水平外,肝功能酶学水平也显著降低(P0.05);ENBD组肝功能酶学减黄前后差异无统计学意义(P0.05);术中两组手术时间、术中出血量及术后血总胆红素、血直接胆红素、天冬氨酸转氨酶、丙氨酸转氨酶、术后住院时间、住院总费用比较,差异均无统计学意义(均P0.05);PTCD组与ENBD组围手术期并发症发生率比较差异无统计学意义(74.2%比60.0%,P0.05),其中PTCD组术后胆管炎发生率更高(48.4%比20.0%),差异有统计学意义(P=0.036)。结论 ENBD和PTCD均能够有效降低术前胆红素水平,PTCD引流更充分,减黄时间更短,肝功能恢复效果更好,ENBD术后胆管炎并发症更低;肝门部胆管癌术前应结合病人的具体情况选择合适引流方式,从而增加手术安全性,减少术后并发症发生率。     

选择性胆道引流在肝门部胆管癌联合肝切除术中的临床价值

目的:探讨选择性胆道引流是否能够降低行联合肝切除的肝门部胆管癌患者术后的并发症以及病死率。方法:回顾山东大学齐鲁医院2007年1月—2012年1月116例血清总胆红素(TB)在85μmol/L以上行联合肝切除的肝门部胆管癌病人的临床资料,分析选择性胆道引流对肝功能以及术后并发症、病死率的影响。结果:直接手术组54例,引流组62例,平均引流9 d,引流组术前的TB下降为(214±115)μmol/L,与引流前的(290±100)μmol/L相比差异有统计学意义。选择性胆道引流可降低天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)、谷氨酰转肽酶(GGT)、丙氨酸转氨酶(ALP)、总胆红素(TB)、直接胆红素(DB)水平。术后并发症总发生率为55.2%(64/116),引流组为58.1%(36/62),手术组为51.9%(28/54),2组之间差异无统计学意义,单个并发症总发生率2组之间差异亦无统计学意义。引流组死亡6例(9.7%),手术组死亡6例(11.1%),2组病死率比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.859)。结论:选择性胆道引流可以有效降低胆红素水平及改善肝门部胆管癌手术切除病人术前的肝功能,但不能降低术后并发症以及病死率。     

肝门部胆管癌术前减黄临床价值

目的探讨术前减黄对肝门部胆管癌手术切除病人的影响。方法回顾中山大学附属第一医院1999年1月至2005年12月58例血清总胆红素(TB)>85μmol/L的肝门部胆管癌手术切除病人临床资料,分析并发症的发生情况以及减黄和其他因素对术后并发症、病死率的影响。结果术前减黄31例(53.4%,31/58),平均减黄9d,减黄组术前的TB下降为(214±125)μmol/L,与减黄前的(292±103)μmol/L及未减黄组术前的(382±174)μmol/L相比差异有显著性意义。术前减黄可降低天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)、γ-谷氨酰转肽酶(GGT)、丙氨酸转氨酶(ALP)、直接胆红素(DB)水平。术后并发症总发生率为55.2%(32/58);减黄组为58.1%(18/31),未减黄组为51.9%(14/27),两组之间差异无显著性意义。单个并发症总发生率两组之间差异亦无显著性意义。影响术后病死率的危险因素为肝切除,影响术后肾功能不全的危险因素为TB>340μmol/L。结论术前减黄可以有效降低胆红素水平及改善肝门部胆管癌手术切除病人术前的肝功能;肝门部胆管癌切除手术的风险性较高;术前胆红素过高易引发术后肾功能不全;术前是否减黄与术后并发症发生率不相关。     

经皮肝穿刺胆管引流术对肝门部胆管癌的临床疗效及预后分析

目的探究经皮肝穿刺胆管引流术(PTBD)对Bismuth－Corlette I/II型肝门部胆管癌(HCCA)临床治疗效果及预后的影响。 方法回顾性分析2011年8月至2013年3月78例I/II型HCCA患者资料,其中42例患者采用PTBD治疗,设为PTBD组;36例患者采用经内镜鼻胆管引流术(ENBD)治疗,设为ENBD组。采用SPSS22.0软件进行分析,治疗前后肝功能指标等计量资料以( ±s)描述,独立t检验;引流成功率和并发症发生率采用χ²检验分析;5年生存率采用Kaplan－Meier法进行生存分析,进行Log－Rank检验。P<0.05差异有统计学意义。 结果PTBD组引流操作成功率85.7%(36/42)显著高于ENBD组63.9%(23/36), P<0.05;治疗后两组患者的TBA、TB、ALP和ALT水平均较治疗前有明显降低(P<0.05);PTBD组术后并发症率9.5%显著低于ENBD组27.8%(P＝0.036);PTBD组5年生存率21.4%、平均生存时间(3.5±1.7)年;显著高于ENBD组5.6%(2.4±1.5)年,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。 结论采用PTBD治疗I/II期型肝门胆管癌的临床疗效良好,可改善患者的肝功能,降低并发症发生率,提高患者5年生存率,值得临床推广应用。     

内镜鼻胆管引流术在腹腔镜和开腹胆总管探查术中的应用

目的　评价内镜鼻胆管引流术 (Endoscopicnasobiliarydrainage ,ENBD)配合腹腔镜和常规开腹手术治疗胆总管结石的疗效。　方法　回顾分析 1997年 1月～ 2 0 0 1年 7月应用ENBD配合完成腹腔镜胆总管探查、I期缝合术 4 4例及开腹胆总管探查、I期缝合术 34例。　结果　 78例均手术成功 ,术后无胆漏、胆道出血、胆管炎等并发症。术中结石取净率 10 0 % (78 78)。术后住院时间 :腹腔镜组为 (6 2±1 3)d ,开腹组为 (7 4± 2 1)d。随访 5 7例 ,时间 (1～ 4 5 )年 ,平均 2 6年 ,腹部彩色B超检查无胆管狭窄及结石复发。　结论　ENBD配合腹腔镜和开腹胆总管探查取石、胆总管I期缝合术安全、可靠。     

Liver transplantation for hilar cholangiocarcinoma

Hilar cholangiocarcinoma was accepted as an indication for liver transplantation at the beginning of the transplantation era. Owing to disappointing long-term results for this indication, and in parallel, encouraging results in patients with benign disease, hilar cholangiocarcinoma has generally not been accepted as an indication for liver transplantation in recent years. To improve results, more aggressive approaches have been used: “abdominal organ cluster transplantation” and “extended bile duct resection”, which lead to increased long-term survival rates. However, with improving results after conventional extrahepatic bile duct resection in combination with partial hepatectomy, extended procedures in combination with liver transplantation never became a real option in the treatment of hilar cholangiocarcinoma. However, new awareness of liver transplantation in the treatment of this cancer has been raised for patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma in the context of underlying liver diseases such as primary sclerosing cholangitis, which preclude liver resection. Current results show increased survival figures, in particular in well-selected patients with early tumor stages. Further improvements in long-term survival may be reached with new adjuvant and neoadjuvant protocols. Patients with neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy show long-term results similar to those for liver transplantation for other indications. Also, photodynamic therapy and the use of new antiproliferative immunosuppressive agents may be an approach for further improvement of the long-term results. Currently, liver transplantation for the treatment of hilar cholangiocarcinoma should be restricted to centers with experience in the treatment of this cancer and should be taken into consideration in patients with contraindications to liver resection.     

胆总管结石内镜逆行胰胆管造影术后行胆道支架置入和鼻胆管引流并发症的比较

目的探讨胆总管结石患者采用内镜逆行胰胆管造影术（ERCP）取石后同期开展胆道支架置入术或开展经内镜鼻胆管引流术（ENBD）,对于防范并发症的价值。 方法按照前瞻性研究原则,选择2017年4月至2019年1月新疆医科大学第一附属医院收治的338例胆总管结石患者,随机分为支架组（170例）与引流组（168例）。两组患者均行ERCP治疗,其中引流组术后同期开展ENBD,支架组患者术后开展胆道支架置入术,对比两组患者腹痛评分、并发症发生情况及预后。 结果两组患者术后均未合并严重出血、穿孔或病死,结石完全清除率差异无统计学意义。与支架组相比,引流组术中胰腺管插管次数,术后4 h血淀粉酶水平、高淀粉酶血症、急性胰腺炎以及并发症总发生率更高,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）,术后24、48、72 h不同时点腹痛测评分值居更高水平（P<0.05）。 结论对于胆总管结石行ERCP治疗的患者,术后予以ENBD、胆道支架置入术的结石完全清除效果对比无明显差异,但胆道支架置入术更能降低术后并发症风险、缓解腹痛症状,患者获益更多。     

Aggressive preoperative management and extended surgery for hilar cholangiocarcinoma: Nagoya experience

From 1977 to 1997, surgical resection was possible in 142 (80%) of 177 patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma after relieving jaundice by single or multiple percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage followed by percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopy and/or percutaneous trans-hepatic portal vein embolization. Curative resection was possible in 108 (61%) of the 142 patients, and 100 of these patients underwent various types of hepatectomy with caudate lobectomy for a 30-day operative mortality rate of 6% and 9% hospital mortality. Combined portal vein resection was carried out in 43 cases including 41 hepatectomies and 2 bile duct resections. Hepatopancreatoduodenectomy was performed in 16 patients. Cancer recurrence was observed in 58 of the 108 patients undergoing curative resection. The 3-, 5-, and 10-year survival rates for 100 patients undergoing curative hepatectomy and 8 with curative bile duct resection were 43%, 26%, and 19%; and 31%, 16%, and 0%, respectively; those for 40 patients with positive lymph node metastasis, 84 with perineural invasion, and 43 with combined portal vein resection were 27%, 14%, and 7%; 34%, 21%, and 13%; and 18%, 6%, and 0%, respectively. These survival rates are significantly better than those for 35 patients with unresectable cancer. Curative resection after aggressive preoperative management is recommended as a reasonable surgical approach to hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Received for publication on Aug. 23, 1999; accepted on Nov. 29, 1999     

肝门胆管癌44例治疗分析

目的 探讨肝门胆管癌的治疗.方法 回顾性分析我院2000～2005年收治的44例肝门胆管癌病人的临床资料.结果 本组手术治疗40例,手术切除率为42.5%(17/40),根治性切除8例(20%),姑息性切除9例(22.5%),单纯内引流、外引流各10例,3例仅行剖腹探查.4例病人合并肝叶切除,术后1例出现肝功能衰竭.未行肝叶切除病人无1例发生肝功能衰竭.结论 Bismuth-Corlette分型可指导手术方式选择,但能否切除取决于病期.黄疸较深且拟行较大肝叶切除术时应行术前减黄,可减少术后肝功能衰竭的发生.     

可切除肝门部胆管癌术前胆道引流方式的选择

目的比较可切除肝门部胆管癌术前经皮肝穿刺胆道引流(PTBD)及经逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)内支架引流两种减黄方式的治疗效果,探讨最佳的术前引流方式。方法对2004年1月—2011年1月期间58例可切除的肝门部胆管癌术前行PTBD(35例)或ERCP(23例)减黄的患者的临床资料进行比较分析,比较两组的操作成功率、并发症发生率、胆道感染发生率以及引流效果。结果两组患者术前一般资料无统计学差异,PTBD组的操作成功率达100%,而ERCP组为87%(P=0.057);PTBD组2例出现胆道出血;而ERCP组出现1例十二指肠穿孔,2例十二指肠乳头出血,4例急性胰腺炎。ERCP组胆道感染的发生率高于PTBD组(43%vs.17%,P=0.028);两组均能于开腹手术前达到有效减黄,但ERCP组需时长于PTBD组(7周vs.4.5周,P=0.035),且更换引流物次数更多(2.5次vs.1.2次,P=0.029)。ERCP组8例(34.8%)需转为PTBD处理,其胆道感染的发生率为75.0%,平均需要进行4次更换引流物,术前平均引流时间为8周。PTBD组2例(5.7%)因胆汁引流量大(超过2000mL/d)转为ERCP...     

术前减黄治疗肝门部胆管癌的临床研究

目的 探讨术前减黄治疗肝门部胆管癌的临床价值.方法 选取2005年1月-2015年12月在武汉大学人民医院接受手术治疗的肝门部胆管癌患者52例,按照术前是否行减黄治疗分为两组:减黄组24例,术前行减黄治疗;未减黄组28例,直接行手术治疗.比较两组患者手术时间,术中出血量,住院时间,围手术期肝功能变化情况,术后并发症发病率,肿瘤复发率,1、3、5年生存率等指标.采用SPSS 19.0软件进行统计学分析.对两组患者术后采用电话、门诊检查或住院复查等随访方式,随访时间8 ～ 60个月.结果 减黄组住院时间较未减黄组延长,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).两组手术时间、术中出血量、术后复发率、术后并发症发病率(包括胆瘘、出血、发热、胸腔积液、腹腔感染、伤口感染、肺部感染、肝功能衰竭等),差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).减黄组减黄前丙氨酸氨基转移酶为(98.0±51.7) U/L、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶为(94.2 ±44.2) U/L、总胆红素为(177.5 ±64.1) μmol/L、直接胆红素为(160.2 ±61.9) μmol/L;减黄后丙氨酸氨基转移酶为(71.2±13.8) U/L、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶为(60.0±12.1) U/L、总胆红素为(93.5±20.7) μmol/L、直接胆红素为(76.3±18.1) μmol/L,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).减黄前后白蛋白差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).减黄组随访患者21例,未减黄组随访患者25例,其他失访.两组患者术后1、3、5年生存率差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 术前减黄可在一定程度上改善肝门部胆管癌患者肝功能情况.但对于一般情况较好的患者,术前减黄并不能改善患者的预后,故不推荐常规术前减黄.     

留置鼻胆管联合腹腔镜胆管一期缝合的临床应用研究

目的 探讨留置鼻胆管联合腹腔镜胆管一期缝合的可行性及优越性.方法 随机将60例胆总管结石患者分为两组,30例行留置鼻胆管联合腹腔镜胆管一期缝合（研究组）,30例行常规腹腔镜胆总管切开取石T管引流术（对照组）.比较两组手术时间、拔除体外胆道引流管（指鼻胆管和T管,以下相同）时间、术后住院时间及并发症等.结果 30例患者成功完成留置鼻胆管联合腹腔镜胆管一期缝合术,研究组手术时间（50±30） min,明显少于对照组（90±30） min;拔管时间（6±2）d及平均住院时间（10 ±2）d,明显少于对照组（25±10）d及（17±2）d,两组差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,手术并发症的发生率无显著差异.结论 该术式安全可靠,能够显著缩短手术时间,术后恢复快,术后拔除体外胆道引流管时间明显提前,从而大大缩短了平均住院时间,同时没有增加并发症的发生率.     

Preoperative management of hilar cholangiocarcinoma

From both the therapeutic and diagnostic viewpoints, percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) is crucial for the preoperative management of hilar cholangiocarcinoma. The direct anterior approach under fluoroscopic guidance is the most advantageous form of PTBD. Despite some advantages, endoscopic retrograde biliary drainage is contraindicated for preoperative biliary decompression. Pertinent multiple catheterizations using PTBD result in an accurate diagnosis of cancer extent, and produce effective relief of jaundice, as well as preventing the development of cholangitis. This, in turn, permits a rational surgical strategy and improved postoperative recovery. Preoperative staging of hilar cholangiocarcinoma is achieved by tube cholangiography through the PTBD catheter and by percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopy. Angiography and percutaneous transhepatic portography are also recommended to diagneous extramural invasion of cancer. Prevention of posthepatectomy liver failure is the greatest challenge in the treatment of this disease. A multifactorial approach that combines several elements may provide sufficient data for determing the safe limits of surgery and for predicting posthepatectomy liver failure. Preoperative percutaneous transhepatic portal vein embolization (PTPE) is an effective method for preventing this intractable complication.     

内镜胆管减压治疗急性胰腺炎20年探索与思考

目的分析内镜胆管减压(EBD)治疗急性胰腺炎(AP)的疗效和临床应用价值。方法20年来分两个阶段共用EBD法治疗AP病人260例。1985～1994年为前瞻性随机对照研究阶段,观察对象为轻型AP(MAP)及早期重症急性胰腺炎(SAP),均为胆源性AP,共152例。治疗组78例行内镜治疗,方法是先行ENBD,若插管失败,再行EST后ENBD。对照组74例行常规内科保守治疗。1995～2005年为扩大临床应用阶段,观察对象为胆源性AP98例,非胆源性AP84例。治疗方法有所改进,行EST的比例增加。结果第一阶段治疗组AP治愈率为87.2%,重型化率为3.8%,与对照组(71.6%,14.9%)相比差异显著;病死率为1.3%,与对照组5.4%相比差异无显著性。第二阶段胆源性轻型AP操作成功率为97.1%,治愈率为92.9%,重型化率为2.9%。胆源性重型AP操作成功率为64.3%,治愈率为60.7%,病死率为5.6%。非胆源性轻型AP操作成功率为98.6%,治愈率为69.6%;非胆源性重型AP操作成功率为43.8%,病死率为17.2%。结论EBD对于胆源性AP病人能迅速阻断MAP向SAP进展,有效地降低了重型胰腺炎的发生率;同时应严格掌握EBD治疗AP的适应证和时机,不宜选择进展期SAP病人,早期治疗效果好。     

经腹肝内胆管引流术治疗晚期肝门部胆管癌

对12例经手术证实的肝门部胆管癌已无法行根治性切除的病人，行经腹肝内胆管引流术。按Bismuth分型，Ⅰ型7例，Ⅱ型4例，Ⅲ型1例，2例有肝十二指肠韧带转移。经左脉管引流7例，经左内叶胆管引流3例，姑息性切除加左肝管引流2例。12例均带管出院。认为对晚期肝门部胆管癌的病人无法行根治性手术或不能耐受复杂手术的，经腹肝内胆管引流术仍是值得推荐的有效方法，可提高病人生存质量，延长寿命。     

联合肝叶切除及区域淋巴清扫治疗肝门部胆管癌的初步观察

目的:对联合肝叶切除及肝门区域淋巴清扫治疗肝门部胆管癌的实际效果作初步观察。方法:回顾性分析1998年至2005年间86例肝门部胆管癌病人根治性切除的临床与随访资料。结果:全组男58例,女28例,平均年龄(51.0±9.4)岁。均行骨骼化淋巴清扫,根据是否附加患侧半肝和(或)尾状叶切除分为肝切除组(53例)和未切肝组(33例)。全组获R0根治34例,术后疗效明显优于非R0根治者。肝切除组各种并发症发生率明显高于未切肝组,但术后生存期无明显差异。肝门部胆管癌淋巴结转移率较高(54.7%),淋巴结转移与否与术后疗效明显相关。结论:肝叶切除及区域淋巴清扫是提高肝门部胆管癌根治性切除率的重要手段,但是否能够达到根治性切除还有其他影响因素,应审慎决定是否施行肝叶切除。肝门部胆管癌有较高的淋巴结转移率,骨骼化淋巴清扫应成为操作规范,但何谓彻底的淋巴清扫仍待界定。     

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目的　探讨肝门部胆管癌不同外科治疗方法间的疗效差异。方法　回顾总结 1997～ 2 0 0 2年手术治疗的 63例肝门部胆管癌的临床资料。结果　 63例中手术切除 2 8例 ,切除率 44 4% ,其中根治性切除率为5 7 1%。切除组中 14例合并肝切除 ,其中 11例为根治切除。根治切除组与姑息切除组的平均生存期分别为 2 9个月和 12个月 ( P<0 0 5 )。切除组与引流组疗效差异有显著意义 ( P <0 0 5 )。结论　肝门部胆管癌应争取手术切除 ,合理的联合肝叶切除能提高根治性切除率 ,改善预后